An eco-friendly material was synthesized through interfacial polymerization of aniline on particles of g-C3N4 with arginine, resulting in Arg-PANI@g-C3N4 composite. The as-synthesized composite was characterized by the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The adsorption capability of as-synthesized composite towards Orange G (OG) dye has been evaluated under several experimental conditions, such as the adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time under agitation, pH of dye solution and temperature. Thermodynamics parameters such as free energy (ΔG°), entropy (ΔS°), and enthalpy (ΔH°) were also calculated and suggested that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The kinetics data revealed that the adsorption of OG dye onto Arg-PANI@g-C3N4 follows the pseudo-second order kinetics model. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 80.54 mg·g−1. Furthermore, the Arg-PANI@g-C3N4 surface exhibited a Langmuir-like adsorption isotherm in contrast to a Freundlich isotherm due to homogeneous active site distribution. Regeneration investigation showed the excellent reusability of Arg-PANI@g-C3N4 composite during the cleaning up of solution containing OG dye molecules.

In this work, norepinephrine (NE) was determined by an electrochemical sensor represented by a carbon paste electrode boosted using nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NDPC) derived from Spirulina Platensis microalga anchored CoFe2O4@ NiO and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM Ac) ionic liquid. The morphological characteristics of the catalyst were recorded by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images. Moreover, the electrochemical behavior of norepinephrine on the fabricated electrode was checked using various voltammetric methods. All tests were done at pH 7.0 as the optimized condition in phosphate buffer solution. The results from linear sweep voltammetry revealed that the electro-oxidation of norepinephrine was diffusion, and the diffusion coefficient value was obtained by chronoamperometry (D⁓6.195 × 10– 4). The linear concentration of the modified electrode was obtained from 10 to 500 μM with a limit of detection of 2.26 μM using the square wave voltammetry (SWV) method. The sensor selectivity was investigated using various species, and the results from stability and reproducibility tests showed acceptable values. The sensor's efficiency was tested in urine and pharmaceutical as real samples with recovery percentages between 97.1% and 102.82%.

Graphene is a suitable transducer for wearable sensors because of its high conductivity, large specific surface area, flexibility, and other unique considerable features. Using a simple, fast galvanic pulse electrodeposition approach, a unique nonenzymatic glucose amperometric electrode was successfully developed based on well-distributed fine Cu nanoparticles anchored on the surface of 3D structure laser-induced graphene. The fabricated electrode allows glucose detection with a sensitivity of 2665 μA/mM/cm2, a response time of less than 5 s, a linear range of 0.03–4.5 mM, and a LOD of 0.023 μM. It also detects glucose selectively in the presence of interfering species such as ascorbic acid and urea. These provide the designed electrode the advantages for glucose sensing in saliva with 97% accuracy and present it among the best saliva-range non-enzymatic glucose sensors reported to date for real-life diagnostic applications.

Graphene oxide (GO) and ultrafine slag (UFS) have been applied to reinforce cement mortar cubes (CMC) in this research. The consequences of GO and UFS on the mechanical attributes of the CMC were explored through experimental investigations. Established on the results, at the 28 days of hydration, the CMC compressive and flexural strength with 0.03% of GO and 10% UFS were 89.8 N/mm2 and 9.1 N/mm2, respectively. Furthermore, the structural changes of CMC with GO and UFS were qualitatively analysed with instrumental techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), FT Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and 27Al, 29Si-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). SEM results reported that GO and UFS formed an aggregated nanostructure that improved the microstructural properties of the CMC. TGA analysis revealed the quantum of calcium hydrate and bound water accomplished by supplementing GO bound to the UFS aggregates. FT-IR analysis of the CMC samples confirmed the ‘O-’comprising functional groups of GO which expedited the formation of complexes between calcium carbonate ( CaCO3) and UFS. 0.03% GO was the optimum dosage that enhanced the compressive and flexural attributes when combined with 10% UFS in CMC.

Flexible supercapacitors (FS) are ideal as power backups for upcoming stretchable electronics due to their high power density and good mechanical compliance. However, lacking technology for FS mass manufacturing is still a significant obstacle. The present study describes a novel method for preparing FS based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) using the N+ plasma technique, in which N+ reduces graphene oxide on the surface of a cotton/polyester substrate. The effect of aloe vera (AV) as a natural reducing & capping agent and carbon nanotubes (CNT) as nanoconductors on the electrochemical performance of the electrodes is studied. FESEM and XPS were employed to investigate the electrodes' structural and chemical composition of electrodes. The galvanostatic charge–discharge curves of electrodes revealed the enhancement of the electrochemical activity of the as-prepared electrode upon additions of AV and CNT. The areal capacitance of the RGO, RGO/AV, and RGO/ AV/CNT supercapacitors at 5 mV/s was 511, 1244.5, and 1879 mF/cm2, respectively. The RGO electrode showed capacitive retention of 80.9% after 2000 cycles enhanced to 89.7% and 92% for RGO/AV and RGO/AV/CNT electrodes, respectively. The equivalent series resistance of the RGO electrode was 126.28 Ω, decreased to 56.62 and 40.06 Ω for RGO/AV and RGO/ AV/CNT electrodes, respectively.

Nitrogen and phosphorous dual-doped carbon nanotubes (N,P/CNT) have been grown in a single-step direct synthesis process by CVD method using iron-loaded mesoporous SBA-15 support, as an electrode material for the energy storage device. For comparison, pristine nanotubes, nitrogen and phosphorous individually doped nanotubes were also prepared. The basic characterization studies clarify the formation of nanotubes and the elemental mapping tells about the presence of the dopant. Under three-electrode investigations, N,P/CNT produced a maximum specific capacitance of about 358.2 F/g at 0.5 A/g current density. The electrochemical performance of N,P/CNT was further extended by fabricating as a symmetric supercapacitor device, which delivers 108.6 F/g of specific capacitance for 0.5 A/g with 15 Wh/kg energy density and 250 W/kg power density. The observed energy efficiency of the device was 92.3%. The capacitance retention and coulombic efficiency were 96.2% and 90.6%, respectively, calculated over 5000 charge–discharge cycles.

The need for high-performance environmental remediation has increased due to the environment’s ongoing degradation in the form of significant growth in industrialization and urbanization. Therefore, the toxic heavy metals can easily enter into environmental as well as foods and thus the search of clean water for drinking, household and irrigation purposes is of crucial importance. To meet this challenge, microelectrodes are flexible, low-cost and easier for fabrication has become the strong role in the detection of heavy metals with high sensitivity towards higher adsorption of heavy metals from contaminated water. To improve the sensitivity of the microelectrodes, carbon-based microelectrodes decorated with nanomaterials have been explored for the detection of metal ions thereby their presence in trace levels can be estimated. The aim of the present review is to summarize the recent developments in carbon-based microelectrodes for the electrochemical determination of heavy metals. It is followed by the various nanomaterials decorated on the carbon microelectrodes for detection of heavy metals was systematically discussed. Finally, the application and the future perspectives in the development of smart electrochemical sensing is provided. This short review will provide the useful information for the recent development in microelectrodes and also guide the pathway for the detection of heavy metals.

증산은 적정 관수 관리에 중요한 역할을 하므로 수분 스트레스에 취약한 토마토와 같은 작물의 관개 수요에 대한 지식이 필요하다. 관수량을 결정하는 한 가지 방법은 증산량을 측정하는 것인데, 이는 환경이나 생육 수준의 영향을 받는다. 본 연구는 분단위 데이터를 통해 수학적 모델과 딥러닝 모델을 활용하여 토마토의 증발량을 추정하 고 적합한 모델을 찾는 것을 목표로 한다. 라이시미터 데이터는 1분 간격으로 배지무게 변화를 측정함으로써 증산 량을 직접 측정했다. 피어슨 상관관계는 관찰된 환경 변수가 작물 증산과 유의미한 상관관계가 있음을 보여주었다. 온실온도와 태양복사는 증산량과 양의 상관관계를 보인 반면, 상대습도는 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 다중 선형 회귀 (MLR), 다항 회귀 모델, 인공 신경망(ANN), Long short-term memory(LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU) 모델을 구 축하고 정확도를 비교했다. 모든 모델은 테스트 데이터 세트에서 0.770－0.948 범위의 R2 값과 0.495mm/min－ 1.038mm/min의 RMSE로 증산을 잠재적으로 추정하였다. 딥러닝 모델은 수학적 모델보다 성능이 뛰어났다. GRU 는 0.948의 R2 및 0.495mm/min의 RMSE로 테스트 데이터에서 최고의 성능을 보여주었다. LSTM과 ANN은 R2 값이 각각 0.946과 0.944, RMSE가 각각 0.504m/min과 0.511로 그 뒤를 이었다. GRU 모델은 단기 예측에서 우수한 성능 을 보였고 LSTM은 장기 예측에서 우수한 성능을 보였지만 대규모 데이터 셋을 사용한 추가 검증이 필요하다. FAO56 Penman-Monteith(PM) 방정식과 비교하여 PM은 MLR 및 다항식 모델 2차 및 3차보다 RMSE가 0.598mm/min으로 낮지만 분단위 증산의 변동성을 포착하는 데 있어 모든 모델 중에서 가장 성능이 낮다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 온실 내 토마토 증산을 단기적으로 추정하기 위해 GRU 및 LSTM 모델을 권장한다.

The occurrence level of Metcalfa pruinosa, Halyomorpha halys, and Spodoptera litura was investigated in persimmon tree and bean cultivation fields in 14 cities and counties of the Jeonbuk region in June and July. Metcalfa pruinose was visually inspected, while Halyomorpha halys and Spodoptera litura were investigated by installing pheromone traps and counting the number of captured individuals once, seven days after trap placement. Metcalfa pruinose nymphs occurred in eight cities and counties, which showed an increase compared to the previous year, and Halyomorpha halys nymphs had higher occurrences in the plains, with an average count of 5.5. The average count of Spodoptera litura was 26.7, which was lower than the previous year.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive pest species in Africa and Asia, which is native to the Western hemisphere. Invaded FAW was corn feeding strain. We study the developmental and biology of the corn strain FAW on the rice plants compare the result with corn feeding up to F2- generation. The development periods of F0, F1 and F2 generations of the rice-fed colony were 21.7%, 18.3% and 18.9% longer than corn-fed colony. The rice-fed colony was significantly lower in the body weight of larvae and pupae, and pre-adult survival rate and the fecundity than corn-fed colony. Our results showed that the corn strain FAW can survive and complete its life cycle by feeding rice plants up to several generations under laboratory condition, but their development and fecundity were reduced in comparison to the corn feeding colony. However, this study suggests potential impact of invaded FAW to the infestation of rice fields in Asian countries.

오리엔탈과실파리(Bactrocera dorsalis)는 형태학적, 생태학적으로 습성이 유사한 70여종을 포함하여 Bactrocera dorsalis species complex (오리엔탈과실파리종군)에 포함되어 있다. 이 종은 동남아시아와 태평양 일대에 널리 분포하며 기주범위가 넓은 다식성 해충으로 가장 많이 연구된 분류군 중 하나이다. 이 종은 여러 나라에서 검역병해충으로 지정되어 있으며, 우리나라에서는 유입될 경우 감귤류 및 여러 농작물에 심각한 피해 를 줄 수 있어 금지병해충으로 지정하여 관리하고 있는 종이다. 우리는 이 종과 가장 유사한 4종(B. carambolae, B. correcta, B. latifrons, B. verbascifoliae)과 비교하여 형태학적 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 각 종별 특징 및 진단형질을 제공하고, 도판을 이용하여 형태적 차이를 제시하였다.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere is now annually arrives in Korea. In this study, we developed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, one of the main merits of which is a rapid identification of target species. Five among 11 FAW-specific loci tested successfully provided a consistent reaction when ten FAWs, which were collected from eight localities in four countries were tested, whereas the 13 non-target species were not amplified. To increase in-field applicability of the method all life stages, reaction time, and different periods after death was tested using the quick extracted DNA. Our FAW diagnostic protocol can be completed within 30 min, from the process of extracting genomic DNA from an egg or a 1st instar larva to species determination.

최근 벚나무에 벚나무깍지벌레에 의한 피해가 증가하여 친환경적인 방제제로서 곤충병원성 곰팡이인 Beauveria bassiana ARP14를 검증하였다. 경북 안동시 안동대학교 캠퍼스 내 벚나무에서 벚나무깍지벌레의 감염율을 조사하고, 벚나무의 연령을 추정하여 상관관계를 분석하였다. 곤충병원성 곰팡이의 살충력을 확인하 기 위해 약충의 이동성이 가장 활발한 4월 말부터 5월 중순까지 벚나무깍지벌레에 감염된 가지를 채집하여 23°C 의 항온기에 보관하면서 두 가지 곤충병원성 곰팡이(ARP14, AAD16)를 살포하여 살충제(스피로테트라맛 액상 수화제) 처리구와 살충률을 비교하였다. 그 결과 대조구(물처리)보다 곤충병원성 곰팡이를 살포한 가지에서 약충의 개체 수가 더 감소하였으나, 살충제를 처리한 가지에서 보다는 약충의 수가 많았다. 따라서 가로수로 많이 식재된 벚나무 해충 방제시 일어날 수 있는 사람에 대한 피해를 최소화할 수 있는 친환경 방제제로서 곤충병 원성 곰팡이를 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

Stilbene-based fluorescent brighteners (FB) have been shown to enhance insecticidal activities of entomopathogenic viruses but little is known its effect on entomopathogenic bacteria. We investigated the effect of two FBs (FB 28 and FB 71) on the insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) as well as the Lymantria dispar multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) in Lymantria dispar asiatica. FB 28 increased the mortality at the combination with low concentration (1.6×102 IU/ml) of Btk, but FB 71 slightly reduced the mortality with middle and high concentrations (1.6×103 and 1.6×104 IU/ml) of Btk in comparison to Btk alone. Both FB 28 and FB 71 increased mortality in combination with LdMNPV at all concentrations (3×102, 3×104, and 3×106 POBs/ml) compared to LdMNPV alone. Our findings suggest that FBs enhanced pathogenic activities but depend on chemical nature of FBs.

꿀벌에 대한 중요성이 인식되고 도시양봉의 수요가 증가하는 가운데 도시양봉에 최적화된 벌통을 제작하였 다. 꿀벌과 도시양봉에 대한 설문를 진행한 결과, 분봉으로 인한 민원이 도시양봉을 하는 데 가장 큰 저해요소로 꼽혔다. 이에 분봉을 방지하여 시민과 어우러질 수 있으며 친환경적인 벌통을 제작하는 데 초점을 맞췄다. 분봉을 방지하기 위해서는 여왕벌의 이탈을 감지하는 자성 센서와 벌들이 분봉을 하고자 하는 욕구인 분봉열을 감지하 는 온도 센서를 설치하여 효율을 파악하였다. 더불어 최근 이상기후로 인한 잦은 폭우와 고열을 견디기 위하여 밀랍을 이용한 벌통 코팅을 진행하였다. 벌통의 바닥에는 트레이를 서랍처럼 분리 설치할 수 있도록 함으로써 무더운 기온에서는 손쉽게 트레이를 빼서 환기에 중점을 두고, 그 외의 조건에서는 트레이를 끼워둠으로써 바닥 에 떨어진 꿀벌의 사체를 주기적으로 수거하여 유전자 분석을 함으로써 꿀벌의 건강 상태를 점검할 수 있도록 하였다. 꿀벌이 해당 벌통으로 인하여 스트레스를 받는지 꿀벌의 주요 스트레스 마커 유전자의 상대적 발현량을 조사한 결과, 일반적인 벌통에서의 발현량 수준과 큰 차이가 없는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이처럼 새로이 디자인된 벌통을 이용한다면 이상기후에서도 도시양봉을 하는 데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The choice of suitable companion plants is crucial for enhancing pest management strategies in agricultural fields. Riptortus pedestris, an important agricultural pest, has drawn attention for its serious damage on soybean. To identify an ideal companion plant for soybean, we investigated the pest’s behavioral patterns when exposed to corn seedlings in laboratory. Series of choice experiments were conducted for 4th instar nymphs and unmated female adults of R. pedestris when presented with corn and/or soybean pot against soybean or blank pot. In 4th instar nymphs, 56% preferred the treatment of corn pot plus soybean pot over soybean alone pot while 69% of unmated female adults preferred the same combination. These findings provide valuable insights into the behavior of this insect pest, which could be beneficial for establishing polycultures in agricultural fields.