Although Semisulcospira libertina is generally regarded as a supplement for the alleviation of alcohol hangover, little is known about its effects on cell metabolism. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the constituents of the extracts prepared using different extraction methods and to compare their biochemical properties. The amino acid contents were found to be much higher in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates than hot water extracts from S. libertina. DPPH radical scavenging activities in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates were higher than those of hot water extracts. Three types of S. libertina hydrolysate was added to HepG2 cells damaged by acetaminophen (AAP), after which the survival rate of HepG2 cell were measured. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in the culture media were evaluated. The survival rates of HepG2 cells were 77.0±4.3% and 81.5±1.3% at 3 h and 5h enzymatic hydrolysates, respectively. These cell survival rates were higher compared to those of the negative control group (67.8±4.3%) treated only with acetaminophen. Cellular toxicities induced by treatment with AAP were also significantly alleviated in response to treatment with the extracts of S. libertina. In addition, the activities of 2 key enzymes that metabolize ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, were upregulated by 4.7- and 2.7-fold respectively in response to treatment with a 3 h enzymatic hydrolysate of S. libertina. Taken together, these results provide biochemical evidence of the method by which S. libertina exerts its biological functions, including the alleviation of alcohol hangover and the protection of liver cells against toxic insults.

Although Semisulcospira libertina is generally regarded as a supplement for the alleviation of alcohol hangover, little is known about its effects on cell metabolism. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the constituents of the extracts prepared using different extraction methods and to compare their biochemical properties. The amino acid contents were found to be much higher in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates than hot water extracts from S. libertina. DPPH radical scavenging activities in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates were higher than those of hot water extracts. Three types of S. libertina hydrolysate was added to HepG2 cells damaged by acetaminophen (AAP), after which the survival rate of HepG2 cell were measured. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in the culture media were evaluated. The survival rates of HepG2 cells were 77.0±4.3% and 81.5±1.3% at 3 h and 5h enzymatic hydrolysates, respectively. These cell survival rates were higher compared to those of the negative control group (67.8±4.3%) treated only with acetaminophen. Cellular toxicities induced by treatment with AAP were also significantly alleviated in response to treatment with the extracts of S. libertina. In addition, the activities of 2 key enzymes that metabolize ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, were upregulated by 4.7- and 2.7-fold respectively in response to treatment with a 3 h enzymatic hydrolysate of S. libertina. Taken together, these results provide biochemical evidence of the method by which S. libertina exerts its biological functions, including the alleviation of alcohol hangover and the protection of liver cells against toxic insults.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of moisture contents (40, 50, 60%) and CO2 gas injection (0 and 800 mL/min) on physicochemical properties of extruded soy protein isolate (SPI). The expansion ratio and the specific length increased, but piece density decreased with the increase in CO2 gas injection from 0 to 800 mL/ min at both 40 and 50% moisture contents. On the contrary, the expansion ratio and the specific length decreased, but piece density increased with the increase in CO2 gas injection from 0 to 800 mL/min at 60% moisture content. Extruded SPI with CO2 gas injection at 800 mL/min had small cell size and higher amount of cell than extruded SPI without CO2 gas injection. The water holding capacity and nitrogen solubility index increased, and the integrity index and the texture decreased with the increase in CO2 gas injection from 0 to 800 mL/min. In conclusion, extruded SPI with the CO2 gas injection at 800 mL/min showed better expansion properties and cell formation than extruded SPI without the CO2 gas injection.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of moisture contents (40, 50, 60%) and CO2 gas injection (0 and 800 mL/min) on physicochemical properties of extruded soy protein isolate (SPI). The expansion ratio and the specific length increased, but piece density decreased with the increase in CO2 gas injection from 0 to 800 mL/ min at both 40 and 50% moisture contents. On the contrary, the expansion ratio and the specific length decreased, but piece density increased with the increase in CO2 gas injection from 0 to 800 mL/min at 60% moisture content. Extruded SPI with CO2 gas injection at 800 mL/min had small cell size and higher amount of cell than extruded SPI without CO2 gas injection. The water holding capacity and nitrogen solubility index increased, and the integrity index and the texture decreased with the increase in CO2 gas injection from 0 to 800 mL/min. In conclusion, extruded SPI with the CO2 gas injection at 800 mL/min showed better expansion properties and cell formation than extruded SPI without the CO2 gas injection.

This study was carried out to investigate antimicrobial activity and characteristics of Asparagus cochinchinenesis which was steamed and fermented with lactic acid bacteria. A. cochinchinensis was prepared to steaming process which was washed and freeze dried. A. cochinchinensis was steamed at 95oC for 12 h and dried by hot air at 50oC for 24 h. After steaming process, A. cochinchinensis was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc mesenteroides 4395, Lactobacillus sakei 383 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11322). Ethyl acetate extracts of fermented A. cochinchinensis had antimicrobial activities for the respiratory disease bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). A. cochinchinensis had highest antimicrobial activity for the P. aeruginosa which fermented with L. mesenteroides 4395. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. mesenteroides 4395 was 10 mg/mL for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and 5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The MIC of A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. sakei 383 and A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. plantarum KCCM 11322 were the same. Total sugar was decreased from 863.33±17.47 mg/mL to 722.67±5.51 mg/mL during the steaming process. But reducing sugar was increased from 99.36±1.32 mg/mL to 109.29±2.71 mg/mL during the steaming process. Total sugar was decreased to 301.50-361.42 mg/mL and reducing sugar was decreased to 27.39-62.20 mg/mL during the fermentation process.

This study was carried out to investigate antimicrobial activity and characteristics of Asparagus cochinchinenesis which was steamed and fermented with lactic acid bacteria. A. cochinchinensis was prepared to steaming process which was washed and freeze dried. A. cochinchinensis was steamed at 95oC for 12 h and dried by hot air at 50oC for 24 h. After steaming process, A. cochinchinensis was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc mesenteroides 4395, Lactobacillus sakei 383 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11322). Ethyl acetate extracts of fermented A. cochinchinensis had antimicrobial activities for the respiratory disease bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). A. cochinchinensis had highest antimicrobial activity for the P. aeruginosa which fermented with L. mesenteroides 4395. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. mesenteroides 4395 was 10 mg/mL for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and 5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The MIC of A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. sakei 383 and A. cochinchinensis fermented with L. plantarum KCCM 11322 were the same. Total sugar was decreased from 863.33±17.47 mg/mL to 722.67±5.51 mg/mL during the steaming process. But reducing sugar was increased from 99.36±1.32 mg/mL to 109.29±2.71 mg/mL during the steaming process. Total sugar was decreased to 301.50-361.42 mg/mL and reducing sugar was decreased to 27.39-62.20 mg/mL during the fermentation process.

This study investigated the possible use of enzymatically hydrolyzed isolated soy protein (eHISP) to enhance the intensity of salty taste. The sodium chloride content of eHISP is 69.5 g/L. Yellowness (b) increased, and lightness (L) and redness (a) decreased with increasing eHISP concentration in sample solution. Also, perceived salty intensity of eHISP solution increased in sample solution with increasing added amount of eHISP with same NaCl concentration. The intensity of the salty taste was enhanced by 2-39% as the eHISP was added. The results suggest that it may be possible to reduce the content of sodium chloride in foods by enhancing the salty taste with eHISP.

This study investigated the possible use of enzymatically hydrolyzed isolated soy protein (eHISP) to enhance the intensity of salty taste. The sodium chloride content of eHISP is 69.5 g/L. Yellowness (b) increased, and lightness (L) and redness (a) decreased with increasing eHISP concentration in sample solution. Also, perceived salty intensity of eHISP solution increased in sample solution with increasing added amount of eHISP with same NaCl concentration. The intensity of the salty taste was enhanced by 2-39% as the eHISP was added. The results suggest that it may be possible to reduce the content of sodium chloride in foods by enhancing the salty taste with eHISP.

The purpose of this study was to optimize dough properties using response surface methodology (RSM) and to demonstrate the performances of dough prepared under optimized conditions. Dough mixed with yeast, margarine, salt, sugar and wheat flour was prepared by fermentation process. Hardness, cohesiveness and springiness of dough were selected as critical quality attributes. The critical formulations (yeast and water) and process (fermentation time) variables were selected as critical input variables based on preliminary experiment. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used as RSM. As a result, the quardratic, the squared and the linear model respectively provided the most appropriate fit (R2>90) and had no significant lack of fit (p>0.05) on critical quality attributes (hardness, cohesiveness and springiness). The accurate prediction of dough characteristics was possible from the selected models. It was confirmed by validation that a good correlation was obtained between the actual and predicted values. In conclusion, the methodologies using RSM in this study might be applicable to the optimization of fermented foods containing various wheat flour and yeast.

The purpose of this study was to optimize dough properties using response surface methodology (RSM) and to demonstrate the performances of dough prepared under optimized conditions. Dough mixed with yeast, margarine, salt, sugar and wheat flour was prepared by fermentation process. Hardness, cohesiveness and springiness of dough were selected as critical quality attributes. The critical formulations (yeast and water) and process (fermentation time) variables were selected as critical input variables based on preliminary experiment. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used as RSM. As a result, the quardratic, the squared and the linear model respectively provided the most appropriate fit (R2>90) and had no significant lack of fit (p>0.05) on critical quality attributes (hardness, cohesiveness and springiness). The accurate prediction of dough characteristics was possible from the selected models. It was confirmed by validation that a good correlation was obtained between the actual and predicted values. In conclusion, the methodologies using RSM in this study might be applicable to the optimization of fermented foods containing various wheat flour and yeast.

Millimeter waves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies of 30–300 GHz (wavelength 1–10 mm), and millimeter wave stimulation affects microorganism growth. The present study stimulated Bacillus subtilis with 60 and 70 GHz millimeter waves during cheonggukjang fermentation and characterized the effects on cheonggukjang quality. Cheonggukjang treated with millimeter wave irradiation showed no significant difference in total bacterial count but generated only 5.52-5.92% viscous substance. Irradiation with 60 GHz millimeter waves yielded bright and intense color values relative to 70 GHz millimeter waves. Examination of the amylase activity and reducing sugar content of finished cheonggukjang revealed that irradiation at 70 GHz inhibited amylase activity in cheonggukjang. Furthermore, irradiation at 70 GHz increased protease activity, whereas irradiation at 60 GHz inhibited the activity. Moreover, the amino acid content changed with millimeter wave irradiation.

Millimeter waves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies of 30–300 GHz (wavelength 1–10 mm), and millimeter wave stimulation affects microorganism growth. The present study stimulated Bacillus subtilis with 60 and 70 GHz millimeter waves during cheonggukjang fermentation and characterized the effects on cheonggukjang quality. Cheonggukjang treated with millimeter wave irradiation showed no significant difference in total bacterial count but generated only 5.52-5.92% viscous substance. Irradiation with 60 GHz millimeter waves yielded bright and intense color values relative to 70 GHz millimeter waves. Examination of the amylase activity and reducing sugar content of finished cheonggukjang revealed that irradiation at 70 GHz inhibited amylase activity in cheonggukjang. Furthermore, irradiation at 70 GHz increased protease activity, whereas irradiation at 60 GHz inhibited the activity. Moreover, the amino acid content changed with millimeter wave irradiation.

This study aims to make extruded rice snack with high quality in texture and nutrition by adding mealworm. Addition of the mealworm has the merit to fill in high-quality protein and unsaturated fatty acids which are insufficient in rice. Thus, the physicochemical properties were investigated through the process of extrusion cooking. As the extrusion process varied, the die temperatures were set to 120oC and 130oC. Also, the moisture contents were adjusted to 30% and 35%. The specific length, the expansion ratio, and the water absorption index increased as the added content of mealworm became higher. On the contrary, the density, the breaking strength, the apparent elastic modulus, and the water solubility index decreased. As mealworm and moisture content increased, DPPH radical scavenging activity significantly increased but the rancidity decreased. As a result, the addition of mealworm to the extruded rice snack was effective in improving texture, nutrition, and antioxidation.

This study aims to make extruded rice snack with high quality in texture and nutrition by adding mealworm. Addition of the mealworm has the merit to fill in high-quality protein and unsaturated fatty acids which are insufficient in rice. Thus, the physicochemical properties were investigated through the process of extrusion cooking. As the extrusion process varied, the die temperatures were set to 120oC and 130oC. Also, the moisture contents were adjusted to 30% and 35%. The specific length, the expansion ratio, and the water absorption index increased as the added content of mealworm became higher. On the contrary, the density, the breaking strength, the apparent elastic modulus, and the water solubility index decreased. As mealworm and moisture content increased, DPPH radical scavenging activity significantly increased but the rancidity decreased. As a result, the addition of mealworm to the extruded rice snack was effective in improving texture, nutrition, and antioxidation.

This study aimed to identify milling characteristics depending on the number of a cutting roller’s air vent and blowing velocity to remove rice bran by the cutting type milling machine which can minimize the conventional milling process. The level of whiteness was found to be 38±0.5 in all the conditions, showing consistent whiteness levels during milling. The rice temperatures turned out to be 15.4 and 14.6oC which were rather low-level under the conditions of the cutting roller with 3 vents and blowing velocities of 35 and 40 m/s respectively. Cracked rice ratio was 2.13% under the conditions of the cutting roller with 3 vents and a blowing velocity of 35 m/s. Broken rice ratio showed the range of 0.762-0.869%, reflecting a low level. Turbidity after milling was decreased, as blowing velocity became faster. Energy consumption for milled rice production was decreased, as blowing velocity became faster. The optimum milling condition for cutting type milling machine depending on air vent number of cutting roller and blowing velocity was found to be 3 vents and 35 m/s.

This study aimed to identify milling characteristics depending on the number of a cutting roller’s air vent and blowing velocity to remove rice bran by the cutting type milling machine which can minimize the conventional milling process. The level of whiteness was found to be 38±0.5 in all the conditions, showing consistent whiteness levels during milling. The rice temperatures turned out to be 15.4 and 14.6oC which were rather low-level under the conditions of the cutting roller with 3 vents and blowing velocities of 35 and 40 m/s respectively. Cracked rice ratio was 2.13% under the conditions of the cutting roller with 3 vents and a blowing velocity of 35 m/s. Broken rice ratio showed the range of 0.762-0.869%, reflecting a low level. Turbidity after milling was decreased, as blowing velocity became faster. Energy consumption for milled rice production was decreased, as blowing velocity became faster. The optimum milling condition for cutting type milling machine depending on air vent number of cutting roller and blowing velocity was found to be 3 vents and 35 m/s.

Alginate lyase from Streptomyces violaceoruber was purified by DEAE sephacel chromatography and SP sepharose chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 14.6 units/mg protein, representing a 40.6-fold purification of the crude extract. The final preparation thus obtained showed a single band on Tricine-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis whose molecular weight was determined to be 23.3 kDa. The polyMG block of sodium alginate was hydrolyzed by the purified alginate lyase and then separated by activated carbon column chromatography and bio gel P-2 gel filtration. The main hydrolysates were composed of hetero type M/G-oligosaccharides with the degrees of polymerization (D.P.) being 6 and 8. To investigate the effects of hetero type M/Goligosaccharides from the sodium alginate on the growth of some intestinal bacteria, cells were cultivated individually on the modified-MRS medium containing D.P. 6 and 8 M/G-oligosaccharides. B. longumgrew 4.25-fold and 6.44-fold more effectively by the treatment of D.P. 6 and 8 M/G-oligosaccharides compared with those of standard MRS medium. In addition, B. bifidumgrew 3.3-fold and 5.4-fold more effectively by the treatment of D.P. 6 and 8 M/G-oligosaccharides. In conclusion, D.P. 8 was more effective than D.P. 6 hetero M/G-oligosaccharides as regards the growth of Bifidobacteriumspp. and Lactobacillus spp

Alginate lyase from Streptomyces violaceoruber was purified by DEAE sephacel chromatography and SP sepharose chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 14.6 units/mg protein, representing a 40.6-fold purification of the crude extract. The final preparation thus obtained showed a single band on Tricine-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis whose molecular weight was determined to be 23.3 kDa. The polyMG block of sodium alginate was hydrolyzed by the purified alginate lyase and then separated by activated carbon column chromatography and bio gel P-2 gel filtration. The main hydrolysates were composed of hetero type M/G-oligosaccharides with the degrees of polymerization (D.P.) being 6 and 8. To investigate the effects of hetero type M/Goligosaccharides from the sodium alginate on the growth of some intestinal bacteria, cells were cultivated individually on the modified-MRS medium containing D.P. 6 and 8 M/G-oligosaccharides. B. longumgrew 4.25-fold and 6.44-fold more effectively by the treatment of D.P. 6 and 8 M/G-oligosaccharides compared with those of standard MRS medium. In addition, B. bifidumgrew 3.3-fold and 5.4-fold more effectively by the treatment of D.P. 6 and 8 M/G-oligosaccharides. In conclusion, D.P. 8 was more effective than D.P. 6 hetero M/G-oligosaccharides as regards the growth of Bifidobacteriumspp. and Lactobacillus spp. Key words: hetero M/G-oligosaccharides, Streptomyces violaceoruber

본 실험은 140 mM HCl 60% Alcohol로 유도된 SD rat를 이용해 각 천연물질의 위염 예방효과를 보고자 하였다. 실험에 사용한 천연소재는 질려자, 갯기름나물, 삼채 뿌리이며, 분쇄기를 이용해 분말화 한 후 열수추출하여 사용했다. 그룹별 각 3마리씩 1군(정상대조군), 2군(증류수 투여 후 140 mM HCl 60% Alcohol 실험적 위염 유발), 3군(질려자 추출물 투여 후 140 mM HCl 60% Alcohol 실험적 위염 유발), 4군(갯기 름나물 추출물 투여 후 140 mM HCl 60% Alcohol 실험적 위염 유발), 5군(삼채뿌리 추출물 투여 후 140 mM HCl 60% Alcohol 실험적 위염 유발)으로 분류되어 각 군 별로 시험물질을 경구 투여했다. 3군, 4군 및 5군은 일주일 간 해당하는 천연물질은 300 mg/kg/day로 경구투여 하였다. 투여기간 후 마지막으로 시험물질을 투여한 후, 급성 위염 유발하고 1시간 뒤 희생시켜 위를 적출하였다. 급성 위염으로 인해 손상된 위 조직을 통해 손상면적 측정 및 병리학적 검사를 진행한 결과, 해당 실험은 천연소 재를 투여한 실험군에서 위 점막 손상 및 출혈이 감소하였음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구는 질려자, 갯기름나물, 삼채뿌리 추출물이 급성 위염 예방에 대한 효과를 가지고 있으며, 기능성 보조제 및 건강기능식품의 유용한 소재로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

감은 예로부터 우리나라를 비롯하여 아시아 지역에서 많이 재배되고 있는 과실 중 하나이다. 한의학 에서는 떫은감의 꼭지(꽃받침)를 시체(柿蒂)라고 하여 사용하였으며, 민간요법에서는 기침과 천식, 만성 기관지염, 딸꾹질, 야뇨증에 사용되어졌다. 본 실험에서는 가공하여 유통 될 때 버려지는 부산물 중 하 나인 감꼭지와 잎의 tannic acid 함량을 HPLC 기법을 통하여 분석하였다. 본 실험에서는 시기별 성숙 정도에 따라서 함양 고종시, 함양 단성시, 밀양 반시, 밀양 수시, 밀양 고종시로 5품종을 수집하였으며, 시기는 미성숙(8-9월), 성숙(10-11월), 곶감(12월-1월)로 구분하였다. 밀양 반시의 경우 이전의 연구에 서 산청 고종시, 산청 단성시, 밀양 반시의 tannic acid 함량을 비교해본 결과, 밀양 반시의 함량이 다 른 지역에 비해 높은 결과를 나타내었고, 이를 통해 밀양 지역의 품종을 확대하고, 밀양 반시의 잎 시 료를 준비하여, tannic acid 함량을 분석하였다. 성숙 시기별 tannic acid 함량은 미성숙에서 곶감 꼭 지로 갈수록 타닌산 함량이 줄어드는 경향성을 보이며, 미성숙의 생감꼭지에서는 밀양 고종시의 함량이 3.764mg/g로 높게 나타났다. 곶감으로 가공 건조되어 질수록 tannic acid의 함량은 줄어드는 것으로 나타났다. 미성숙 고종시 생감꼭지의 경우 함양 지역과 밀양 지역 내에서 공통적으로 가장 높은 tannic acid 함량을 나타내었으며, 밀양 반시 지역에서 함양 고종시에 비해 약 1.45배 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 가공식품으로 이용되는 떫은감의 미성숙 과실 또한 부가가치 창출을 위한 활용소재로 사용될 가능 성을 확인하였으며, 특히 떪은 감의 꼭지는 부산물로써 버려지는 자원이아니라 한의학적으로 중요한 한 약자원으로써 가치가 있을 것으로 사료된다.