Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Acer mono and A. okamotoanum were compared after beingextracted by low temperature and high pressure (LTHP) at 20 MPa and 60℃ for 15 minutes. Extraction yield of both A.mono and A. okamotoanum was increased about 40~43% by this extraction process. On scavenging activities, the bark of A.okamotoanum from this extraction process showed the highest activity as about 97%. This value was higher than that fromconventional water extraction and A. mono extracts. Both of A. mono and A. okamotoanum showed high ability on nitritescavenging, but decreasing tendency according to increasing of pH. On SOD-like test, A. okamotoanum had the highestactivity as 46.28% at 1.0㎎/㎖ concentration. A. okamotoanum extracted by LTHP also showed the highest activity as197.38% in adding 1.0㎎/㎖ concentration. Generally, the extracts from low temperature and high pressure extraction pro-cess are higher hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities than that from conventional water extraction. It can concludethat the bark of A. okamotoanum has better biological activities than other parts of A. mo
The low quality fresh ginseng was extracted by water at 80℃ and 240bar for 20min (HPE, High pressureextraction process). The cytotoxicity on human normal kidney cell (HEK293) and human normal lung cell (HEL299) of theextracts from HPE showed 28.43% and 21.78% lower than that from conventional water extraction at 100℃ in adding themaximum concentration of 1.0㎎/㎖. The human breast carcinoma cell and lung adenocarcinoma cell growth were inhib-ited up to about 86%, in adding 1.0㎎/㎖ of extracts from HPE. This values were 9-12% higher than those from conven-tional water extraction. On in vivo experiment using ICR mice, the variation of body weight of mice group treated freshginseng extracts from HPE of 100㎎/㎏/day concentration was very lower than control and other group. The extracts fromHPE was showed longer survival times as 35.65% than that of the control group, and showed the highest tumor inhibitionactivities compared with other group, which were 70.64% on Sarcoma-180 solid tumor cells. On the high performance liq-uid chromatogram (HPLC), amount of ginsenoside-Rg2, Rg3, Rh1 and Rh2 on fresh ginseng were increased up to 43-183%by HPE, compared with conventional water extracts. These data indicate that HPE definitely plays an important role ineffectively extracting ginsenoside, which could result in improving anticancer activities. It can be concluded that low qualityfresh ginseng associated with this process has more biologically compound and better anticancer activities than that fromnormal extraction process.
고품위석회석의 품질 개념에서 특히 중요한 결정도 및 조직 관계는 계측상의 어려움 때문에 석회석 평가에서 그 동안 효과적으로 잘 적용될 수 없었다. 이를 극복하기 위해서 이 연구에서는 석회석 원광의 품질을 평가하는 방식으로서 영상분석시스템 하에서 결정의 형상계수 및 경계 빈도수의 측정법을 처음으로 적용하였다. 이 같은 석회석 원광 품질 평가방식을 국내산 소성용 석회석에 적용하여 광석별로 비교 검토하였다. 그 결과, 원광의 방해석 함량, 즉 품위와 그 결정 입도가 비슷하더라도 결정 형상계수와 경계빈도수에 의해서 생석회의 품질은 현격한 차이를 보인다. 즉, 원광의 결정 형상이 불규칙하고 경계 빈도수가 높을수록 이로부터 합성된 생석회는 소성율, 공극률, 반응성, 소결 정도 및 분화율과 같은 모든 품질 부문에서 우수한 특성을 보였다. 그렇지만 결정 형상계수와 경계빈도수가 상대적으로 너무 클 경우에는 쉽게 과소성되기 때문에 고품질의 생석회를 제조하는 데에는 가열처리 시간을 최소화하는 공정상의 기술이 요구된다. 석회석 산업에서 이같은 품질 평가 방식은 결정 입도는 물론 수치화할 수 없었던 결정 형상 및 조직적 사항들이 모두 고려되어 기존의 평균 입도 등에 의거한 평가보다 훨씬 합리적인 것으로 사료된다.
누룽지의 품질특성을 비교하기 위하여 증기솥 취반, 압력솥 취반 그리고 microwave를 이용하여 처리조건에 따라 제조한 누룽지를 평가 비교하였다. Microwave를 이용하여 제조된 누룽지는 수분함량, 색도측정, 물 결합능력, 점도측정, 침전물 생성량 및 탁도 측정, 관능평가를 분석한 결과 수분함량은 microwave을 이용하는 처리조건과 증기 및 압력을 이용한 취반조건에 차이는 발생 하지 않았다. 색도의 경우 증기솥 취반의 명도(L)가 64.
생강의 근경을 열풍(40, 50, )으로 일정시간(10, 30, 60분) 처리한 후 LDPE 필름(0.04 mm)으로 밀봉 포장하고 에서 2개월간 저장하면서 포장 내 기체조성과 생강의 품질특성을 조사하였다. 포장 내 산소와 이산화탄소 농도는 열처리 온도가 높고 시간이 길수록 낮고 높은 경향이었다. 발아율은 처리구에서 보다 높았으며, 부패율은 고온 장시간 처리구 일수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 육질경도는 열처리 온도가 높아지고 시간이 길어질수록
Cerebral ischemia results from a transient or permanent reduction in cerebral blood flow that decreases oxygen and glucose supply. When the cellular oxygen supply is reduced to critical level, damage to cells and induction of cell death are occurred by excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation. Ischemia remains one of the leading causes of death, but there is no effective treatment that might protect neurons gainst ischemia by interrupting the cascade of cell death. In this study, human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells are exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxgenation. OGD can mimic the acute restriction of metabolite and oxygen supply caused by ischemia and is widely used as a model of ischemic conditions. SH-SY5Y cells are treated samples at the commencement of OGD to achieve different final concentrations, and cell viabilities were quantified using the measurement of flow cytometry analysis. Of those tested, the extracts of Polygala tenuifolia (roots), Dictamnus dasycarpus (barks), Polygala tenuifolia (roots), Eucommia ulmoides (branches), Eucommia ulmoides (barks), Poria cocos (whole), Sophora flavescens (roots) showed neuroprotective effects, with EC50 values of 4.5±0.6, 7.9±1.5, 10.5±0.7, 18.4±1.9, 19.6±0.3, 21.6±1.9, and 30.7±3.9μg/ml, respectively.
Sunlight, and in particular its UV component, is the major environmental trigger that underlies the major signs of human skin and skin cancer in general. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the UV protection effects of R. coreanus. R. coreanus was extracted by ultra high pressure extraction process at 500 MPa and 30℃ for 5 and 15 minutes. The cytotoxicity of the extracts extracted by ultra high pressure process on human dermal fibroblast cell CCD-986sk, human kidney normal cell HEK293, and human lung normal cell HEL299 was measured as 17.5%, 16.5% and 14.0%, respectively in adding 1.0 mg/ml of the samples, which was much lower than that from conventional water extraction method at 100℃ as 23.2%, 22.5%, 21.2%. The secretion of NO- from macrophage showed 15.9 μM on the R. coreanus extract from this process, which was higher than others. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from UV-induced human skin cells was also greatly decreased down to 510 pg/ml, compared to the control. From the results, we considered that the extracts from R. coreanus could be potent natural materials for skin anti-inflammation agent, and could be used as a potential anti-aging for the photo-damaged skin.
The low quality fresh ginseng was fermented by Phelinus linteus or Hericium erinaceum mycelium. This fermented ginseng was extracted by water at 100℃ or water with ultrasonification at 60℃. Total phenolic compounds was improved by ultrasonification extraction process, compare to conventional water extraction. All extracts enhanced the growth of human B and T cells, showing 2.68 times and 3.43 times higher, respectively, than the control. The secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 from human immune cells was enhanced as 3.53×10-4 pg/cell, 3.40×10-4 pg/cell by adding H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng. H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng yielded higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The cytotoxicity on human normal kidney cell (HEK293) was as low as 20.5% in adding the maximum concentration of 1.0 mg/ml of fermented ginseng. Generally, the extracts from ultrasonification extraction process showed 10% lower toxicity than that by conventional process. H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng had the highest anticancer activity on human lung cancer and stomach cancer cells as 69.33% and 75.32%, respectively at 1.0 mg/ml. It can be concluded that, in general, H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng has relatively better immune and anticancer activities than P. linteus fermented ginseng. Expecially, the extracts treated with ultrasonification had higher activities than that from conventional extraction process.
This study was conducted to investigate the productivity of Hanwoo steers by feeding self-product organic rice straw and concentrates(conventional, T1 and organic T2). Sixteen Hanwoo steers(8 months on the average) were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Feeding trail was carried out in 2 treatment(8 heads/ treatment) by Hanwoo steers for 600 days form 8 to 28 months in age. The range of average daily gains of T1 and T2 were 0.76 to 0.77㎏ in the growing stage, 0.93 to 0.90㎏ in the first fattening stage, 0.99 to 0.84㎏ in the middle fattening stage, and 0.59 to 0.64㎏ in the latter fattening, respectively, and the gains for overall period was higher in T1 than in T2. Concentrates and total digestive nutrients(TDN)(T1) intakes per unit of kg gains were higher than T2 without significant difference. In carcass characteristics, the carcass weight in T1 were higher about 5% than in T2. According to the above results, it may be concluded that dry matter(DM) intakes, crude protein(CP) and TDN contents of feedstuff between treatments was no significant difference. but marbling in T2 score was higher than in T1 about 20%. There were no significant differences rib-eye area, back fat thickness and fat color(p>0.05).
Crop production can be secured by the cycle of green manure crops as an alternative of the chemical fertilizer. Recently, rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) has been cultivated in the south part of Korea for the production of biodiesel. In this research, we focused on recycling rapeseed residue, which is produced after harvesting the rapeseed for biodiesel, as a potential source of nitrogen to the succeeding crop. Pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of winter rapeseed as green manure on mineralization and uptake of nitrogen to the succeeding corn (Zea mays L.). Result showed that total nitrogen and C/N ratio of rapeseed at the harvesting stage was 0.54% and 63, respectively. The incorporation of rapeseed without decomposition period slightly inhibited nitrogen uptake to the succeeding corn compared to those with 30 days decomposition period. The pH and EC values of soils increased by increasing the period of decomposition of rapeseed from 5.2 to 6.4 and from 0.05 dS/m to 0.21 dS/m, respectively. Significant amounts of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ are released by incorporation of rapeseed. The succeeding corn took up 86% and 88% of inorganic nitrogen released from the rapeseed with and without decomposition period, respectively. The overall results suggested that the utilization of rapeseed residue as green manure can be an alternative source of nitrogen in corn-rapeseed double cropping system.
현재 국내에서 생석회 제조 용도로 사용되는 세립질 석회석을 대상으로 이들의 소성 특성을 규제하는 원광의 응용광물학적 세부 영향 요인들의 관여 정도를 평가함으로써, 생석회 제조 과정에서 원광 선택의 중요성을 고취시키고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 원광의 조성 및 조직적 특성과 동일한 가열처리 조건(온도: 1000℃ 시간: 30분, 2, 4, 10, 16 시간) 하에서 합성된 소성 산물들의 품질 특성을 체계적으로 분석 및 계측하고 그 결과를 비교 검토 하였다. 선정된 광석들은 모두 방해석 품위가 98 wt%를 상회하는 고품위 석회석이지만 결정도, 조직 및 불순물의 조성에 있어서 다소간의 차이를 나타낸다. 이 같은 원광 특성상의 차이에 따라 합성된 생석회는 다양한 품질 특성을 보인다. 석회석이 산출되는 암층별로는 풍촌층 석회석이 상대적으로 매우 낮은 소성율을 나타내는 것이 특징이고, 갑산층과 정선층 석회석은 소성율과 분화율에 있어서 좋은 품질 특성을 보였다. 소성율과 소결 정도 및 분화율 등에 있어서 전반적으로 정선층에서 산출된 석회석이 고반응성 생석회의 원료로서 가장 적합한 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 소결 현상은 상대적으로 황철석 및 침철석과 같은 함철광물의 함량이 높은 갑산층 석회석에서 보다 두드러지게 나타나는 것이 특징이다.
본 연구에서는 금불초 꽃 추출물의 피부 상재균에 대한 항균작용과 항산화, tyroinase 저해 효과에 관한 조사를 수행하였다. 피부 상재균에 대한 항균활성 측정결과, P. acnes에 대한 ethyl acetate 분획의 MIC는 0.25 %로 나타났으며, methyl paraben과 비슷한 활성을 나타냈고 quercetin보다는 큰 항균활성을 나타내었다. 추출물의 free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) 소거활성(FSC50)은 ethyl acetate 분획에서 8.55 µg/mL로 측정되었다. Luminol-의존성 화학발광법을 이용한 Fe3+-EDTA/H2O2계에서 생성된 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS)에 대한 금불초 꽃 추출물의 총 항산화능은 ethyl acetate 분획 0.24 µg/mL로, 50 % EtOH extract와 aglycone 분획 보다 ethyl acetate 분획에서 가장 큰 활성을 나타내었다. 금불초 꽃 추출물에 대하여 rose-bengal로 증감된 사람 적혈구의 광용혈에 대한 억제 효과를 측정하였다. 금불초 꽃 추출물의 경우 5 ~ 100 µg/mL의 농도에서 광용혈을 억제하였다. 특히 당을 제거시킨 플라보노이드 aglycone 분획은 25 µg/mL 농도에서 τ50이 164.15 min으로 매우 큰 세포보호 효과를 나타내었다. 미백 효과측정으로는 각각 tyrosinase의 활성 저해 효과를 측정하였다. Tyrosinase의 활성 저해 효과(IC50)는 ethyl acetate 분획에서 87.03 µg/mL 로 나타났다. 이상의 결과들은 금불초 꽃 추출물이 1O2 혹은 다른 ROS를 소광시키거나 소거함으로써 그리고 ROS에 대항하여 세포막을 보호함으로써 생체계, 특히 태양 자외선에 노출된 피부에서 항산화제로서 작용할 수 있음을 가리키며, 금불초 꽃 성분 분석, ethyl acetate 분획의 tyrosinase 저해활성 그리고 피부 상재균에 대한 항균작용으로부터 항산화, 항노화 및 항균성 화장품 소재로서의 응용 가능성을 확인하였다.
본 연구에서는 1980년대 표준설계도면에 의해서 건설된 국내 학교건물을 대상으로 일본 내진진단 기준, 비선형 정적 및 동적해석을 수행하여 내진안전성을 평가하였다. 내진진단 결과, 구조내진지표(IS)는 0.2~0.4로 평가 되었으며, 이 결과는 150gal정도의 지진 규모에서 중규모 이상의 지진피해를 받을 가능성이 있다고 판단된다. 비선형 정적해석결과, 장변방향은 부재각 R=1/150rad., 단변방향은 1/100rad.에서 각각 항복하였으며, 비선형 동적해석결과, Hachinohe. EW(200gal)입력지진동에서 대상건물 1층 장변방향 19.85cm 및 단변방향 23.3cm의 최대 지진응답변위를 각각 나타내었다. 지진피해도 판정법을 이용하여 1980년대 국내 학교건물의 내진안전성을 최종적으로 평가한 결과에 의하면 150gal이상의 지진에서 중규모 지진피해가 발생할 가능성이 예측되며, 내진보강 등 실제적인 지진대책이 시급하다고 판단된다.