For a member model in nonlinear structural analysis, a lumped plastic model that idealizes its flexural bending, shear, and axial behaviors by springs with the nonlinear hysteretic model is widely adopted because of its simplicity and transparency compared to the other rigorous finite element methods. On the other hand, a challenging task in its numerical solution is to satisfy the equilibrium condition between nonlinear flexural bending and shear springs connected in series. Since the local forces between flexural and shear springs are not balanced when one or both springs experience stiffness changes (e.g., cracking, yielding, and unloading), the additional unbalanced force due to overshooting or undershooting each spring force is also generated. This paper introduces an iterative scheme for numerical solutions satisfying the equilibrium conditions between flexural bending and shear springs. The effect of equilibrium iteration on analysis results is shown by comparing the results obtained from the proposed method to those from the conventional scheme, where the equilibrium condition is not perfectly satisfied.

Deforestation such as illegal logging and forest fires has caused a big disadvantage for surrounding people. In general, the losses were disasters such as floods, landslides and droughts. Disaster is something that causes damage, loss or misery (The Big Dictionary of Indonesian Language, 1996). Gendol hill is a forest area that has experienced disasters caused by forest destruction. Among the disasters occurred in Gendol hill area was drought or difficulty in fulfilment of the need of fresh water. A number of springs have been drying up after the destruction of Gendol forest in 1963. Efforts to restore the forest by reforestation or replanting have been conducted since a long time by the government (Perhutani) with planting of pine trees (Pinus merkusii). Since 1996, trees of Moraceae family were also planted gradually by local person. Three species from the Moraceae family that have been planted are Ficus benyamina, Ficus annulata, Ficus retusa, Ficus recemosa, Ficus microcara etc. By 2016, at least 4000 trees species from Moraceae family have been planted together thousands other species. Based steps of planting, there are three groups of Moraceae family trees in Gendol hill. They are tree groups aged 15-20 years, 10-15 years and 1-10 years (Anonimous, 2016) The case study aimed to get information of Moraceae family trees plantation benefits in emergence of springs. Observation, in-depth interview, documentation and study literature were conducted for this study in April 2016. Observation of the field conditions (vegetation and springs conditions) was conducted to obtain description of the location and springs condition. In depth Interview has conducted by interviewing of key persons to obtain historical information (forest destruction, loss of springs, replanting efforts, and re-emergence of springs). In-depth interview also aimed to get information about the benefits received by local people from the emergence of springs. While documentation in the form of photos of vegetation conditions and springs was taken to get more descriptions. To complete this research, we has also taken secondary data from related parties and some literatures. Furthermore, the collected data analyzed by descriptive-qualitative analysis method. The results showed that the planting of Moraceae family trees such as Ficus benyamina, Ficus annulata Blume, and Ficus retusa L. had a real benefit in emergence of springs on study site including re-emergence of died springs. There are many springs appearing in both large and small sizes. Five springs in quite large size appearing around the Moraceae family trees stand on the slopes of Gendol hill after 17 years of planting. The water yield of each springs was directly proportional to the amount and size of Moraceae family trees around the springs. The water discharge (outflow) of springs under 5 trees with height average 14 m and diameter 25 cm is bigger than the springs under 3 trees with height average 12 m and diameter 20 cm. The emergence of springs in Gendol hills has brought many benefits to the lives of the surrounding people. Based on descriptive analysis, the benefits for local community are; 1) Fulfilment of fresh water needs for at least 800 families of local communities (at least 240,000 litters / day), 2) Increasing of water availability for irrigating rice fields (from 1 harvest / year to become 3 harvest / year) so that people income around Gendol hill increased, 3) Increasing of public awareness in planting / greening including local government, 4) Appearing of tourism service potential that may be developed by local government together local people . Therefore, advanced research or applied research is suggested to be conducted for assessing the effect of Moraceae family trees on all aspects (vegetation, soil, hydrology and socio-economic). The research suggested are; a) The characteristics of vegetation on the springs area and their relation with springs, b) The effect of Moraceae family trees on water yield, c)Affecting factors in the springs sustainability (physical, socio-economic and institutional, d) Environmental services analysis of Springs management.

Asymmetrical stance posture, balance, and gait disturbance are common problems in hemiplegic patients. Posterior leaf springs (PLS) are frequently prescribed to correct these problems. Recently, anterior leaf springs (ALS) have also been prescribed, but only limited studies have been performed to investigate the effects of ALS. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three conditions, i.e., wearing an ALS, wearing a PLS, and not wearing an AFO (ankle foot orthosis),: on 1) the distribution of weight bearing on the affected side, 2) standing balance, and 3) the gait patterns of hemiplegic patients. Eleven hemiplegic patients (10 men and 1 woman) participated in this study. The data were analyzed by the Friedman test. The results were as follows: 1) More weight bearing on the affected leg was observed in the ALS and PLS conditions than in the condition without an AFO. No significant difference between the ALS and PLS conditions was found. 2) There were statistically significant differences in the composite equilibrium scores (CES) among the three conditions. The CES in the PLS condition was significantly higher than in the ALS condition or the condition without an AFO. 3) Gait patterns improved significantly in the ALS and PLS conditions. No statistically significant difference between the ALS and PLS conditions was found. These results suggest that both ALS and PLS effectively improve the distribution of weight bearing on the affected side, standing balance, and gait patterns of hemiplegic patients. Further study using three-dimensional kinematic analysis and dynamic electromyography is needed to support these findings.

In the case of the port mooring facility, jetties with piles are mainly applied in soft ground conditions. In the three-dimensional modeling for the structural analysis of jetties with piles, the boundary conditions between the pile and the ground are universally applied to the Approximate depth of pile supported method and Elastic subgrade reaction spring method. In this study, p-y curve data for the pile ground condition was generated using the LPILE program, and then the nonlinear spring considering the p-y curve as the pile and ground boundary condition was input and analyzed in the 3D modeling of jetties with piles using the MIDAS civil And the necessity of applying the Nonlinear subgrade reaction spring method by comparison with the result and the analysis result according to the existing analysis method is suggested.

Non-structural members damage greater than the main structure in the earthquake. In the case of the ceiling fails, the risk of secondary damage has occurred, such as personal injury or destruction of the in door equipment. In this paper, It is suggested the seismic ceiling system using elastic folded spring.

In this paper, the dry solution for restraining the buckling failure of steel brace with the semicircle springs is presented. Finite element analysis shows that the effects of restraining the bucking of brace can be achieved if the structure of semicircle springs is designed appropriately.

In this study, an analytical model of a knee-brace employing disc springs and friction pads is developed. A ring-spring model proposed by Hill is adopted for the knee-brace analysis model. The cyclic response obtained from the analysis model is compared with corresponding experimental results. The comparison indicates that the suggested analytical model is capable of capturing the hysteretic behavior of a knee-brace employing ring-springs and friction pads

경북 일원에 분포하는 일부 약수탕(7개)의 침전물의 광물학적 특징을 수질과 관련하여 고찰하였다. 약수탕의 수질유형은 Ca-HCO3, Na(Ca)-HCO3, Ca-SO4로 나타난다. 약수의 가장 풍부한 화학성분은 Ca, Fe, HCO3 -이다. 대부분의 pH는 5.76~6.81 범위를 보이지만, 황수탕의 경우는 예외적으로 pH 2.8의 강산성을 보인다. 수질분석치를 근거로 한 포화지수 계산에 따르면 모든 약수는 철산화물, 철수산화광물에 대하여 과포화상태에 놓여 있어 이들 광물들은 쉽게 침전될 수 있을 것으로 예측된다. 침전물의 입도분석결과에 따르면 침전물은 다양한 입도의 물질로 구성되어 있는데, 이는 수질변화에 민감한 함철광물의 상변화 가능성 또는 여러 광물종의 혼합물의 존재를 지시한다. 대체로 적갈색 침전물의 입자가 연갈색 침전물에 비하여 더 크다. XRD, SEM분석결과 주요 광물들은 페리하이드라이트(2-line type), 슈베르트마나이트, 침철석 및 방해석로 구성되며, 규산염광물과 망간산화물이 소량 수반된다. 대부분의 약수탕에서 가장 풍부한 광물은 페리하이드라이트인데, 이것의 입자크기는 0.1~2 μm 범위이며, 평균 0.5 μm의 구형의 극미립질이 주를 이룬다. pH가 매우 낮은 황수탕에서는 슈베르트마나이트가 특징적으로 형성된다. 철박테리아의 일종인 Gallionella ferruginea는 신촌약수탕에서 흔하게 관찰되는데, 극미립질 구형의 철산화물 입자들이 Gallionella stalk 표면에 치밀하게 분포한다. 이같은 특징은 Gallionella 박테리아의 활동이 철광물의 형성에 직접적인 영향을 주는 것임을 의미한다. 조사된 약수탕의 수질특징과 침전광물의 형성은 서로 밀접한 관련성을 가지는 것으로 나타났다.

Hot springs development will be more activated with the five-day work week system than before. Nevertheless, investment and development achievement of hot springs has not resulted in a successful performance to foster townships, and this calls upon locals to build a guideline to develop hot springs. This study intends to analyze laws on hot springs, which influence mostly on the hot spring development, to gather up the information on the present state of the development, and to suggest considerations for further development plans. Features of the hot spring development are as follows: One is that metropolitan cities will discover hot spring resources more than small cities. Therefore the development will be twofold : one for resort tour and the other for one-day rest and recreation. In addition, Korean laws on hot springs are more site development-oriented to support tourism and recreation than to protect environment and discover unused resources. This makes hot spring development easier and efficient being supported by hot spring law, law on territory development and use, and tourism promotion law. On the other side, planned landscape trimming can be uniformized and unharmonized in terms of local identity and environment-friendliness. This is why careful considerations such as goods and bads of the local resources, local history and culture are needed in hot spring development. A long-term development project should include remodeling based on local identity and development trends. The third point indicates that Korean hot springs development has recorded relatively low performance due to difficult private capital attraction, and a high fence on land purchase and development approval. It is essential to release restrictions on the hot spring development-especially on those whose development performance has not been successful so that best practice can be supported by the government in remodeling and marketing. New plans on hot spring development should be also examined based on developer's capacity and local authorities' volition on the plan. Last point shows that most hot springs development plans have been designed only based on territory utilizing plan and facilities arrangement, not considering much on fund-raising, operational plan or feasibility analysis. Therefore the tourism promotion law should reinforce guidelines on tourist site approval system by supplementing criteria. At the same time, an education on tourism development planning is necessary to deepen developers' understanding, since most developers are experts more on city development, landscape architecture, designing, constructing and engineering than tourism development.

강원지역에서 산출되는 탄산천의 수리 화학적 특성과 모암과의 관계, 그리고 생성기원에 대해서 해석하고자 하였다. 이 연구에서는 기존의 연구결과에 대한 재해석도 포함되어 있다. 강원지역의 13개 지역에서 탄산수 시료를 채취하였다. 탄산수의 수리 화학적 특성을 보면 PCO2 /는 0.787∼4.78 atm 범위의 높은 값을 보이고, 약산성 pH, 높은 전기전도도값(422∼2,280 μS/cm)의 특성을 보인다. 탄산수의 화학적 유형은 Ca-HCO3형, Na-HCO3형, Ca(Na)-HC O3형으로 구분된다. 아울러 강원지역 탄산수는 다량의 철과 불소를 함유하는 것이 특징이다. 탄산수의 화학적 성분과 모암의 화학분석 자료를 종합하면 Na-HCO3형의 탄산수는 설악산일대 흑운모-칼리장석 화강암의 영향을 Ca-HCO3형의 탄산수는 편마암과 화강암내 방해석등에 영향을 받는 것으로 보인다. 암석내 Na, K, Ca, Mg 함량과 탄산수내 그들의 함량과의 관계가 비례함이 이를 뒷받침한다. 불소는 Na-HCO3형의 탄산수에서 높은 값을 보이고 철 성분은 Ca-HCO3형의 탄산수에서 더 높은 함량을 보인다. 불소는 흑운모(혹은 복운모)화강암내 운모의 OH를 치환한 F성분의 용해에 의한 것으로 해석된다. 동위원소와 암석성분 자료를 근거로 볼 때 모암의 광물화학성분이 탄산수의 화학적 유형을 결정한 것으로 보인다. 이를 확실히 뒷받침하기 위해서는 암종별 현미경적 관찰과 광물에 대한 화학성분 분석이 추가적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다. 탄산수의 δD과 δ18O 값은 순환수선에 도시되며, δ13C 값이 -0.3∼-6.2‰PDB 범위를 보여 국내 다른 지역 탄산수와 거의 유사한 범위를 보인다. 탄산수는 지하 심부의 CO2 가스가 지표부로 상승하면서 순환하는 지하수와 혼합된 후 반응하는 모암에 따라서 다양한 화학적 유형의 탄산수가 생성된 것으로 해석된다.