The present study was investigated the effect of recycled coir organic substrates on the growth of different vegetable crops. The recycled coir had better physical and chemical properties than the new coir. The growth of tomato plant was better on the coir substrate that had been used for 2 years than that on the new coir substrate. The average number of tomato fruits was 108 on the new coir substrate, while it was 179 and 165 on the coir substrate used for 1 and 2 years, respectively. The growth of cherry tomato plant was also better on the coir substrate used for 2 years than that on the new coir substrate. The average number of cherry tomato fruits was 43 on the new coir substrate, while it was 206 and 164 on the coir substrate used for 1 and 2 years, respectively. The growth of brussel sprout was better on the coir substrate used for 3 years than that on the new coir substrate and the average number of brussel sprout leaves was 26.8 on the new coir substrate, while it was 34.3 on the coir substrate used for 3 years. The growth of Korean cabbage improved on the coir substrate used for 1 years compared to the new coir substrate and the number of leaves was 15.1 on the new coir substrate, while it was 24.3 on the coir substrate used for 1 year. Thus, used coir can be recycled to improve vegetable yields compared to using new coirs.

본 연구는 유역의 물이용 취약성을 평가하는 지표 기반 접근법을 개발하고 이를 한강유역의 단위유역에 적용하였다. 평가 지표는 기후뿐만 아니 라 사회 · 경제 · 환경적 측면을 고려하여 총 16개를 선정하였으며, 취약성 정의에 따라 노출, 민감도, 적응능력으로 구성하였다. 이는 다기준 의사 결정기법(Multi-criteria Decision Making, MCDM) 중 TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution)를 적용 하여 유역에 대한 취약성을 도출하였다. 지표 자료는 2010년을 기준으로 수집하였으며, 국가 통계 자료 및 SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 모형의 모의 자료를 활용하였다. 또한, 각 지표에 대한 가중치는 전문가 설문조사를 통하여 산정된 주관적 가중치(Subjective weight)와 자 료 기반 엔트로피(Entropy) 개념을 활용하여 산정된 객관적 가중치(Objective weight)로 구분하여 적용하였다. 수도를 포함하고 있는 한강 유역 에 대하여 표준단위유역별 취약성을 평가하고 우선순위 비교 및 순위상관 분석을 실시하였다. 취약한 유역들은 대부분 용수사용량이 많고 상수도 누수율이 높게 나타났다. 가중치 적용 방법에 따른 취약성은 일부 지역에서 차이를 보였으나, 전반적으로 북한강유역의 취약성이 가장 높았다. 본 연 구 결과를 통하여 보다 신뢰도 높은 물이용 취약성 평가를 위해서는 다양한 가중치 방법론을 활용하는 것이 중요함을 확인할 수 있었다.

The subject of this experiment is to supply basic data to inhibit non-productive tillers which are uneconomical for mechanical harvesting and to evaluate optimum planting density and sowing date in central district. Total number of tillers and effective first and second of tillers according to different planting density was higher in 80 ㎝ ridge than 60 ㎝ ridge in proso millet. The wider between plant distance on the ridge, the more increased total number of tillers and effective first and second of tillers. The highest effective tillers (91.7 %) in the first tillers was obtained from the second sowing date (23 May) among different sowing date and next is in the order of 3 rd (13 June, 89.8%) > 1 st (2 May, 85.6%) > 4 th (4 July, 85.2%). The percentage of effective tillers in the second tillers was decreased in the order of 2 May (53.7%), 23 May (40.7%), 13 June (22.2%), 4 July (0%) as the sowing date was delayed. There was no significant difference in days to heading and days to ripening according to different planting density. Although culm length was increased as planting density was increased, whereas number of tillers, stem diameter, ear length, grains per ear and 1000 grain weight was decreased. In the growth and yield characteristics of proso millet according to different sowing date, days to heading and days to ripening, culm length, stem diameter, ear length, grains per ear and yield per 10a were decreased. After the sowing date of 13 June, the reduction of growth and yield characteristics were higher because of excess-moisture injury.

The aim of this study is to select the superior resources of high yield, high content of functional material optimal to mechanical harvesting by the evaluation of crop growth and yield characteristics in sorghum germplasm. One hundred accessions of sorghum germplasm were used in this experiment. Days from seeding to heading date showed the range from 68 to 94 days with the highest frequency proportion was the group from 80 to 85 days, which occupied 34% (34 plant resources) of 100 germplasm. Ear types of 100 sorghum germplasm could be classified as 7 types of broom-tillering, half broom-tillering, extreme open-loose type, open-loose type, intermediate type, compact type, extreme-compact type of which intermediate type was the highest ratio of 28% (28 plant resources) of 100 germplasm. Yield showed the range from 106 to 365 ㎏/10a with the highest frequency proportion of it was the group from 150 to 200 ㎏/10a, which occupied 44% (44 plant resources) of 100 germplasm. Among 100 sorghum germplasm, 18 ideal resources of high yield and short plant height appropriate for mechanical harvesting were selected. In order to evaluate high content of functional substance, selected 18 resources were analyzed for total polyphenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and total anthocyanin content. Finally, we selected 5 resources of short plant height, high yield, high content of total polyphenol and high DPPH radical scavenging activity among 18 genetic resources.

본 연구는 <K팝스타> 심사위원의 평가를 분석하여 유아평가에 주는 시사점이 무엇인지 살펴보고 향후 유 아평가가 나아갈 방향을 모색하는데 있어 기초자료를 제공하는 데에 그 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 <K팝스타> 시즌 5를 중심으로 2015년 11월 4일부터 2016년 4월 10일까지 총 21회 방송분의 ‘VOD 다시보기’를 통 해 자료를 수집한 후 ‘질적인 내용분석 방법’으로 분석하였다. 연구결과, 이해성을 지닌 평가라고 한다면 반 영성과 유연성 그리고 전체성을 지닌 평가여야 하며, 이러한 평가과정을 통한 교사의 주관적 판단은 유아 의 발달정도를 정확하게 이해하고 그에 따른 적절한 지원이 가능하여 유아가 긍정적으로 발달해나갈 수 있 도록 도울 수 있게 된다.

오미자 열매를 이용하여 기능성물질인 GABA를 강화시 킨 오미자 젖산발효음료를 개발하기 위해서 L. plantarum EJ2014에 의한 젖산발효 최적화를 수행하였다. 오미자 열 매 추출액을 젖산 발효시킨 경우 발효 2일 동안 생균수 4.0×107 CFU/mL수준을 유지하면서 젖산균 증식이 미비하 였지만 영양성분 YE와 MSG를 함께 첨가한 경우 50배 정도 증가된 2.2×109 CFU/mL생균수를 나타내었다. 특히 젖산발 효 3일 동안에 대조군, MSG, YE를 각각 첨가군에서 초기 pH 3-4 수준에서 유지되었다. 반면에 YE와 MSG를 함께 첨가한 발효물은 pH가 증가되면서 pH 5.0 이상을 나타내었 으며, 초기 산도 1.74%에서 발효 3일에 0.56% 수준으로 감소하였다. 오미자 열매 추출물인 대조군과 2% MSG 또는 0.5% YE만을 첨가한 조건에서는 GABA로 소량 전환되는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 MSG와 YE를 함께 첨가한 경우 젖산발효 1일째부터 GABA가 생성되면서 3일째에는 MSG 2%를 거의 소진하는 것으로 나타났으며, HPLC 정량분석 으로 0.92% GABA 생성이 확인되었다. MSG와 YE함께 첨가한 발효조건에서는 젖산발효 1일째부터 발효물은 붉 은 색이 퇴색되면서 황색으로 변화하였으며, 발효 초기에 적색을 나타내는 a값이 15.74에서 발효 후에 5.39로 크게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 색, 맛, 향 등을 포함한 전반적인 기호도를 나타낸 관능평가에서 오미자 착즙 원액과 발효물 100%인 실험군에서 점수가 각각 4.50, 4.33을 기록하여 상 대적으로 낮은 기호도를 나타낸 반면에 발효물 50% 첨가한 실험군이 6.33으로 가장 높은 기호도 점수를 나타내었다. 오미자 열매 추출액에 오미자 발효물을 50% 첨가함으로서 기호성이 우수하며 고농도 GABA와 probiotic을 함유한 오 미자 발효음료의 제조가 가능하였다.

The study was conducted to obtain the basic information for extending the harvest season and selecting superior cultivars of mango. For the purposes, various cultivars were imported and cultivated in greenhouse condition, Korea. The periods of flowering and fruit maturity and fruit qualities among cultivars were investigated under greenhouse condition. As the early variety, the harvest time of ‘Carrie’ and ‘Glenn’ was fastest as June 3 based on harvest time and cumulative temperature. ‘Kent’, ‘Philippine’, ‘Irwin’, ‘Choc-anon’, and ‘Fairchild’ as the early variety were harvested from June 8 to June 13. ‘Zill’, ‘Florigon’, ‘Alphonso’, ‘Mallika’, ‘Kensington Pride’, ‘Bailey’s Marvel’, and ‘Pinkering’ as midseason cultivar were harvested from June 15 to June 23. ‘Dot’, ‘Keitt’, ‘Gold Nugget’, and ‘Lancetilla’ as late ripening variety were harvested from July 5 to July 10. The fruit weights of ‘Keitt’ and ‘Kent’ were more than 650g and those of ‘Fairchild’ and ‘Lancetilla’ were less than 200g. The fruit weights of other cultivars were from 300 to 400g. The soluble solid contents of ‘Zill’, ‘Irwin’, ‘Kent’ and ‘Glenn’ were almost 15Brix and those of other cultivars were higher than that of ‘Irwin’. The soluble solid contents of ‘Pinkering’, ‘Philippine’, ‘Lancetilla’, ‘Dot’, and ‘Alphonso’ were about 20Brix and flavors of those cultivars are excellent. The acid contents of cultivars were investigated from 0.2 to 0.4% but that of ‘Fairchild’ was 0.8%.

이 논문의 목적은 압축강도 130 MPa급의 고강도 강섬유 보강 콘크리트 보의 휨거동 특성을 파악하는데 있다. 부피비 1.0%의 강섬 유와 철근비 0.02 이하의 철근으로 보강된 고강도 강섬유 보강 콘크리트의 휨거동 특성 실험결과를 제시하였다. 일반강도철근과 고강도철근 을 실험 부재에 사용하였다. 강섬유 보강 콘크리트의 압축 및 인장거동 재료 실험과 모델링을 수행하였다. 강섬유 보강 콘크리트의 하중-균열 개구변위 실험결과를 반영하여 가상균열모델에 근거한 역해석을 통해 인장거동모델링을 제시하였다. 실험결과는 강섬유 보강 콘크리트와 고 강도철근의 사용은 균열제어 및 연성 거동에 유리한 것을 나타낸다. 일반강도철근을 사용한 보의 휨강도 실험값에 대한 수치해석에 의한 예측 값의 비는 0.81~1.42를 나타내고, 고강도철근을 사용한 보의 휨강도 실험값에 대한 수치해석에 의한 예측값의 비는 0.92~1.07을 나타낸다. 수 치해석에 의한 휨강도는 실험결과를 합리적으로 예측하고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

Fog may have a significant impact on road conditions. In an attempt to improve fog predictability in Jeju, we conducted machine learning with various data mining techniques such as tree models, conditional inference tree, random forest, multinomial logistic regression, neural network and support vector machine. To validate machine learning models, the results from the simulation was compared with the fog data observed over Jeju(184 ASOS site) and Gosan(185 ASOS site). Predictive rates proposed by six data mining methods are all above 92% at two regions. Additionally, we validated the performance of machine learning models with WRF (weather research and forecasting) model meteorological outputs. We found that it is still not good enough for operational fog forecast. According to the model assesment by metrics from confusion matrix, it can be seen that the fog prediction using neural network is the most effective method.

In nine commercial watermelon cultivars, the effects of osmotic seed priming were evaluated for seed viability and seedling growth at different germination temperatures and field conditions. Generally, primed seeds showed improved germination rate and reduced time for emergence at different germination temperatures, as compared to untreated seeds. In particular, priming effect on seed germination was significantly high at 15℃, which is an environment normally resulting in poor germination. Depending on the watermelon cultivar, germination rate under low temperature (15℃) was improved by up to 15~66% in primed seeds, as compared to untreated seeds. However, priming effect on germination was gradually reduced as the temperature reached to its optimum level for seed germination. Seed priming tended to improve the viability, fresh weight, and dry weight of watermelon seedlings, but its effect on seedling stage was not large, as compared to untreated seeds. Primed watermelon seeds showed improved emergence rate and facilitated germination in the field, but their seedling growth after 30 days from germination was not significantly affected. Our results indicated that seed priming can greatly improve the seed germination at poor temperature conditions in the watermelon.

This survey was conducted in order to investigate the vascular plants of Mt. Goryeong and Gaemyeong in the DMZ area of Korea. The vascular plants were collected eight times from April 2014 to October 2014 and consisted a total of 450 taxa; 91 families, 279 genera, 391 species, 4 subspecies, 49 varieties and 6 forms. The observed rare plant species as designated by Korea Forest Service were 5 taxa including Tylophora floribunda Miq., Aristolochia contorta Bunge, Viola albida Palib., etc. Endemic plant species were 6 taxa containing Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai, Clematis brachyura Maxim., Clematis trichotoma Nakai, etc. 33 taxa were listed as specific plant species based on phytogeographical in the investigated area. 35 taxa were recorded as naturalized plants, and their naturalized rate and urban index were noted as 7.7%, and 10.9%, respectively. Of the 450 taxa listed; 186 were edible plants, 173 pasture plants, 149 medicinal plants, 51 omamental plants, 20 timber plants, 13 stain plants, 4 fiber plants, 4 industrial plants and 92 unknown resource plants.

본 논문은 게임을 수행하는 개별 사용자의 특별한 행동 탐지를 효율적으로 수행하는 시스템 을 제안한다. 제안하는 시스템은 일반적인 게임 플레이 환경에서 비 침투적 방법을 통해 포착 가능한 사용자 특징과 반복적인 패턴에 기반을 두어 특이 행동 탐지를 한다. 본 논문에서는 표 정과 사용자 움직임과 같이 관찰되는 자료를 분석하기 위해 카메라를 사용했다. 게다가 반복 행동 탐지를 위해 게임 사용자로부터 멀티 모달 데이터를 사용하여 고차원의 행동 분석하기 위 해 사용했다. 특이 행동 탐지에 효과적인 Support Vector Machine 을 사용했으며, 특이 행동 탐지 수행의 유용성을 평가하여 약 70% 확률로 탐지하는 이상 행동 탐지 재현율을 보였다. 또 한 반복 행동 분석이 가능함을 보였다. 제안된 기법을 사용하였을 때 PC 환경에서 제공하는 모 든 콘텐츠의 분석에 대한 피드백과 정량화하는데 도움이 될 수 있다.

This paper presents an investigation of the mechanical properties on alkali-activated binders immersed in sea water. The alkali-activated binders were synthesized using blended binder(Class F fly ash; FA and ground granulated blast furnace slag; GGBFS) and alkali activator(sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate). Binders were prepared by mixing the FA and GGBFS in different blend ratios of 6:4, 7:3 and 8:2. The alkali activators were used 5wt% of blended binder, respectively. Calcium carbonate was used as an chemical additive. The compressive strength and absorptiion were measured at the age of 3, 7 and 28 days, and the XRD and SEM tests were performed at the age of 28 days.

This study examined radiation damage and the optimal gamma-ray dose for mutation breeding in oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Samhan). The seed germination rate decreased as the dose increased over 500 Gy. The median lethal dose (LD50) was approximately 392 Gy. The median reduction dose (RD50) for plant height, tiller number, root length, and flash weight was 411, 403, 394, and 411 Gy, respectively. The optimal dose of gamma irradiation for inducing oat mutation appears to be in the range 300-400 Gy. We performed the comet assay to observe nuclear DNA damage induced by gamma-ray irradiation. This assay showed a clear difference with gamma-ray treatments. DNA damage increased temporarily 7 days after treatment depending on the dose, while no significant difference was identified in response to 300 Gy 30 days after the gamma-ray treatments. The growth characteristics of the M2 generation decreased as the dose increased over 400 Gy.

Background : Irregular meals and insufficient exercise are major modern lifestyle-related risk factors for constipation. This study aimed to examine the effects of the aqueous extract of Dendrobium speciosum var. (DM) on the improvement of intestinal function and prevention of constipation in rats. Methods and Results : Constipation in rat was induced by loperamide (4 ㎎/㎏) injection for 5 days and rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: normal control rats (NOR), constipated rats (LOP induced) and constipated rats supplemented with dulcolax-S (POS), DMSG, 100 ㎎/㎏ (DMSG-100), 300 ㎎/㎏ (DMSG-300) and 500 ㎎/㎏ (DMSG-500). The DMSG groups showed increments in the frequency and amount of stools compared to the LOP group. Loperamide treatment markedly reduced the water content of feces, whereas DMSG administration significantly increased fecal water contents. Moreover, DMSG improved intestinal transit speed in constipated-rats. Alcian blue staining revealed increased mucus production by crypt cells and mucus contents in feces and the mucosal surface. Conclusions : In summary, DM extraction significantly improves intestinal function in rats, which indicates the effectiveness of this extract in the prevention and treatment of constipation.

Regional air quality regulation is a system that allows the Minister of Environment to designate the local area as air quality control region where the concentrations of air pollutants are exceeding the environmental standards, and the local governments that administrate the regulated area have to develop and practise a plan for reducing the air pollutants. From the data observed yearly by the monitoring stations in 8 provincial cities with more than 0.5 million people was judged the compliance with air quality standards in each municipality for the period of 2003 to 2013. As the result of investigation on air pollutants concentrations of each city, it was found that there was no station that exceeds the ambient air quality standards of CO, SO2 and 24-hour NO2. But all municipalities exceeded the standards of 8-hour O3, annual and 24-hour PM10, and therefore 8 municipalities can be designated to be under the local air regulation. For the annual NO2 were the monitoring sites necessary requirements for designation of the air quality regulation region in Cheongju, Cheonan, Daejeon and Gwangju area. Incase of 1-hour O3, some of stations in Pohang, Cheongju, Cheonan and Changwon area were over the designation standards for the air quality control region.

본 논문에서는 UHPC 바닥판과 강재 거더를 이용하여 합성보를 구성할 때, UHPC 바닥판의 높은 강도와 강성으로 인하여 합성보 구성 시에 강재 거더의 상부 플랜지를 없앤 역T형 거더를 적용하고자 하였다. 그러나 현재까지 강재 복부에 설치되는 전단연결재에 대한 거동, 역T형 강거더 합성보의 휨거동 특성 등은 실험 및 이론적으로 평가된 적이 거의 없는 실정이다. 이를 위하여 UHPC 압축강도, 전단연결재 간격 및 바닥판 두께 등을 변수로 하는 역T형 거더와 UHPC바닥판 합성보 16개의 휨거동 실험결과를 근간으로 하여 실험결과와 UHPC의 인장연화 거동을 고려한 재료모델 해석결과를 비교하였다. 역해석에 의한 인장연화곡선에서 UHPC의 인장강도는 6.57 MPa(120MPa의 경우) 및 9.57 MPa(150MPa의 경우)를 나타내고 있으며, 전단연결재 간격이 좁을수록 실험결과와 해석결과가 명확하게 근접하는 겻으로 나타났으며, 바닥 판 두께가 두꺼우며 UHPC 압축강도가 작을수록 동일한 경향이나, 이 영향은 다소 작은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 실험결과와 해석결과를 종합 적으로 비교하면, UHPC 합성보의 실험결과와 해석결과는 비교적 잘 일치하고 있으므로 재료 실험으로부터 산정된 인장연화곡선은 UHPC의 실제 거동을 합리적으로 반영한다고 판단된다.

This study was conducted to investigate days after anthesis (DAA) and fruit after-ripening period (FAP) for seed-harvesting of high quality watermelon seeds. Fruit weight and number of seed per fruit increased according to DAA, while those did not significant about FAP. Ratio of cotyledon at whole seed was higher about 2 to 4% compared to seed coat irrespective of DAA and FAP. Germinability of watermelon was not a significant effect by DAA, however, it had differences by FAP. Percent of germination (PB) was below 50%, when 30 days maturated fruits after anthesis was omitted ripening, while PB was increased to 92% by ripening. In addition, seeds at DAA 40 and FAP 20 were higher general seedling vigors (hypocotyl length, diameter etc.) in BP test. Results indicated that considering seed productivity, it had maximized seed viability at DAA 40 and FAP 20.