강원도 백두대간 내에 위치한 진부령 권역, 오대산 권역, 태백산 권역과 대조구인 지리산 권역에서 딱정벌레아과의 분포와 군집 구조를 모니터링하였다. 그 결과 4개권역 14개 조사구에서 총 11종의 딱정벌레아과 곤충이 확인되었으며, 강원도 백두대간 지역에서는 강원우리딱정벌레와 청진민줄딱정벌레가, 지리산권역에서는 지리우리딱정벌레와 민줄딱정벌레가 주요 우점종으로 나타났다. 또한 해발고도 1000m 이상의 고지대 조사구에서 멸종위기 야생생물 II급으로 지정된 멋조롱박딱정벌레와 창언조롱박딱정벌레가 관찰되었다. 강원우리딱정벌레 멋조롱박딱정벌레는 강원 지역에서, 지리우리딱정벌레와 창언조롱박딱정벌레는 지리산 권역에서만 확인되어 지리적으로 격리되어 있는 것으로 사료되나, 두 종의 분포지역 사이의 완충지역에서는 동소성이나 교잡개체가 확인될 가능성이 있어 완충지역 군집 구조에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

북방수염하늘소는 솔수염하늘소와 같이 소나무재선충병을 유발하는 소나무재선충의 주요 매개충으로 소나무류에 막대한 피해를 주고 있다. 북방수염하늘소는 형태적으로 다형성을 나타내는 것으로 보고되었으나, 이들을 구분하는 뚜렷한 표현형이 제시되지는 못한 실정이다. 북방수염하늘소의 종내다양성 조사를 위하여 충북, 경기, 강원지역에서 채집된 표본을 대상으로 미토콘드리아 cytochrome c oxidase 1 유전자의 DNA barcode를 확보하고 계통분석을 실시한 결과 서로 다른 계통을 보이는 두 개의 그룹으로 구분되는 확인 할 수 있었다. 두 개의 그룹은 2.4-2.6의 K2P distance를 나타내었으나 형태적으로 구분되는 특징은 파악되지 않았다. 각 그룹의 북방수염하늘소 수컷의 생식기 검경결과 I 그룹 표본의 파악기 (paramere) 길이가 II그룹의 표본보다 다소 짧고 약간 넓은 차이가 있는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 두 그룹 간에 북방수염하늘소가 계통적으로 분화가 진행 된 것으로 사료되지만 두 그룹간의 명확한 지역적 분포의 차이가 나타나지는 않았다는 점에서 종 분화의 원인에 대해서는 현 시점에서 판단하는데 어려움이 있으며 향후 다양한 진전된 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

기상 인자에 따른 우리나라의 매미 출현시기와 종 구성을 조사하기 위하여, 서울 도심 내에 있는 근린공원(아시아공원, 청담공원)에서 발생하는 매미 탈피각을 통해 매미 발생 특성을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 2015년 6월부터 8월까지 주 1회씩 총 9회에 걸쳐 선정한 21개의 방형구(20x20m; 아시아: 12개, 청담: 9개)내에서 발생하는 매미 탈피각을 수거하였으며, 수거한 탈피각은 매미 탈피각 분류 체계에 따라 종, 성별, 개수를 산출하였다. 기상 요인은 각 지역에서 관찰한 온습도 로거 자료와 기상 관측소(AWS)에서 측정된 자료를 사용하였다. 그 결과, 두 장소 모두 8월 첫째주와 둘째주의 매미 발생율이 전체 발생 비율의 50%를 넘었으며, 이 중 말매미와 참매미가 전체 발생 탈피각의 80%이상을 차지했다. 말매미, 참매미, 쓰름매미, 유지매미의 탈피각은 온도 및 습도와 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 또한 매미 탈피각 발생 패턴에 있어 기상 인자와의 영향을 분석하기 위하여 cluster analysis를 이용하여 시기별 매미 탈피각 발생 특성의 유사성에 따라 3개의 그룹으로 나누고 PCA(Principle Component Analysis) 분석 결과에 적용하였다. PCA 분석 결과, 각 그룹들은 매미 탈피각 발생 시기에 따른 패턴이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 온도가 가장 높은 그룹 Ⅲ(8월1주-2주)에서 가장 많은 매미 탈피각이 발생하였으며, 상대적으로 높은 강수량과 습도를 보인 그룹 II(7월3주-4주)에서는 털매미가 다른 그룹들에 비해 높은 발생 양상을 보였다. 따라서, 2015년도 여름 매미의 발생 패턴은 7월 넷째주부터 강수량이 높아짐과 동시에 매미 발생이 높아지기 시작하였으며, 장마가 끝난 후인 8월 첫째주 둘째주부터 온도 상승과 함께 대발생 했음을 알 수 있었다. 위 결과들을 미루어보아, 늦은 장마전선의 북상과 폭염이 매미 발생과도 관련이 깊을 것으로 사료 된다. 이러한 결과는 매미 발생 양상에 대한 기초 정보를 제공하고, 폭염 및 장마와 같은 이상기상현상에 따른 매미 발생 변화를 예측하기 위한 사전 자료로 활용할 수 있다.

During the last century, the overuse of synthetic chemical insecticides led to problems associated with natural environment such as harmful effects on nontarget organisms and development of resistance. Therefore, the application of insect pathogenic microorganisms including Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), baculoviruses, and entomopathogenic fungi has been an environmentally favorable methods for insect control. However, their use has been limited by several factors such as narrow host spectrum and slow speed of insecticidal activities. A number of approaches have been taken to overcome these defects of microbial insecticides. A novel recombinant baculovirus, NeuroBactrus, was constructed to develop an improved baculovirus insecticide with additional beneficial properties, such as a higher insecticidal activity and improved recovery, compared to wild-type baculovirus. For the construction of the NeuroBactrus, the Bt cry1-5 crystal protein gene was introduced into the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) genome by fusion of polyhedrin-cry1-5-polyhedrin under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. In the opposite direction, an insect-specific neurotoxin gene, AaIT, from Androctonus australis was introduced under the control of an early promoter from Cotesia plutellae bracovirus by fusion of a partial fragment of orf603. The Polyhedrin-Cry1-5-Polyhedrin fusion protein expressed by the NeuroBactrus was not only occluded into the polyhedra, but also activated by treatment with trypsin, resulting in an approximately 65-kDa active toxin. The NeuroBactrus showed a high level of insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella larvae and a significant reduction in the median lethal time (LT50) against Spodoptera exigua larvae compared to those of wild-type AcMNPV. Expression of the foreign proteins (Bt toxin and AaIT) was continuously reduced during the serial passage of the NeuroBactrus. These results suggested that the NeuroBactrus could be recovered to wild-type AcMNPV through serial passaging. The cry gene from Bt, encoding the Cry protein, has been recently introduced into crops to generate transgenic plants that are resistant to pest insects. Through the 3D structure prediction and accompanying mutagenesis study for the Mod-Cry1Ac, 7 and 16 amino acid residues from domain I and II, respectively, responsible for its insecticidal activity against larvae of S. exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis were identified. We used site-directed mutagenesis to improve the insecticidal activity of Mod-Cry1Ac, resulted 34 mutant cry genes. These mutant cry genes were expressed, as a polyhedrin fusion form, using a baculovirus expression system. The expressed proteins were 95 kDa and SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant polyhedra revealed that expressed Cry proteins was occluded into polyhedra and activated stably to 65 kDa by trypsin. When the insecticidal activities of these mutant Cry proteins against to larvae of P. xylostella, S. exigua and O. furnacalis were assayed, they showed higher or similar insecticidal activity compared to those of Cry1Ac and Cry1C. Especially, Mutant-N16 is considered to have the potential for the efficacious biological insecticide since it showed the highest insecticidal activity.

The notorious lamiine species Asian Longhorn Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, is one of the major invasive pests of street trees, which is an endemic species of Korea and China. By far, the distributional range of Korean A. glabripennis population is restricted to only central to northeastern forest region of South Korea. In this study, we found unreported A. glabripennis populations in 4 different port cities and adjacent cities. These new populations are found in very much urbanic regions; Incheon, western part of Seoul, Busan and Ulsan. These populations can be distinctly differentiated with previously reported populations by massive damage on trees, unusual usage of host plant and spotted elytral pattern. To test their identity, we analyse the genetic patterns of the A. glabripennis populations sampled across South Korea based on three mitochondrial genes, Cytochrome Oxidase I – leucin tRNA – Cytochrome Oxidase II (COI-tRNALeu- COII). Additionally, we used available sequences of COI - tRNALeu - COII of 104 Chinese and 15 Korean individuals from NCBI. Here we show that Korean population is distinctly divided into two major clades, namely native populations and non-native ones, with 0.7% ~ 1.2% of genetic divergence. Hence, the non-native ones can be divided into two subgroups, which we call Incheon-Seoul complex and Busan-Ulsan complex. We observed that these newly found groups, Incheon-Seoul complex and Busan-Ulsan complex share perfectly identical COI haplotype within each group. This study strongly suggests that newly found populations are introduced respectively and these populations might be derived from very small number of introduced founders.

매스틱(Mastic) 아스팔트 포장은 독일에서 최초 개발된 Guss 아스팔트 포장으로 국내에는 강상판 데크 (steel deck) 교량의 아스팔트 포장시 중간층(intermediate course)용으로 도입되었다. 하지만 강상판 교 면포장용으로 사용되던 매스틱 아스팔트 포장이 근래에는 노후 콘크리트 포장을 절삭하고 덧씌우는 일반 구간 아스팔트 포장의 중간층용으로도 사용되고 있다. 매스틱 포장의 특징은 방수가 잘되고 진동이 심한 강상판 데크의 진동흡수에 적합토록 유연성이 큰 것이다. 하지만 이를 콘크리트 포장위의 덧씌우기 (overlay)에 사용 시 주목적인 방수 외에 반사균열(reflection cracking) 문제에 대한 저항성 여부는 구명 된 바가 없다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 매스틱 아스팔트를 중간층으로 사용 시 반사균열 저항성이 어느 정도인지를 실내시험을 통하여 파악하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 10mm 콘크리트 조인트 위에 2개 층의 아 스팔트 층을 상하(중간층과 표층)로 70mm 포설하는 구조를 모사한 시험체(test body)를 만들고 Mode II (전단 모드) 반사균열 시험을 실내에서 수행하였다(그림 1). 비교 대상은 일반 밀입도 아스팔트 (dense-graded asphalt: DGA) 콘크리트 상하층, SMA 아스팔트 콘크리트 상하층, 매스틱 중간층과 DGA 및 SMA를 표층으로 하는 층상구조로 하였다. 또한 관행적으로 사용해 온 DGA 아스팔트 콘크리트 단층과 SMA 및 매스틱 단층도 참고적으로 비교하였다. 시험 결과 매스틱을 중간층으로 한 시험체의 반사 균열 저항성이 그 외의 덧씌우기 층상구조보다 반사균열 저항성이 우수한 것으로 확인되어, 매스틱 층은 방수기능 외에도 응력흡수 층으로 좋은 역할을 하는 것으로 판명되었다.

We present population synthesis models for the calcium II triplet (CaT), currently the most popular metallicity indicator, based on high-resolution empirical spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Our new CaT models, based on empirical SEDs, show a linear correlation below [Fe/H] ~ -0.5, but the linear relation breaks down in the metal-rich regime by converging to the same equivalent width. This relation shows good agreement with the observed CaT of globular clusters (GCs) in NGC 1407 and the Milky Way. However, a model based on theoretical SEDs does not show this feature of the CaT and fails to reproduce observed GCs in the metal-rich regime. This linear relation may cause inaccurate metallicity determination for metal-rich stellar populations. We have also conrmed that the effect of horizontal- branch stars on the CaT is almost negligible in models based on both empirical and theoretical SEDs. Our new empirical model may explain the difference between the color distributions and CaT distributions of GCs in various early-type galaxies. Based on our model, we claim that the CaT is not a good metallicity indicator for simple stellar populations in the metal-rich regime.

This paper presents on the structural behavior of the the methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) double wide flanged the glass fiber-reinforced polymer(GFRP) pipe composite structures for the manhole raise. The evaluation of structural performance on this composite structure was conducted by the axial load, fatigue load, and ultimate load test. The assessment indicates that the MMA double wide flanged GFRP pipe composite structures was confirmed safety, durability and reliability in result as expected. It was found that this composite structure was able to short working times to around 30-50% and construction costs to around 10-23% with compare other construction methods. Also, environmental pollution and civil complaints will be prevented because there will be no longer any noises, vibrations, dust, or construction wastes.

Astronomical observation is the beginning of scientific attitudes in the history of mankind. According to Indian tradition, there existed 18 early astronomical texts (siddhantas) composed by Surya, Pitamaha and many others. Varahamihira compiled five astronomical texts in a book named panchasiddhantika, which is now the link between early and later siddhantas. Indian scholars had no practice of writing their own names in their works, so, it is very dicult to identify them. Aryabhata is the rst name noticed, in the book Aryabhatiya. After this point most astronomers and astro-writers wrote their names in their works. In this paper I have tried to analyze the works of astronomers like Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Brah- magupta, Bhaskara I, Vateswara, Sripati and Bhaskaracharya in a modern context and to obtain an account of Indian astronomical knowledge. Aryabhata is the first Indian astronomer who stated that the rising and setting of the Sun, the Moon and other heavenly bodies was due to the relative motion of the Earth caused by the rotation of the Earth about its own axis. He also estabished the `yuga' theory (one Mahayuga = 432000 years). Varahamihira com- piled panchasiddhantika and wrote Brihatsamhita. Brahmagupta is the most distinguished astronomer known to us. His two major works are i) Brahmasphutasiddhanta and ii) Khandkhadaka. Bhaskara I was the follower of Aryabhata. His three known works are Mahabhaskariya, Laghubhaskariya and Aryab- hatiyabhasya. Vateswara follows Aryapaksha and Saurapaksha. His master work is Vateswarasiddhanta. Sripati, in his siddhantasekhara, gives the rules for determining the Moon's second inequality. Bhaskara II wrote the most comprehensive astronomical work in Indian astronomy. The result of these works is the account of the Indian astronomical heritage. These works are written in the Sanskrit language. A very few of these manuscripts have been translated in English but many are yet to be done. So, it is necessary to translate these astronomical texts into English with proper commentary for modern scholars. This paper will be helpful in this work.

KaVA (KVN and VERA Array) is a new combined VLBI array composed of KVN (Korean VLBI Network) and VERA (VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry). Here, we report the following two issues. (1) We review the initial results of imaging observations of M87 at 23 GHz following Niinuma et al. (2014). The KaVA images reveal extended out ows including complex substructures such as knots and limb-brightening, in agreement with previous VLBI observations. KaVA achieves a high dynamic range of ~1000, more than three times better than that achieved by VERA alone. (2) Based on subsequent observations and discussions led by the KaVA AGN SubWorking Group, we set monitoring observations of Sgr A* and M87 as our Key Science Project (hereafter KSP) because of the closeness and largeness of their central super-massive black holes. The main science goals of the KSP are (i) testing the magnetically- driven-jet paradigm by mapping velocity fields of the M87 jet, and (ii) obtaining tight constraints on physical properties of the radio emitting region in Sgr A*. Towards KSP, we show the first preliminary images of M87 at 23 GHz and Sgr A* at 43 GHz with the bandwidth of 256 MHz.

This work aims to study the evolution of galaxies, located in the dense environment of the NGC 4095 compact group, which have recession velocities 6,000 < v (km s-1) < 8,000. Imaging observations for BV Rc broad-band, and [S ii] and red-continuum narrow-band were carried out with the 2.4 m Thai National Telescope (TNT) at Doi Inthanon, Chiang Mai, Thailand. The sample contains 13 galaxies, consisting of 8 spirals, 4 ellipticals and 1 irregular morphological type. Late type galaxies tend to be bluer than early type galaxies. The results show that most of the late type galaxies have ongoing star formation activity, which could be triggered by galaxy-galaxy or tidal interactions, and that young massive stars in these galaxies cause their colors to be bluer than the early type galaxies.

We presents a study of interactions between galaxies in the low-redshift group known as the NGC 4065 group. Imaging data were taken using the 2.4 meter telescope at the Thai National Observatory (TNO) for B, V and Rc broadband filters and [S ii] and Red-continuum narrowband filters. There are 21 galaxies in our sample. The results show that most early type galaxies (ETGs) with equivalent width EW(Hα) < 10 Å are gas-deficient galaxies, while late type galaxies (LTGs) show more EW(Hα) and are bluer than the ETGs. This means that star formation activity in the LTGs could be triggered by tidal interactions between galaxy members due to dense environmental effects in the compact group.

SnS-TiO2 nanocomposites are synthesized using simple, cheap, and less toxic SnCl2 as the tin (II) precursor. The prepared nanoparticles are characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). The XRD and TEM results indicate that the prepared product has SnS nanoparticles and a grain diameter of 30 nm. The DRS demonstrate that SnS-TiO2 possesses the absorption profile across the entire visible light region. The generation of reactive oxygen species is detected through the oxidation reaction from 1,5-diphenyl carbazide (DPCI) to 1,5-diphenyl carbazone (DPCO). It is found that the photocurrent density and photocatalytic effect increase with the modified SnS. Excellent catalytic degradation of Texbrite BA-L (TBA) solution is observed using the SnS-TiO2 composites under visible light irradiation. It is proposed that both the strong visible light absorption and the multiple exciton excitations contribute to the high visible light photocatalytic activity.

In this paper we introduce the Plasma Physics of Active Galactic Nuclei project, which is an ongoing experiment with Korean VLBI Network (KVN) and KVN and VERA Array (KaVA) to study multi- frequency polarimetric properties on parsec scales of active galaxies. The goal of the project is to improve our understanding of fundamental jet physics, especially evolution of the relativistic out ow coupled with the large-scale magnetic field. We selected six radio-loud AGN as our targets. So far we (i) detected resolved emissions regions at 86 and 129 GHz on VLBI scales, (ii) constructed 2D spectral index maps of the out ows, and (iii) found polarizations at 22 and 43 GHz for a few targets. Here we present spectral index distributions of 3C 120 between 22 and 43 GHz and a linear polarization map of BL Lac at 43 GHz obtained with KVN.

1913년부터 2013년까지 한국에서 육성된 콩 172품종의 생 육 및 수량구성형질의 변이를 평가하고 주성분 분석과 군집 분석을 통하여 품종군을 분류하여 콩 육종의 기초자료로 이용 코자 수행하였다. 생육 및 수량구성형질의 변이계수는 각 형 질에 따라 차이가 있었으며, 엽장폭비, 경장, 분지수, 100립중 및 주당종실중은 높았고, 엽면적, 주경절수, 주당협수 및 주당 립수는 중간정도이었으며, 생육시기에 관련된 개화일수, 성숙 일수 및 생육일수는 낮았다. 콩 품종들의 생육 및 수량구성형 질에 대한 주성분 분석을 한 결과, 주성분의 기여율은 제 1주 성분은 34.02%, 제 2주성분은 18.44%, 제 3주성분은 10.67%, 제 4주성분은 9.96%로, 상위 4주성분까지의 고유값이 1이상 이며, 누적기여율이 73.09%로 제 4주성분까지만 가지고도 한 국 콩 품종의 군집분류가 가능하였다. Average linkage cluster 에 의하여 분류된 군집분류에서 평균 거리를 1.1로 하였을 때 5개 군집으로 분류되었고, I군집은 전체 품종의 69.7%가 속해 있는 가장 큰 군집이었고, 다음으로 II군집이 19.8%가 속하는 큰 군집이었고, 그 다음으로 IV군집이 8.7%가 속하였으며, III 군집과 V군집은 1 ~ 2품종이 속하는 소군집이었다. 각 군집의 품종을 육성년대(1980년 이전, 1980년대, 1990년대, 2000년 이후) 및 용도별(장류 및 두부용, 나물용, 밥밑용, 풋콩 및 올 콩용)로 분류하면 품종의 분포가 차이가 있었다. 육성년대별로 는 1980년 이전과 1980년대에 육성된 품종은 I과 II군집에, 1990년대와 2000년 이후에 육성된 품종은 모든 군집에 넓게 분포하였다. 용도별로는 I군집에는 장류 및 두부용 품종이, II 군집에는 나물용 품종이, IV군집에는 풋콩 및 올콩용 품종이 가장 많이 속하였으며, III과 V군집에 속하는 품종은 나물용 품종이었다.

섬진강의 본류와 지류를 대상으로 2010년 5월부터 2013년 9월까지 어류상을 연구한 결과, 총 13목 41과 81속 107종 37,751개체가 확인되었다. 출현어류 중에서 1차 담수어류는 57종 (53.3%), 2차 담수어류는 10종 (9.3%), 해산어류는 40종 (37.4%)으로 확인되었다. 전체 우점종은 피라미 Zacco platypus (28.7%), 아우점종은 참갈겨니 Z. koreanus (15.0%)로 나타났다. 한국 고유종은 전체 21종 (31.3%)이 출현하였으며 보성강 수계에서 19종으로 다양하게 확인되었다. 환경부지정 멸종위기 야생동물 I급인 임실납자루 Acheilognathus somjinensis, II급인 다묵장어 Lampetra reissneri와 모래주사 Microphysogobio koreensis 등 3종이었다. 외래종은 모두 3종으로 떡붕어 Carassius cuvieri, 블루길 Lepomis macrochirus 및 베스 Micropterus salmoides였다. 얼록동사리 Odontobutis interrupta는 섬진강 수계에 이입되어 서식하는 것으로 추정되었다.

This study examined whether learning context and language aptitude affected the use of pronunciation learning strategies and pronunciation proficiency. One hundred thirty-eight Chinese learners (88 KFL Ss & 50 KSL Ss) learners were investigated for the correlation between learning context(KSL, KFL), language aptitude (high/low), pronunciation learning strategy and pronunciation proficiency. Participants' sound discrimination ability was measured by PLAB and then they were divided into high group (upper 30%) and low group (lower 30%) by scores. SPLS and personal information survey were also conducted. The results showed that (i) a significant difference was found in pronunciation proficiency pursuant to learning context and language aptitude, (ii) use of pronunciation learning strategy differed significantly pursuant to learning context and language aptitude, and (ⅲ) use of pronunciation learning strategy could predict pronunciation proficiency. The findings suggest that effective pronunciation learning strategy should be investigated and taught in L2 Korean classroom.

One of the long-standing problems in modern astronomy is the curious division of globular clusters (GCs) into two groups, according to the mean period (hPabi) of type ab RR Lyrae variables. In light of the recent discovery of multiple populations in GCs, we suggest a new model explaining the origin of the Sandage period-shift and the difference in mean period of type ab RR Lyrae variables between the two Oosterhoff groups. In our models, the instability strip in the metal-poor group II clusters, such as M15, is populated by second generation stars (G2) with enhanced helium and CNO abundances, while the RR Lyraes in the relatively metal-rich group I clusters like M3 are mostly produced by first generation stars (G1) without these enhancements. This population shift within the instability strip with metallicity can create the observed period-shift between the two groups, since both helium and CNO abundances play a role in increasing the period of RR Lyrae variables. The presence of more metal-rich clusters having Oosterhoff-intermediate characteristics, such as NGC 1851, as well as of most metal-rich clusters having RR Lyraes with the longest periods (group III) can also be reproduced, as more helium-rich third and later generations of stars (G3) penetrate into the instability strip with further increase in metallicity. Therefore, although there are systems where the suggested population shift cannot be a viable explanation, for the most general cases, our models predict that RR Lyraes are produced mostly by G1, G2, and G3, respectively, for the Oosterhoff groups I, II, and III.

Recent narrow-band Ca photometry discovered two distinct red giant branch (RGB) populations in some massive globular clusters (GCs) including M22, NGC 1851, and NGC 288. In order to investigate the dierences in light/heavy elements abundances between the two subpopulations, we have performed low-resolution spectroscopy for stars on the two RGBs in these GCs. We find a significant difference (more than 4) in calcium abundance from the spectroscopic HK0 index for both M22 and NGC 1851. We also find a more than 8 difference in CN band strength between the Ca-strong and Ca-weak subpopulations. For NGC 288, however, we detect the presence of a large difference only in the CN strength. The calcium abundances of the two subpopulations in this GC are identical within errors. We also find interesting differences in CN-CH relations among these GCs. While CN and CH indices are correlated in M22, they show an anti-correlation in NGC 288. However, NGC 1851 shows no dierence in CH between two groups of stars having different CN strengths. The CN bimodality in these GCs could be explained by pollution from intermediate-mass asymptotic giant branch stars and/or fast-rotating massive stars. For the presence or absence of calcium bimodality and the differences in CN-CH relations, we suggest these would be best explained by how strongly type II supernovae enrichment has contributed to the chemical evolutions of these GCs.