초음파 모기 기피 장치 ‘모스 윈드솔루션(Mos windsolution)’의 성능을 실내에서 평가하였다. 해당 제품은 120Hz~1.2MHz 사이의 주파수를 가진 초음파를 발생시켜 모기가 기피하도록 유도하는 기능을 갖고 있다. 기기의 성능 평가를 위하여 선택적 실험과 비선택적 실험을 실시하였다. 선택적 실험은 2m의 PVC 파이프 양 끝에 15cm cube 형태의 실험 케이지를 연결하고, 그 옆면에 쥐를 한 마리씩 구속하였다. 처리구 쪽에 모스 윈드솔루션을 가동시켜 초음파가 발생하도록 놓은 후 파이프 중앙에 흰줄숲모기(Aedes albopictus)를 방사시켰고 1시간 뒤 양 케이지를 밀봉, 냉동시켜 유입된 흰줄숲모기의 성별과 수를 파악했다. 비선택적 실험은 150x200x150cm의 모기장 안에 상부만 열린 아크릴 케이지를 넣고, 아크릴 케이지 내부에 철망 뚜껑이 있는 용기에 담긴 쥐를 넣어두었다. 처리구 쪽에는 모스 윈드솔루션을 가동시켜 놓았다. 모기장에 흰줄숲모기를 방사시키고, 시간당 아크릴 케이지에 유입된 모기의 수를 파악하였다. 그 결과 두 실험 모두에서 모스 윈드솔루션이 대조구 대비 최대 80%의 모기 기피 효과를 보였음을 확인할 수 있었다.

Aerosol-type insecticides are one of the most widely used household insecticides to control mosquitoes. Not only the structural difference such as the size and shape of orifice, but also the difference in formulation including solvent system and proportion of propellent can affect the efficacy of those aerosol products. Orifice structure can be represented by nozzle diameter while solvent systems are divided into water-based and oil-based types in wide view. In the present study using Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus, we found that the orifice nozzle size made a significant difference in shoot-out range, followed by heterogeneous mortality by distance. Additionally, oil-based spray affected farther space than water-based one. Oil-based solvent system was also responsible for lowering the LT50 and KT50(knock-down time 50) values. Therefore, they are one of the definitive parts in insecticides formulation that determine the way of insecticide delivery. In terms of insecticide resistance management, we define efficiency of insecticide as the proportion of insecticide treated to environment that is solely acted as toxin to target pest. The higher efficiency of insecticide, the less overused chemicals we face, which may imply lower risk of resistance development. Thus, we argue that formulations, the specific route of insecticide discharge to environment, should be deliberately considered not only for consumer satisfaction, but also for insecticide resistance management.

The eggs of Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, possess high desiccation resistance, which contribute the rapid spread of this mosquito across the world. Melanization of eggshell appear to play a role in the resistance to desiccation. Dopachrome-conversion enzyme (DCE, Yellow) significantly accelerates the melanization of the eggshell. In this study, we demonstrated functional importance of two yellow genes, AalY-g and AalY-g2, in the chorion formation. Both genes were highly induced in the ovary at 48 h after blood meal. Injection of dsRNA for AalY-g or AalY-g2 into adult females had no effect on fecundity. However, the outermost colorless exochorion of the eggs obtained from both dsRNA-treated females was fragile and peeled off in places, and melanization of the endochorion was obviously delayed by several hours. In addition, unlike eggs from control females which acquired high desiccation resistance between 18 and 24 h after oviposition (HAO), 60-70% 24 HAO eggs from either AalY-g- or AalY-g2-deficient females were collapsed when they were moved to an air-dry condition, and the desiccation resistance was not increased in later stages of embryonic development analyzed. TEM analysis revealed that abnormal morphology and ultrastructure of the endochorion, particularly outer-endochorion, in the 24 HAO and older eggs from either AalY-g-and AalY-g2-deficient females. These results indicate that AalY-g and AalY-g2 are required for morphology and formation of the endochorion (outer-endochorion), a structure that appears to be critical for desiccation resistance of the Ae. albopictus eggs. This work was supported by NRFs (NRF-2015R1A6A3A04060323 and NRF-2018R1A2B6005106)

Autophagy is an important self-eating process to eliminate damaged or unused organelles. We identified nine autophagy-related genes (Atg) including AaAtg-1, -3, -4b, -4d, -5, -6, -8, -12 and -13 from the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Developmental expression patterns indicate that mRNA levels of AaAtg-1, -3, -4b, -4d, -5, -6, -12 and -13 were highly expressed in egg, whereas expression of AaAtg8 was high in 1stand3rdinstarlarvalstages. TissuespecificexpressionofthesegenesindicatesthatAaAtg1 was highly expressed in thorax and midgut in blood-fed adult female mosquitoes (BF), and head and thorax in sugar fed adult female mosquitoes (SF). Transcript level of AaAtg3 was high in thorax in BF, but head, thorax and Malpighian tubules in SF. AaAtg4b, -4d mRNA levels were significantly high in Malpighian tubules in BF, and head in SF, respectively. AaAtg-5 and -6 transcripts were highly expressed in head in BF, and expression of AaAtg-8 was high in Malpighian tubules in BF. Levels of AaAtg-12 and -13 mRNAs were significantly high in head and midgut in BF. Induction patterns of AaAtg genes against pathogens showed that AaAtg-1, -3, -4b, -8, -12 and -13 were strongly induced at 6 h-post injection of S. aureus, and mRNA levels of AaAtg-1, -3 and -13 were significantly induced by E. coli challenge after 3 h-post injection in SF abdominal carcass. In SF midgut, AaAtg-1, -3, -4b, -4d, -5, -6, -12 and -13 transcripts were drastically induced at 9 h-injection of E. coli and S. aureus, while expression of AaAtg-8 was highly induced by S. aureus and C. albicans at 9 h-post injection. Each AaAtg gene was slightly induced by E. coli, S. aureus or C. albicans at different time points in abdominal carcass in BF. Interestingly, AaAtg-8 was not induced by microbial challenge. While eight other Atg genes except AaAtg-8 were highly influenced by S. aureus at 6 and 9 h-post injection, E. coli at 3 h-post-treatment, and 3, 6, and 9 h-post inoculation. In the future, we will characterize the functional roles of autophagy during mosquito-microbes interaction.

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are insecticides that disrupt the normal development of target insects. Among the IGR insecticides, juvenile hormone (JH)-related IGRs are of particular interest because they stimulate or interfere with the formation of JH receptor complex. In the precious studies, novel JH-related IGRs with JH agonist (JHA) and antagonist (JHAN) activity were identified by using yeast two-hybrid system transformed with the Aedes aegypti JH receptor complex. In this study, the transcriptomic responses of Aedes albopictus were investigated upon JHA and JHAN, respectively. These results will provide important information about understanding of impact of JH-related IGRs in transcription level.

Eggs from the mosquito genus Aedes exhibit high desiccation resistance that likely facilitate spreading some of them as a vector of human disease throughout the world. However, molecular mechanism underlying the embryonic resistant to desiccation has not well understood. In this study, we performed functional study of two ovary-specific yellow genes, AalY-g and AalY-g2, in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. The eggs obtained from AalY-g or AalY-g2 RNAi females showed poor desiccation resistance. TEM analysis revealed that, unlike that seen in the dsEGFP-control eggs, no high electron-dense outer-endochorion was evident in the eggs from AalY-g- or AalY-g2-deficient females. These results suggest that both yellow genes at least play roles in the chorion formation, which appears to be critical for integrity and desiccation resistance in Ae. albopictus eggs.

We evaluated the larvicidal and nematicidal activities of 48 3-acylbarbituric acids analogues against the Asian tigermosquito, Aedes albopictus and the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, organisms of increasing global concern.Among 48 3-acylbarbituric acids analogues, four compounds 10, 14d, 14g, and 19b showed >90% larvicidal activity againstAe. albopictus at 10μg/mL concentration, and one (compound 10) showed the strongest larvicidal activity against Ae. albopictus,with a LC50 value of 0.22μg/mL. Only compound 18 showed strong nematicidal activity against pine wood nematode.Most active compounds possessed similar physicochemical properties; thus, actives typically had ClogP values of around1.40-1.50 and rel-PSA values of 16-17%.

Lignosus rhinocerotis, commonly known as Tiger Milk Mushroom, has been long extolled for its medicinal properties and used for treatment of asthma, cough, fever, cancer, liver-related illnesses, joint pains and as tonic. The history of usage for Tiger Milk Mushroom dates back to almost 400 years, ago but there were no records of scientific studies done due to inavailability of sufficient samples. Even when there were samples collected from the wild, the supply and quality was inconsistent. With the advent of cultivation success of one of the most utilized species of Tiger milk mushroom (L. rhinocerotis) in 2009 (known as TM02), scientific investigation was done to validate its traditional use and to investigate its safety for consumption, biochemical and biopharmacological properties. Preclinical toxicology evaluations showed that TM02 did not induce adverse effects on fertility. It also poses neither teratogenic effects nor genotoxicity. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) dose of the TM02 in 180-day chronic toxicity study is 1000 mg/kg which is equivalent to 162 mg/kg human dose, anticipated dose for a 60 kg adult is ~10g. The effective dosage of TM02 is as low as 0.5g per day for an adult. There is therefore, a huge margin for the safe consumption of TM02. TM02 is proven to be effective in supporting the lung and respiratory health, immune health, maintenance of joint health (caused by inflammation), improving vitality and stamina and improving the quality of life for cancer patients. Recent scientific findings have shown that TM02 contains various active components such as the polysaccharides-protein complexes, β-glucans, proteins, immuno-modulatory proteins all of which could play possible roles in rendering significant therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory, anti-proliferative, anti-oxidative, neurite outgrowth stimulation etc. The revelation of the genome, transcriptome, proteome of L. rhinocerotis by MMRG has provided valuable insights into the biomolecule discovery and provided the foundation for future research and exploitation of L. rhinocerotis in pharmacological and functional food applications. These data forms a valuable foundation for future research in the exploitation of the L. rhinocerotis in pharmacological and industrial applications.

본 논문은 글로벌화와 대규모 이주민의 유입 등으로 인해 이전과는 다 른 사회, 문화적 상황에 처해 있는 지금의 아일랜드를 포스트-켈틱 아일랜드로 규정하 고, 동시대 아일랜드 연극을 이해하기 위해서 문화상호주의적 접근방식이 필요함을 확 인해보려는 시도의 글이다. 문화상호주의적 연극에 대한 개념적 이해, 아일랜드에 새 롭게 유입된 이주민 공동체 극단의 공연에 대한 분석 그리고 다큐멘터리 드라마투르 기와 같은 극작법의 변화 양상 등의 주제를 중심으로 포스트-켈틱 시대 아일랜드의 새로운 정체성 모색의 다양한 갈래들을 점검해 보고 있다

The eggs of Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, possess high desiccation resistance, which could lead rapidly spreading this mosquito across the world. Melanization and/or hardening of mosquito eggshell are critical for desiccation resistance to protect embryo from adverse environment. Dopachrome-conversion enzymes (Yellows) catalyze melanin synthesis in insects. Here we report functional importance of two ovary-specific yellow genes, AalY-g and AalY-g2, in desiccation resistance of Ae. albopictus egg. Loss of function of these genes by RNAi causes the fragile exochorion and delay initial melanization of the endochorion. Furthermore, eggs from control females exhibit high desiccation resistance under the air-dry condition, whereas those from AalY-g- or AalY-g2-deficient females are collapsed. TEM analysis reveals ultrastructural defects in the endochorion and serosal cuticle in these eggs. The results indicate that AalY-g and AalY-g2 are critical for integrity and desiccation resistance of the Ae. albopictus egg.

이 연구는 ‘상무위원은 처벌하지 않는다(刑不上常委)’는 중국정치의 잠재된 관례를 파기하 고 사법과 공안 분야의 막강한 대항력을 갖춘 저우융캉을 어떻게 처벌할 수 있었는지에 대한 의문에서 시작됐다. 그간 중국 지도부가 상징적으로 중앙위원급 고위관료 처벌을 감행했지만, 중국정치의 핵심 행위자(actor) 역할을 하는 상무위원(常務委員)을 처벌 대상에 포함하지 않 았다. 이들의 조사 과정에서 강력한 대항력과 정치적 비용(political cost), 그리고 공산당의 통치력 약화가 초래될 수 있기 때문이다. 하지만 시진핑은 출범 후 제창했던 의법치국(依法 治國)의 국정기조 상충을 무릅쓰고 사법기관보다 당 차원의 중앙기율위를 이용해 저우융캉 처벌에 매진했다. 그 결과 중앙기율위는 저우융캉 계파의 부패망을 역이용해 주변에서 중심 으로 그의 부패 대리인을 조사하며 옥좼으며, 종국에는 원로들의 동의를 얻어 저우융캉을 처 벌할 수 있었다.

Pigmentation or melanization is an important physiological event in insects and is involved in cuticle tanning, wound healing and encapsulation as a defensive response. Dopachrome-conversion enzyme (DCE, Yellow) significantly accelerates the melanization of the chorion in mosquito eggs. In this study, we demonstrated functional importance of two ovary-specific yellow genes, AalY-g and AalY-g2, in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. The transcripts of both genes were detected in the ovary of adult females only 48-72 h after blood feeding. RNAi for AalY-g or AalY-g2 had no effect on fecundity. However, the outermost colorless exochorion of the eggs was fragile and partially peeled off, and initial melanization of the endochorion was significantly delayed. Eggs from control females exhibited high desiccation resistance, whereas those from dsAalY-g- or dsAalY-g2-treated females were collapsed (50-80%) under the air-dry condition. Ultrastructural analysis revealed abnormal morphology of the endochorion and vitelline membrane in the AalY-g and AalY-g2-deficient eggshell. These results indicate that AalY-g and AalY-g2 are critical for integrity and desiccation resistance of the Ae. albopictus eggs. This work was supported by NRFs (NRF-2015R1A6A3A04060323).

The morphology of the lingual papillae in a female Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tongue was 22.3 cm in length and 7.1 cm in width. Numerous filiform papillae were distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue. SEM examination of the tongue revealed two types of mechanical papillae, i.e. filiform and conical papilla, and two types of gustatory papillae, i.e. fungiform and vallate papilla, on the dorsal surface of the tongue. Each filiform papilla consisted of one primary papilla and several secondary papillae. The filiform papillae on the anterior part of the tongue were divided into one primary and 6~14 secondary papillae. Unlike other mammalians, however, secondary papillae in the mid-part of the tongue showed pineal-like papillae. In the posterior part of the tongue, secondary papillae were rare or absent. Fungiform papillae were surrounded by filiform papillae and densely distributed on the lingual surface. There were two vallate papillae on the borderline between the lingual body and root of the tongue. A vallate papilla contained two secondary papillae inside the grooves. Conical papillae were located in the area of the vallate papillae and covered the posterior part of the tongue root. No foliate papillae were seen on both margins of the posterior part of the tongue. Our results indicate that the structure on the lingual papillae of the Bengal tiger is somewhat different from that of other mammals.

흔히 도교(道敎)는 여러 가지 신체수련을 통해 장생불사를 추구하고 부적이나 주문, 의례를 통해 세속적 구복을 추구하는 종교로서, 노장사상과 같은 도가(道家)와 구별하여야 하는 것으로 인식되는 경우가 많다. 물론 도교 안에는 벽곡(辟穀)과 같은 식이요법, 도인(導引)과 같은 체조, 화학연금술, 약초학, 부적 등 다양한 종교 문화적 요소가 존재한다. 그것만이라면 도교는 의학이나 체육학, 혹은 대중적 주술행위에 지나지 않을 것이다. 그러나 제대로 살펴보면 도교 안에는 깊은 사색과 명상이 있고, 그들의 심신 훈련의 기술의 바탕에는 매우 심오하고 체계적인 철학이 자리하고 있다. 노장사상으로부터 출발된 도교의 다양한 사상과 수행법은 당말 오대 이후로부터 시작되어 송원 시대에 가장 흥성했던 내단 사상에 이르러 가장 완성도 있게 체계화된다. 도교 내단(內丹)의 가장 독특한 수행법의 특징은 몸과 마음의 균형 있는 연마, 곧 ‘성명쌍수(性命雙修)’라고 할 수 있다. 유교나 불교와 구별되는 도교수행의 독특성은 마음수련을 위해 몸 수련이 반드시 동반되어야 한다는 것이다. 도교에서는 인간을 심신상관적(psycho-somatic)인 존재로 인식하는 바, 도교의 구원, 곧 득도를 통해 신선적 경지에 오르기 위해서는 육체와 정신, 양면의 수행이 필요하다고 본다.도교의 내단 사상과 수행법은 한국에서도 성행하였다. 조선시대의 여러 선비들은 단학수행에 몰두하고 다양한 저술을 통해 그들의 수행법을 소개하고 있다. 그 대표적인 인물이 김시습(金時習)․권극중(權克仲)․정염(鄭磏) 등이다. 조선중기의 정염(鄭磏: 1506~1549)에 의해 작성된『용호비결(龍虎秘訣)』은 조선시대의 내단內丹)사상의 핵심을 잘 보여주는 저서이다『용호비결』은 도교의 심신수련서 가운데에서도 그 내용이 간단하면서도 한국도교의 내단 수행(修行)의 본질과 핵심을 잘 드러내주고 있다.『용호비결』에서는 도교의 수행법을 폐기(閉氣), 주천화후(周天火侯), 태식(胎息)의 세 단계로 나누어 설명하고 있다. 이 가운데에서도 폐기의 과정이 가장 중요하며 따라서 이를 올바로 이해하고 바르게 수련하는 것이 필요하다고 한다. 『용호비결』과 같은 단학 수행서를 통해서 알 수 있듯이 도교의 수행법은 정신완성을 위해 신체의 상태를 온전하게 보전하고 그 순환상태가 원활하게 함으로써 지속적으로 정신에너지를 공급하고자 한다. 그리고 이러한 심신상관적 인간이해와 종교적 실천은 현대의학이나 심리학에서 말하는 인간의 정신이해와도 상통한다고 할 수 있다.

우리나라 참나리 2배체와 3배체 중 임의 선발된 56 개 지역의 참나리에 대하여 EST-SSR이용하여 각 genome 간의 유전적 변이와 유연관계를 분석하고자 수행되었다. 최근 백합속에서 개발된 19개의 EST-SSR 중에서 7개의 primer가 참나리 2, 3배체 종내 유전적 변이 분석에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 서해안, 남해안 제주도의 원거리 지역에 분포하는 2배체 참나리들은 지역에 관계없이 다양한 유전적 변이를 나타내었으나, 소청도, 울릉도 및 내륙에 분포하는 3배체 참나리는 비교적 단순한 변이를 나타내었다. 다형성을 나타낸 총 121개의 SSR 밴드를 사용하여 UPGMA 방법으로 계 통도를 작성한 결과 2배체 집단에서는 유전적 변이가 다양한 반면 3배체 집단에서는 비교적 변이가 적은 것 으로 나타났다. 2배체 집단에서 아차도 계통들이 남해 안의 다른 2배체와 뚜렷이 구분되는 cluster를 형성하 였고, 3배체 집단에서는 소청도 참나리가 다른 지역과 는 구별되는 독특한 밴드패턴을 나타내었다. 본 연구에 서 선발된 EST-SSR마커들은 금후 참나리 2, 3배체 집단의 유연관계를 분석하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있 을 것으로 생각된다.