해외 수입농산물의 양이 점차적으로 증가하여 다양한 병해충의 유입 가능성이 증가함에 따라, 이들을 신속하고 정확하게 판별하기 위하여 DNA 염기서열을 이용하여 형태학적 동정을 보완하고 있다. 현재 바구미과의 Sternochetus속 에 속하는 관리해충은 S. mangiferae와 S. frigidus, 그리고 S. olivieri가 있으며, 태국에서 수입된 망고에서 2018년 9월부터 2019년 1월까지 7차례에 걸쳐 바구미류가 검출되었고, 형태학적 형질 및 DNA 바코드를 이용하여 S. olivieri로 동정하였다. 추가로, Sternochetus속에 속하는 종들의 분류학적 형질을 이용하여 동정의 수단을 제공하였다. 본 연구결 과는 수입 및 반입되는 망고에서 검출되는 바구미류의 신속하고 정확한 진단에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

When treating the 3rd instar larvae of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, with sublethal doses (LC10) of chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb and spinosad via leaf dipping, their tolerance to insecticides was significantly enhanced. By analyzing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found a number of genes that respond commonly or specifically to the test insecticides. With the criteria of p value < 0.05 and Log2FC > 1/ < -1, a total of 476, 367 and 410 genes were determined to respond specifically to chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb and spinosad, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the cuticle reorganization is commonly associated in all treatments and the oxidative stress-related process is also shown in all insecticides except spinosad. Finally, the DEGs seemingly related with enhanced tolerance were chosen for further characterization, and reliability of the transcriptome data were confirmed by quantitative PCR. The functional categories of these DEGs included mostly detoxification related genes, cuticle proteins, energy metabolism and transcriptional regulation. While the commonly responding DEGs suggest that they are likely involved in defense against common intoxication process, the DEGs specifically responded to each insecticide suggests the presence of unique tolerance mechanisms to each insecticide depending on their different structure and mode of action. Their possible roles in the tolerance/resistance development were discussed.

DNA 바코드를 기반으로 하여 외국발 국내 입항 선박에서 검출되는 편승자 해충(hitchhiker insect pests)에 대한 모니터링을 수행하였다. 국내 입항 선박 조사는 2018년 6월 1일부터 2018년 9월 17일까지 약 109일간 111개 선박에 대해 실시하였다. 모니터링 대상 해충은 ‘보고잡기법(simply collecting method by hands)’으로 확보하였으며, 총 336개체 에 대해 종동정을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 확보 해충 중 농림축산검역본부에 ‘관리해충(Regulated insect pest)’으로 등재되어 있는 Noctua pronuba를 포함하여 총 13종 21개체(Amata formosae (Erebidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Arippara disticha (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Chondracris rosea (Acrididae, Orthoptera, 4개체), Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (Acrididae, Orthoptera, 1개체), Euhampsonia serratifera (Notodontidae, Lepidoptera, 3개체), Lemyra rhodophilodes (Erebidae, Lepidoptera, 2개체), Lymantria xylina (Erebidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Malacosoma dentata (Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera, 3개체), Neochauliodes meridionalis (Corydalidae, Megaloptera, 1개체), Noctua pronuba (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Parasa pastoralis (Limacodidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Psilogramma lukhtanovi (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체), Syntypistis viridipicta (Notodontidae, Lepidoptera, 1개체))의 국내 미서식종이 채집되었으며, 확보된 21개체 중 15개체는 살아있는 상태로 검출되었다. 특히, 관리해충인 N. pronuba의 경우, 싱가포르에서 광양을 거쳐 포항항으로 입항한 선박에서 검출되었는데, 이 종은 유럽을 비롯하여 중동 및 중앙아시아까지 서식하는 종으로 1990년대 북미 대륙에 침입한 것으로 확인된 바 있다. 이에 따라, N. pronuba를 비롯하여 현 조사에 확인된 국내 미서식 편승자 해충의 편승 유무에 대한 정밀 모니터링 뿐만 아니라 위 종들에 대한 체계적인 위험성 평가 역시 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

DNA 바코드를 기반으로 하여 외국발 국내 입항 선박에서 검출되는 편승자 해충(hitchhiker insect pests)에 대한 모니터링을 수행하였다. 국내 입항 선박 조사는 2018년 6월 1일부터 2018년 9월 17일까지 약 109일간 111개 선박에 대해 실시하였다. 모니터링 대상 해충은 ‘보고잡기법(simply collecting method by hands)’으로 확보하였으며, 총 336개체에 대해 종동정을 실시하였으며, 이를 통해 확보된 정보들은 선박정보(선박명, 선박번호, 출항지, 입항지), 조사정보(조 사일, 채집시 표본 상태, 조사자), 유전자 분석 정보(프라이머 정보, 서열판독 결과), 분자생물학적 종동정 정보(NCBI GenBank Accession No., NCBI Blast Searching Results, BOLD Identification Request), 분류학적 통합종 확증 정보(목명, 과명, 종명, 동정자, 비고) 등으로 구분하였으며, MS-Excel을 이용하여 각 필드값에 맞게 기초정보를 입력하였다. 이를 기반으로 하여 편승자 해충에 대한 선박 경로에 따른 편승 양상뿐만 아니라, 월별, 분류군별, 미서식종별로 편승 양상을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 편승사례는 선박 경로에 따라서는 중국에서 출항하거나 중국을 거쳐 편승하는 사례가 207건, 월별로는 9월이 134건, 분류군별로는 나비목이 208건으로 가장 많았다. 특히, 미서식종별 편승 양상에서 는 총 3목 9과 13종 21개체가 국내 입항 선박에서 검출된 것으로 나타났으며, 이 중 2목 6과 9종 15개체는 살아있는 상태로 채집된 것을 확인되었다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼 때, 앞으로 더욱 많은 정보가 확보된다면, 현재의 통계 분석 방법은 편승자 해충의 모니터링뿐만 아니라 대상 해충의 위험성 평가 및 검역검사에 매우 효율적인 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 국내분포가 기록된 해충, 네눈쑥가지나방의 발생조사를 위해 실시되었다. 네눈쑥가지나방의 국내분포 발생조사를 실시하기 전 국내에 보고된 문헌과 각 연구기관의 네눈쑥가지나방 DB 및 표본을 확인하였다. 국내 발간된 문헌을 확인한 결과 한국경제곤충, 국립생물자원관에서 발간한 국가생물종목록집 및 다양한 논문과 연구보고서에서 네눈쑥가지나방의 기록을 확인할 수 있었다. DB 및 표본 확인결과 농촌진흥청에서 1924년부터 1996년까지 38건의 DB를 확인하였고, 온난화대응연구소에서 68점의 표본을 확인하였다. 또한 농림축산검역본부 제주지역본부에 서 네눈쑥가지나방의 DB와 186점의 표본을 확인하였다. 국립수목원에서는 1979년부터 2011년까지 183건의 DB를 확인하였고, 국립생물자원관에서는 408건의 DB를 확인하였다. 조사결과를 토대로 네눈쑥가지나방은 우리나라 전 지역에 분포하는 것으로 확인되었다.

Matsucoccus matsumurae is the main forest insect pest of the Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora in South Korea. In this experiment, we had verified the insecticidal effects of Amitraz, deltamethrin and sulfoxaflor, using ground spraying since the trunk injection has not been greatly effective for the control recently. We divided the methods for three ways to confirm the insecticidal effects by developmental stages. Firstly, in male, only amitraz among the insecticides showed significant mortality. Secondly, in female, none of the treatments showed significant mortality but showed delay synthesize the wax filaments when the amitraz treated. In addition, sulfoxaflor treatment showed significant lower egg production rate. Lastly, in 2nd nymph, all insecticides were not shown insecticidal effect. Above the results shown that the ground spraying of three insecticides for M. matsumurae was not a proper control method.

Monochamus alternatus which is major vector for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is main pest for pine trees. Moreover, their larvae mainly feed on the phloem of the host during the growth period, and this process makes host debilitate. The reason why the epidemiological investigation of that damage caused by Monochamus alternatus is difficult is that the adult and the larva remains very rarely in the host. Even if the larvae remain in the host, it is not easy to distinguish them from other cerambycidae coleopterans without expertise. For the above reason, we introduce the method of field epidemiological investigation for Monochamus alternatus using the remaining larva frass in the host with Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) method.

여행객 휴대 수입금지식물에서 발생하는 금지해충(과실파리류, 코드린 나방 등)의 유입 가능성이 높아짐에 따라 지속적인 모니터링을 통하여 품목별, 국가별로 검출되는 해충의 정보 축적이 필요하며, 검역해충 종 동정을 위하여 표본 확보 및 분류학적 정보가 필요하다. 2018년 1월부터 12월까지 인천공항 및 인천항으로 반입되어 압수한 휴대식물 중 사과, 배, 복숭아에서 검출되는 해충을 조사하였다. 그 결과 형태학적 동정 및 DNA 바코딩 분석을 통하여 Carposina sasakii (복숭아심식나방), Grapholta molesta (복숭아순나방), Grapholita dimorpha (복숭아순나방붙이) 등이 검출되었지만 우려하는 코드린나방은 검출되지 않았다. 본 연구결과는 휴대 반입식물에서 검출되는 해충 종 구성에 대한 검역자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an important quarantine insect pest on blueberry and strawberry exportation in Korea. Due to IPPC recommendations of replacement of methyl bromide (MB) and recent critical issue about its chronic inhalation toxicity to fumigator and related workers along with post-fumigation, alternatives to MB is urgently required. Thus, we evaluated efficacies of ethyl formate (EF) to SWD eggs using two different bioassay methods; using eggs oviposited on artificial diet and on blueberries naturally infested with SWD adults. In results, there was no differences between two bioassay methods in terms of LCT99 value of EF.

Honey bees are affected by a variety of factors, so they have to be thoroughly managed according to their lifestyle. The activity of the honey bee foragers represent an important parameter of the hive state. Here, the real-time and automatic monitoring system using dual infrared sensors was applied for counting the foraging activity of honey bees based on ICT. According to this study, this system is very accurate with a relative error of 3.98% / 4.43% compared to manual counting through video analysis. This system showed the scalability of the system through the internal and external temperature sensors connected through the main board and BLE module. Furthermore, the data measured through this system for one month were analyzed, the monthly average foraging activity and the number of lost foragers were measured (1.88% of outgoing bees), and at the same time, the foraging patterns according to the changes of temperature and time were analyzed. This study suggests that the development of apicultural, scientific and educational materials with more powerful real-time monitoring tools through expansion of a complex monitoring system and big data accumulation.

Cotesia Cameron is a cosmopolitan genus of the subfamily Microgastrinae. This genus comprises more than hundreds of species (Whitfield et al., 2009). The members of the genus Cotesia parasites on larvae of Macrolepidoptera: Noctuidae, Geometridae and Saturniidae (Achterberg & Polaszek, 1996; Whitfield et al., 2009). Previously, 33 Korean species of the genus have been investigated by several researchers (Kim, 1963; 1970; Ku et al., 2001; Papp, 1974; 1990; 2003). In this study, Cotesia urabae is reported for the first time from Korea. Diagnosis, distribution, and host information are provided.

The insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is due to synergistic interactions among its four major proteins (Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba, Cry11Aa, Cyt1Aa), while the activity of Lysinibacillus sphaericus (Ls) is due to a binary toxin (Bin) consisting of a toxin domain, BinA, and a midgut receptor-binding domain, BinB. Although used commercially for almost three decades, reports of mosquito resistance to Bti have been rare. However, levels of resistance greater than 10,000-fold to Bin have been reported where Ls has been used intensively for mosquito control. Cyt1Aa is a lipophilic protein, and in previous studies we showed it delays the evolution of resistance to the Cry proteins of Bti, and can overcome high levels of resistance Bin. In a previous study, we fused Cyt1Aa to BinA, using the lipophile as a broad-spectrum binding domain and showed that the Cyt1Aa-BinA chimera was remarkably toxic to five major vector species of mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae, An. stephensi, An. quadrimaculatus, Bin-sensitive and Bin-resistant strains of Culex quinquifasciatus, and Aedes aegypti, the latter not normally sensitive to Ls. However, toxicity against Aedes aegypti was not as high as against other mosquito species. Here we show that introducing another highly mosquitocidal protein, Cry11B from B. thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan, enhances the chimera’s toxicity against Ae. aegypti significantly but not against Cx. quinquefasciatus.

An investigation on the habitation of Callipogon relictus Semenov was carried out in Gwangneung forest, Korea and Ussurisky nature reserve, Russia. During the investigation period (2007–2018), a total of 25 emergence holes, 10 pupal chambers, 10 adults, and two larvae of C. relictus were identified in Gwangneung forest. In this presentation, we provide biological information on habitation of C. relictus in Gwangneung forest by comparison and combination of survey results in Ussurisky nature reserve, in 2015 and 2018. In addition, the distribution range of C. relictus is also reviewed in the Korean Peninsula with a new location.

Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray, 1867) (SHB) is one of the important pests of bee keeping industry. This species is endemic in sub-Saharan region of Africa that has recently became an invasive and distributing rapidly throughout the world. Recent detections of SHB in Philippines, Brazil and South Korea indicate that SHB has the potential to become a global pest for apiculture and wild bees. Having enough knowledge about the population source of invasion can help understand the pest ecology and develop the control tactics. SHB has invaded to South Korea in 2017 and cause heavy damage to apiaries in Miryang City, in south-eastern part of Korea and the origin of this pest is still unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the phylogenetic position and origin of Korean population of SHB. We sampled the SHB from different bee hives in Miryang city and used 922 bp part of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) region of mitochondrial DNA to compare with all previously reported COI sequences of SHB. The result showed that the population of SHB in south Korea is classified with South Africa, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Canada, Australia and USA populations in one clade and among them, the lowest genetic distance between South Korean and USA populations indicated that most likely the SHB was imported from the United states to South Korea. No genetic difference has been detected between studied sequences from Korean population indicating that the invasion would had happen in one occasion.

Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is known as a pest that has a wide host range. This study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of D. suzukii by trapping D. suzukii in Korean strawberry greenhouse and its surrounding woodland from November, 2017 to April, 2019. As a result of trap monitoring, the greatest capture was recorded in fall and secondary peak was confirmed in summer in a lower capture. It was confirmed that there was a statistically significant difference between the occurrence among inside and outside of the greenhouse and the woodland. The strawberry greenhouse cultivation area of Korea is mainly located in the plain region, whereas most of the other host plants for D. suzukii are usually grown at the ridge of the mountain or hillside. Therefore, if considering the living environment of host plant, monitoring result that showed more capture in woodland than strawberry greenhouse would be explained.

Comparative toxicity of different groups of pesticides on Apis mellifera L. were tested in the laboratory. Commercial formulations dissolved in water from the highest dose level marked on the label were serially diluted to 10^(-6) times to carry out oral trials on each pesticide. Fungicide (Metconazole), herbicide (Glyphosate), acaricide (Amitraz) and 3 insecticides (organophosphate Fenitrothion, neonicotinoids of Thiacloprid and Thiamethoxam) were compared. Thiamethoxam and fenitrothion caused higher mortality, and amitraz showed intermediate level of mortality while herbicide and fungicide showed minimal impacts. Among neonicotinoids, Thiamethoxam was highly toxic but thiacloprid showed mortality less than 25% even at the highest concentration. LC50 values were estimated as Amitraz 197.70, Fenitrothion 2.20, and Thiamethoxam 0.188 ppm at 24 h after treatment. Fungicide, herbicide and a neonicotinoid thiacloprid were all showed low oral toxicity. This study confirmed that the old pesticide, organophosphate was highly toxic and two different toxic path way exist for neonicotinoid pesticides.

A residual contact vial plus water (RCVpW) bioassay method was established to monitor insectiside resistance in field populations of the melon thrips, Thrips palmi. Resistance level against six major insecticides were evalutated in five regions to test applicability of RCVpW as an on-site resistance monitoring tool. Reduced mortality in response to six test insecticides were exhibited compared to the RDA susceptable strain showing 100 % mortality, indicating different degree of resistance. An apparently reduced mortality to emamectin benzoate and chlofenapyr was observed in some field populations, suggesting uneven distribution of resistance to these insecticides in field populations. In addition, spinosad resistance was high and widely distributed in the test regions. Synergistic bioassay revealed that cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic factor is involved in spinosad resistance in the Korean population.