This study was conducted to examine the dry matter yield and weed control of alfalfa according to postemergence herbicides treatment during spring seeding alfalfa. The seeding time of alfalfa was April 21, 2021, the seeding amount was 20 kg/ha, and the seeding method was by 20 cm wide. The alfalfa harvest was carried out at the early bloom stage (10% of flowering), and the harvest date was June 29, 2021. The test treatments were non herbicide (NH), hand weeding (HW), herbicide 1 (Trifluralin, H1), herbicide 2 (S-metolachlor, H2), herbicide 3 (Alachlor, H3), and herbicide 4 (Pendimethalin, H4). Alfalfa plant height was significantly highest in H2 (62.1±1.4 cm) followed by H3 (61.7±1.6 cm), HW (58.5±1.0 cm), H1 (57.2±1.3 cm), H4 (56.1±1.3 cm), and NH (54.1±1.2 cm) (p<0.05). Based on HW, H2 and H3 were high and H1 and H4 were short, but NH was significantly shorter than HW and H1~H4 (p<0.05). The dry matter yield of alfalfa in NH, HW, H1, H2, H3, and H4 were 717.2±94.2, 2,613.8±254.1, 1,667.8±94.1, 2,498.3±120.2, 2,435.0±118.3, and 1,793.7±354.3 kg/ha. HW is the highest among them (p<0.05). The feed composition of alfalfa was 22~24% of the dry matter yield, and the CP content were significantly higher in NH (23.6 %) (p<0.05). The NH had higher (p<0.05) NDF and ADF, but RFV was lower (p<0.05). The weed plant height was NH 98.0±3.3cm, HW 73.3±1.7 cm, H1 91.9±1.5 cm, H2 53.3±5.8 cm, H3 81.4±3.5 cm and H4 96.6±2.2 cm, and H2 was significantly smallest in the group (p<0.05). The weed dry matter yield was NH 4,770.4±232.5 kg/ha, HW 316.3±91.9 kg/ha, H1 2,353.4±173.7 kg/ha, H2 114.5±10.2 kg/ha, H3 752.7±440.6 kg/ha and H4 2,220.6±775.6 kg/ha. The weed control value was HW 94.1%, H1 53.5%, H2 98.2%, H3 84.9%, H4 48.7%, the weed value of H2 is similar to weed control value of HW. Considering the above results, postemergence herbicide treatment controlled weeds by more than 50% compared with no treatment, and among herbicides, H2 (S-metolachlor) was found to be on a similar level to hand weeding.

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for future research and suggest product development and market segmentation strategies by identifying the perceptions and consumption behaviors of vegetarians in each segment of the vegetarian market. According to food consumption value, a total of three market segments were derived, and the markets were named based on their characteristics, including ‘environment and animal protection’, ‘multiple consideration’ and ‘low interest’. As a result of analyzing the perception of vegetarian-based food, “environment and animal protection” and “multiple consideration” presented positive perceptions of a vegetarian food product. Conversely, the group stating low interest expressed negative perceptions of the vegetarian food product. An analysis of the requirements for development for vegetarian-based foods products (eg. aquafaba), indicated that the development requirements for all products, except cultured and processed meats, were high.?Considerable demand was observed for vegetarian menus and vegetarian restaurants. As a result of the analysis on the necessity of the elements of the vegetarian restaurant menu, the subjects that stated “multiple consideration” had significantly higher awareness of issues related to vegetarian foods than others.

본 연구에서는 와편모조류 Alexandrium affine(LIMS-PS-2345)의 생장에 미치는 용존태 무기 및 유기 영양염의 영향을 조사하였 다. 영양염 흡수 동력학 실험에서 A. affine의 최대흡수속도(ρmax)와 반포화상수(Ks)는 질산염에서 77.0 pmol/cell/hr과 17.6 μM, 인산염에서 15.5 pmol/cell/hr과 3.88 μM로 산출되어, 무기영양염에 대하여 높은 요구량 및 낮은 친화성을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 유기 영양염에 따른 A. affine의 생장속도를 확인한 결과, 유기 질소 urea, glycine와 유기 인 adenosine triphosphate(ATP), glycerol phosphate(Glycerol-P) 첨가구에서 무기 영양염 첨가구의 70 % 이상 생장속도를 보였다. 따라서 낮은 무기 영양염 환경에서 A. affine의 우점화와 종간경쟁에서 우위를 위해서는 용존태 유기 영양염의 이용이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 코로나19 유행 시기 간호대학생의 코로나19에 대한 불안, 위험인식, 정보이해력, 감염예방행위 이행 수준을 파악하기 위해 시도되었다. 본 연구는 서술적 조사연구로 2020년 6월 8일부터 6월 14일까지 간호대학생 224명을 대상으로 온라인을 통해 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 26.0을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, 상관관계 분석을 하였다. 간호대학생의 불안정도는 6.86점(최대10점)으로 보통 수준이었으며, 위험인식은 8.19점(최대10점), 정보이해력은 3.50점(최대4점), 감염예방행위 수행정도는 4.44점(최대5점)으로 높은 수준이었다. 감염예방행위는 불안정도, 위험인식, 정보이해력이 높을수록 수행정도가 높았다. 코로나19와 같은 신종감염병이 유행할 때는 감염에 대한 불안감과 위험인식이 증가할 수 있으므로 감염병에 대한 충분한 정보제공으로 감염병에 대한 정확한 이해가 필요하다. 신종 감염병에 대한 정확한 이해는 철저한 감염예방행위를 향상 시키므로 감염병 전파 위험을 감소시킬 수 있을 것이다.

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is routinely used for the determination of nutrient components of forages. However, little is known about the impact of sample preparation and wavelength on the accuracy of the calibration to predict minerals. This study was conducted to assess the effect of sample preparation and wavelength of near infrared spectrum for the improvement of calibration and prediction accuracy of Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) in imported hay using NIRS. The samples were scanned in reflectance in a monochromator instrument (680–2,500 nm). Calibration models (n = 126) were developed using partial least squares regression (PLS) based on cross-validation. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation (R2) and the lowest standard error of cross-validation (SECV). The highest R2 and the lowest SECV were obtained using oven-dry grinded sample preparation and 1,100-2,500 nm wavelength. The calibration (R2) and SECV were 0.99 (SECV: 468.6) for Ca and 0.91 (SECV: 224.7) for P in mg/kg DM on a dry weight, respectively. Results of this experiment showed the possibility of NIRS method to predict mineral (Ca and P) concentration of imported hay in Korea for routine analysis method to evaluate the feed value.

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of discrimination 12 different cultivar of sorghum × sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum genus) seed through near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The amount of samples for develop to the best discriminant equation was 360. Whole samples were applied different three spectra range (visible, NIR and full range) within 680-2500 nm wavelength and the spectrastar 2500 Near near infrared was used to measure spectra. The calibration equation for discriminant analysis was developed partial least square (PLS) regression and discrimination equation (DE) analysis. The PLS discriminant analysis model for three spectra range developed with mathematic pretreatment 1,8,8,1 successfully discriminated 12 different sorghum genus. External validation indicated that all samples were discriminated correctly. The whole discriminant accuracy shown 82 ~ 100 % in NIR full range spectra. The results demonstrated the usefulness of NIRS combined with chemometrics as a rapid method for discrimination of sorghum × sudangrass hybrid cultivar through seed.

This field evaluated the effect of different yields on the drying rate of Italian ryegrass (“Kowinearly”, Lolium multiflorum Lam.) hay during the spring season. The experiment was performed at Hwaseong, 2015. The different yields of the plot were selected by growth and development check. Three treatments were 35 t/ha(Y1), 45 t/ha(Y2), and 60 t/ha(Y3). After harvest with conditioner, it was conducted tedding 1/day. It was investigated patterns for changes in moisture content. The changes in moisture content were respectively Y1 from 78.9% to 14.4%, Y2 from 79.1% to 18.3%, and Y3 from 77.9% to 25.5% for 5days. It was no different significantly for changes in moisture content by yields from 1st day ~ 2nd day, But It was different significantly from 3rd day to 5th day. the content of neural detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) were respectively about 34%, 59%, regardless of yields (P>0.05). Crude protein of Yields Y1, Y2, and Y3 were respectively 6.9%, 8.7%, and 9.4% (P<0.05). The result of this study that the higher yields, the slower it dried. The Quantity is a factor to effect on drying rate.

2018년 환경부에서 발표된 수도정비기본계획에 따라 다양한 수자원 활용의 중요성이 증가하고 있으며, 여러 수원 을 혼합하여 원수 또는 생산수로 활용하는 워터 블렌딩 방식은 미국, 호주를 비롯한 여러 나라에서 시도되고 있다. 본 연구에 서는 공업용수 공급 목적으로 100,000 m3/일 규모 해수담수화 사업이 추진되고 있는 충남 대산 지역을 대상으로, 해수와 호 소수, 침전수, 폐수 방류수 등 타 수원을 블렌딩할 때 수종 및 혼합비율에 따른 영향을 분석하였다. 타 수원 혼합비율 10~50% 조건에서 혼합수 염분농도는 약 50%까지 감소하였지만, 탁질 및 유기물 농도는 1.6~2.0배 수준으로 증가하는 것을 확인하였 다. 실험실 규모 역삼투 공정 성능평가 결과, 해수의 단독활용 대비 원수 혼합 시 막오염 경향이 증가하였으며 혼합비율 10~50%에서 평균 4.1배의 플럭스 저감률을 나타내었다. 성능모사를 통한 역삼투 공정 성능분석에 따르면 혼합비율 50% 조 건에서 역삼투 공정 에너지 사용량이 평균 39% 절감될 수 있을 것으로 기대되나, 운영비용 등 혼합수 활용에 대한 전반적인 영향분석을 위해서는 모형플랜트 규모에서 장기간 성능평가가 필요하다.

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of different environmental conditions and cultivation techniques on productivity of grasslands in central and southern area of Korea on 2017 and 2018. Average dry matter yield of grasslands at 10 actual production sites was 7,496 kg/ha. that was ranged from 4,652 to 13,292 kg/ha with least significant difference(LSD) of 1,577kg/ha between grasslands (p<0.05) on 2017. Average dry matter yield of grasslands at 10 actual production sites was 7,914 kg/ha. that was ranged from 3,927 to 12,372 kg/ha with LSD of 1,577kg/ha between grasslands(p<0.05) on 2018. Dry matter(DM) yield of grasslands have positive correlation with soil fertility (p<0.01) but not correlated with rainfall and air temperature among cultivation environments. And also DM yield of grasslands have positive correlation with grassland management techniques(p<0.01). These results suggest that practices of grassland management techniques and improvement of soil fertility are more important than cultivation environments by climate change for increasing the DM yield of grassland in central and southern area of Korea.

This study was conducted to evaluate feed value of imported hays and examine current situation of species and hay grade. To evaluate the quality of the imported hay, 133 pieces including 9 species of roughage types were collected at the national hay importers, the TMR companies and livestock farms from 2016 to 2018. The quality grades of imported hay were 3~4 and most imported hay were considered to had low. The ADF, Ash, TDN and DDM in feed composition of alfalfa by quality grades presented significant differences(p<0.05). The quality grade on alfalfa was not similar to the actual quality grades calculated through feed composition. The feed composition of grasses by quality degrees presented significant differences in all contents except DM and CP (p<0.05). As the distributed grasses of the unmarked quality grade was low quality and accounted for 49%, it is urgent to present quality standards based on feed composition. As these results, the grades of imported hays were lower than the marked quality grades. Therefore, the imported roughage’s(hay) price that considered to only quality grades on the marked imported roughages(hay) package can cause a loss to the livestock farms as economic damage. An institutional arrangement should be established to review the quality grades of imported hay.

기후변화로 인해 가속화되고 있는 충남 지역 가뭄현상에 대응하고 대산 임해산업단지의 증가하는 용수 수요를 만족하기 위해서, K-water에서는 100,000 m3/일 규모 역삼투 해수담수플랜트 건설 사업을 추진하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 해수담수플랜트 운영비용의 70% 이상을 담당하는 역삼투 공정 성능에 영향을 미치는 주요 인자에 대한 성능 분석을 수행하였다. 대산 지역 해수 염분농도 및 수온 변화 조건에서 RO 공정의 전력소모는 2.39 ± 0.13 kWh/m3로 나타났으며, 막여과유속과 회수율이 낮을수록 전력소모가 절감되어 연간 운영비용이 감소하였다. 주요 막 제조사별 고유량 막의 성능 비교 결과, 전량 2단 여과공정(full two pass) 기준 생산수 TDS는 평균 3.84 mg/L로 양호하였고, 전력소모는 2.22 ± 0.13 kWh/m3 수준으로 확인되었다. 역삼투 공정 구성을 전량 2단 여과방식에서 partial 또는 split partial 방식으로 변경함에 따라 전력소모는 최대 0.29 kWh/m3, 막모듈 설치비용은 최대 15.6% 절감 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, whole crop rice samples were used to develop near-infrared reflectance (NIR) equations to estimate six forage quality parameters: Moisture, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), Ash and relative feed value (RFV). A population of 564 whole crop rice representing a wide range in chemical parameters was used in this study. Undried finely chopped whole crop rice samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range 680–2500 nm and the optical data recorded as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R). NIRS calibrations were developed by means of partial least-squares (PLS) regression. The correlation coefficients of cross-validation (R2 cv) and standard error of cross-validation (SECV) for whole crop rice calibration were 0.98 (SECV 1.81%) for moisture, 0.89 (SECV 0.50%) for CP, 0.86 (SECV 1.79%) for NDF, 0.89 (SECV 0.86%) for ash, and 0.84 (SECV 5.21%) for RFV on a dry matter (%), respectively. The NIRS calibration equations developed in this study will be useful in predicting whole crop rice quality for these six quality parameters.

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has become increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method of evaluating some chemical compositions in forages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of NIRS, applied to imported forage, to estimate the moisture and chemical parameters for imported hays. A population of 392 imported hay representing a wide range in chemical parameters was used in this study. Samples of forage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range 680-2500nm and the optical data was recorded as log 1/Reflectance(log 1/R), which scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares(PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with spectral math treatments to reduced the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation(R2) and the lowest standard error of cross-validation(SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS predicted the chemical parameters with very high degree of accuracy. The R2 and SECV for imported hay calibration were 0.92(SECV 0.61%) for moisture, 0.98(SECV 0.65%) for acid detergent fiber, 0.97(SECV 0.40%) for neutral detergent fiber, 0.99(SECV 0.06%) for crude protein and 0.97(SECV 3.04%) for relative feed value on a dry matter(%), respectively. Results of this experiment showed the possibility of NIRS method to predict the moisture and chemical composition of imported hay in Korea for routine analysis method to evaluate the feed value.