Royal jelly (RJ) is a well-known functional and medicinal food for human health promotion. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), which are the major protein components in RJ, exhibit antimicrobial activities. However, the identities of the MRJPs of RJ responsible for its antioxidant effects have remained unclear. Here, we report that honeybee (Apis cerana) MRJP 2 (AcMRJP2) acts as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent in RJ. Using recombinant AcMRJP2, which was produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells, we established the antimicrobial and antioxidant roles of MRJP 2. AcMRJP2 bound to the surfaces of bacteria, fungi, and yeast, which then induced structural damage in the microbial cell walls and led to a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. AcMRJP2 protected mammalian and insect cells via the direct shielding of the cell against oxidative stress, which led to reduced levels of caspase-3 activity and oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis, followed by increased cell viability. Moreover, AcMRJP2 exhibited DNA protection activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our data indicate that AcMRJP2 could play a crucial role as an antimicrobial agent and antioxidant in RJ, suggesting that MRJP 2 is a component responsible for the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of RJ.

Molecular diagnostic markers are necessary for establishing highthroughput screening systems to support insecticide-resistant population management. Here, we identified single amino acid substitution mutations related to carbamate resistance in Laodelphax striatellus Fallén type-1 acetylcholinesterase (Lsace1) using carbofuran-selected strains. The phenotypic resistance profiles of the final selection strain (SEL9) compared to the susceptible strain revealed a 14-fold higher resistance ratio based on topical application, 1.2-fold higher general esterase activity, and 4.3- fold higher acetylcholinesterase insensitivity based on the 50% inhibitory concentration (I50), suggesting that insensitivity of the target site could occur as a resistance factor. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of Lsace1 of five strains (SUS, SEL0, SEL3, SEL6, and SEL9) revealed two amino acid substitutions (F330Y and F331H). To understand the roles of these mutations, we determined the allele frequency of both point mutations in the selected strains using quantitative sequencing methods. In addition, several quantitative genotypic traits (e.g., gene copy numbers and transcript levels of Lsace1, Lsace2, and LS.CarE1) were assessed. A correlation analysis of genotypic and phenotypic traits revealed strong correlations between resistance level and I50 with F331H allele frequency. Interestingly, the F331H mutation was negatively correlated with transcript levels of Lsace1, suggesting that selection pressure might result in a reduction of the target gene. Overall, the F331H mutation and reduced mRNA are important factors in the development of carbamate resistance. Furthermore, the point mutation can be used to monitor rapid carbofuran resistance in conjunction with molecular diagnostic methods such as quantitative sequencing.

In order to accumulate the ecological information of Drosophila suzukii for export negotiations of domestic strawberry, we weekly monitored occurrence of D. suzukii at three strawberry fields located in Gok-seong, Dam-yang and Hwa-sun using the best combination of trap and attractant from November 2017 to May 2018, the period of strawberry production. Monitoring was carried out at three sites (a hill located 150 meter distant to greenhouse, outside greenhouse and inside greenhouse) in Gok-seong. Drosophil suzukii was trapped at three short periods from November to the beginning of December, from the end of December to the beginning of January, and from April in a hill. At outside greenhouse, D. suzukii was trapped at two short periods from November to the early December and the beginning of May. In inside greenhouse, it occurred once after May 24th. Gok-seong data can be summarized as more occurrence for longer period as the distance to greenhouse increases. Dam-yang occurred once in a short period inside greenhouse and hill, respectively on May. In case of Hwa-sun, D. suzukii did not trapped in whole trapping sites during trapping period, except for the surrounding grape and peach cultivation areas at the end of November. Summarized, no occurrence periods are from November 20th, 2017 to May 14th, 2018 inside greenhouse; from December 11th, 2017 to May 3rd, 2018 outside greenhouse; and from January 8th, 2018 to April 12th, 2018 on a hill. In connection with strawberry culture, the D. suzukii tends to occur at the beginning and the end of the strawberry production period. We expect this result can serve as a helpful data for export negotiation for quarantine.

The amount of Metcalfa pruinosa was higher in Cheonan and Geumsan, which are adjacent to Chungbuk province and in Taean, Dangjin, Asan, Cheonan adjacent to Gyeonggi province. These results demonstrate that M. pruinosa has spread from Chungbuk and Gyeonggi to Chungnam. As a result of investigating the spatial distribution characteristics of M. pruinosa eggs using SADIE, in 2017, the aggregation index(Ia) of 1.406 was close to the concentration distribution but in 2018, Ia of 1.102 was close to the random distribution. These results confirm that pests have spread throughout Chungnam. As a result of investigating the hosts that M. pruinosa larvae preferring, the results showed that most host preference with 38 species and 30 species in Asteraceae and Rosaceae, respectively. When the degree of occurrence was divided into four stages, the plants with the highest occurrence degree of 4 were Aralia elata, Styrax japonica, Ziziphus jujuba, Prunus cerasifera and Robinia pseudoacacia, in woody plant, and Rhododendron indicum, Rumex japonicus, Helianthus annuus, Humulus japonicus, and Cirsium japonicum in herbaceous plant. These plants can be used as a chemical substance that can attract larvae and adults before the laying of eggs. Therefore, we plan to utilize these plants to select incentives by studying behavioral responses of M. pruinosa.

양송이버섯에 발생하는 긴수염버섯파리에 대한 곤충병원성선충의 방제효과를 조사하였다. 양송이버섯에 발생하는 긴수염버섯파리 유충의 볏짚배지와 상토에서 30×30㎡ 내 밀도는 각각 평균 0.8마리와 22.2마리로 상토에서 월등히 높았다. 볏짚배지에 상토를 복토하고 첫관주 이후 2일간격 3회 관주시 곤충병원성 선충을 마지막 관주시 물대신 1회 곤충병원성선충을 살포한 시험구에서는 ㎡당 2.5×105 농도가 6.0×104 농도보다 약간 높은 방제효과를 보였고 2회 살포한 시험구에서는 살포 후 14일째에 각각 96.8%와 66.7%로 ㎡당 2.5×105 농도에서 높은 방제효과를 보였다. 따라서, 양송이버섯재배시 벗짚배지에 상토를 복토한 후 2일 간격 3회 관주처리 할 때 물대신 2일간격 2회 곤충병원성선충을 ㎡ 당 2.5×105 농도로 처리할 경우, 긴수염버섯파리 유충을 효과적으로 방제할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The organism evaluation equipment (OEE) was developed to determine the insecticidal effect of atmospheric-pressure plasma jets (APPJ). The equipment consisted of a plasma-generating acrylic chamber (PGAC) equipped with a plasma generator, a plasma-maintaining acrylic chamber (PMAC), and plasma efficacy evaluation container (PEEC). The amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly exposed to PEEC in the PMAC was measured using an ozone calculator. The ROS concentration in the PGAC and PEEC increased over time, and the optimum position for the PEEC was selected showing the lowest variance of ROS concentration. Based on the established equipment, five major insect pests (Aphis gossypii, Bemisia tabaci, Helicoverpa armigera, Tetranychus kanzawai, and Thrips palmi) were tested, and their knockdown time, recovery time, and median lethal time (LT50) were determined. As a result, B. tabaci showed the fastest knockdown in respond to the plasma, but the remaining insect pests were knock downed within 2-3 min. Recovery was the fastest in T. palmi and T. kanzawai and slowest in B. tabaci. The LT50 were determined as 13 and 16 min in B. tabaci and T. palmi, respectively. However, the LT50 of other insect pests showed over 21 min. In conclusion, the OEE system can be used to measure the optimum exposure time of plasma against various insect pests, and the plasma might be used as an alternative tools for pest control in the future.

최근 변화하는 기후로 인해 외래해충의 유입이 증가하였으며 발달된 교통수단 등으로 인해 새로운 지역으로 확산이 가속화되는 추세(Bale, 2002)이므로 그 중요성이 증대하고 있다. 본 연구는 우리나라의 최근에 침입한 대표적인 흡즙성 해충인 미국선녀벌레를 대상으로 충청지역의 발생분포를 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 2018년 5월부터 8월까지 충남북 관내 주요 행정구역을 대상으로 미국선녀벌레 발생여부와 피해정도를 중심으로 조사하였다.

2015년부터 2016년 동안 우리나라 공항에서는 수입검역과정에서 금지식물로 폐기된 실적이 17만건에 달하며 그중 인천국제공항은 12만건 이상으로 가장 높다(농림축산검역본부 PIS, 2016). 인천국제공항을 통해 반입되는 휴대 금지식물에서 금지해충(과실파리류, 나방류 등) 유입 가능성이 높음에도 불구하고, 금지식물에서 발생하는 해충에 대한 객관적인 정보가 부족한 실점이다. 이에 2018년 1월부터 2018년 6월까지 인천공항으로 반입되는 휴대식물 및 해충조사를 실시하였다. 총 27,948건의 휴대식물에서 검사를 진행하였으며 98국가에서 316 품목을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 91건의 휴대식물에서 해충이 검출되었으며, 익은 바나나 14건, 망고스틴12건, 구아바 12건, 망고 11건, 람부탄 9건, 슈가애플 8건, 파일애플 4건, 고추 3건 등에서 검출되었다. 반입국가는 베트남이 47건으로 가장 많았으며 태국, 필리핀, 인도네시아 순이였다. 검출해충은 깍지벌레과와 가루깍지벌레과가 포함된 노린재목이 76건으로 가장 많았으며, 파리목은 11건이며 그중 오리엔탈과실파리가 1건이고, 개미류가 8건을 차지하였다.

본 연구는 산림, 하천, 자연 녹지 등 자연생태환경과 격리된 도심 속의 생태적 패치를 분석하고 이해하여 생태적 가치가 높은 생태 환경을 조성하는 방안을 모색해 보고자 실시하였다. 분석 대상지역은 도심 속의 생태적 패치로 다양한 입지 조건으로 조성되어 활용되고 있는 국립과천과학관(경기도 과천시 상하벌로 110일원) 일대를 중심으로 선정하였다. 생태적 패치(patch) 입지별 4개의 구역으로 구분하였고 각 조사 구역 별 결과에서 곤충상은 Ⅰ구역에서 61과 135종, Ⅱ구역에서 31과 46종, Ⅲ구역에서 31과 42종, Ⅳ구역에서 13과 14종 등으로 구분되었다. 전체 조사구역의 군집 분석 결과, 다양성 지수 4.30, 종풍부도 22.74, 균등도 0.84 등으로 구분되었다. 조사 결과, 수환경과 키 작은 수목을 중심으로 하고 경작 및 원예가 재배되는 Ⅰ구역에서 종 조성이 다양하게 분포하였고 소규모 생태적패치를 조성할 경우 수환경과 원예화원, 소규모 경작지 등이 분포할때 종 다양성이 높고 생태적으로 안정된 양상이 될 것으로 기대된다.

파리목(Diptera) 집파리과(Muscidae)에 속하는 토마토어리줄기집파리(Atherigona orientalis)는 열대·아열대 지역에서 분포하며 고추, 토마토 등 기주 특이성이 없어 여러 식물에 흔히 발견되는 해충이다. 현재까지 우리나라 작물에 피해는 보고되지 않았으나 국외 사례로 볼 때 우리나라 작물에서도 큰 피해를 유발할 것으로 예상되어 식물방역법상 관리해충으로 지정하여 관리하였다. 2016년 경상북도 의 성군에서 첫 국내 분포가 보고되었다. 우리는 이 종의 지역별 분포 현황 등을 확인하기 위하여, 2017년 4월부터 10월까지 전국 각지에 트랩을 설치하여 분포 조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과 총 2,601개체가 전국적으로 조사되어 국내에 널리 분포하고 있음이 확인되었다.

In 2017, a total of 82 non-target species representing six orders of insects were captured in four types of tephritid fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) surveillance traps located in Korea; the species included 6 families of Coleoptera, 1 of Dictyoptera, 17 of Diptera, 2 of Hemiptera, 3 of Hymenoptera, 1 of Neuroptera, 4 of Lepidoptera, and 1 of Raphidioptera. Of these, Diptera were the most abundant; the main families included Muscidae, Tephritidae, and Anthomyiidae. Herein, based on a survey, we present a list of the species of non-target insects captured in the tephritid fruit fly surveillance traps.

기후변화는 전지구적 현상이며 온난화를 주패턴으로 하며 이상기상 현상의 빈도가 높아지는 등 기후예측불확실성이 증대로 이어지고 있다. 이에 따라 농업생태계의 기후변화에 대한 적응과 변화를 지표하기 위한 수단으로 말벌류 지표종을 선발하였다. 기후변화지표종 선발을 위한 지표의 객관성을 높이기 위해 지표 수준별로 개량화하였으며, 이를 통해 장수말벌, 등검은말벌, 털보말벌, 황말벌 4종을 지표종으로 선발하였다. 이 종의 장기 모니터링을 위한 무인모니터링 시스템을 개발하였다. 이를 통해 전국적 모니터링 네트워크 등의 구축이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

Dasineura jujubifolia was introduced into Korea for the first time in 2011, a gall midge feeding on jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Miller (Rhamnaceae)). Since then the jujube gall midge become a serious insect pest of Jujube in Korea. In this year, we surveyed regulated and alien insect pests by collecting damaged leaf samples from different regions in Korea. Jujube gall midge and its life stage were identified by morphological and genetic characteristics. For molecular identification, we analyzed the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of pest. In this study, we report the morphological description and genetic information of D. jujubifolia.

돌발해충인 갈색날개매미충, 미국선녀벌레, 꽃매미, 갈색여치, 먹노린재, 목화진딧물과 남방계해충인 애멸구, 배추좀나방, 볼록총채벌레, 담배거세미나방, 풀색노린재를 대상으로 충청과 제주지역에서 발생실태를 조사한 결과, 농경지내 갈색여치, 목화진딧물은 화학약제의 사용으로 관찰이 쉽지 않았고 풀색노린재는 생태습성성상 관찰이 쉽지않아 이들 해충을 제외하고 발생실태를 조사하였다. 갈색날 개매미충은 충청지역의 경우 2017년까지는 집중분포 양상을 보이다 2018년 알조사에서부터는 임의분포를 보이기 시작하였고, 미국선녀벌레는 경기와 충북 지역과 인접한 곳에서 집중분포를 보였다. 제주지역의 경우 2017년 제주시 한림읍 협재리 인근에서 최초 발생하였다. 먹노린재는 2018년 최대발생양상을 보였고, 충남 서천, 청양, 홍성, 태안을 중심으로 대발생 양상을 보였다. 애멸구는 충남 공주와 서천에서 밀도가 높았다. 갈색날개매미충과 미국선녀벌레의 발생밀도는 낮게 조사되었으나 발생면적은 증가하였다. 볼록총채벌레는 충청지역 감나무에서 발견되었고 제주지역 감귤에서는 발견되지 않았으나 녹차밭에서는 발생량이 높았다. 추후 돌발 및 남방계 해충에 대한 위해성 평가를 통하여 발생가능성 정보를 제공할 계획이다.

The tribe Centistini is a cosmopolitan group, comprising 94 species (Yu et al., 2016; Aguirre et al., 2017). Among them 44 species have been known from the East Palaearctic region. Centistini are known to be solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids of final instar larvae (rarely) and Coleopteran adults, particularly the families Anthicidae, Carabidae, Chrysomelidae, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, and Staphylinidae (Loan, 1964; 1972; Shaw, 1985; Chen and Achterberg, 1997). Previously, 16 species of 1 genera of tribe Centistini, have been recorded from Korea. In the present study, a total 19 species of 2 genera of the subfamily Euphorinae is recognized from Korea. Among them, three species, Allurus liturature (Haliday), Centistes minutus Chen & Achterberg and C. sylvicola Belokobylskij are reported for the first time from Korea.

The domestic natural enemy industry was formed by public institutions before the natural enemy companies were formed. In 1995, during the decentralization period, the technololgy of natural enemy breeding developed by the Rural Development Administration and the Agricultural Research Institute of each province were spread to the Agricultural Technology Centers of each county, Agricultural Technology Centers has supplied a large number of natural enemies to farmers for free. Since the beginning of the 2000s, when the first natural enemy company called Korea-IPM was created in Korea, the natural enemy industry boomed with the birth of Cecil Co., Ltd., a large natural enemy company. Prior to the birth of a natural enemy company, Domestic methods of using nautral enemies to release the natural enemies against the target pests and to test their effectiveness were similar to those of using chemicals. After then, the introduction of banker plant, a natural enemy protection plant, began to develop the concept of natural enemy protection limited to Aphidius colemani, and the effect was excellent. However, there were many cases where the success and failure of biological control were staggered because only the use value of the natural enemy for the target pest was dealt with. Therefore, in our laboratory, we are exploring and developing of the using method of trap plant that can concentrate densities by attracting insect pests. Also, when using a variety of natural enemies in a single plant, we are studying strategies to increase the pest control efficiency by identifying the interraction between natural enemies and determining their amount of releasing.

The potato tuber moth (PTM) is an oligophagous pest on solanaceous crops. We tested adult olfactory behavior and larval development on 5 cultivated tomato varieties leaves including Moneymaker, Campari, Ailsa craig, LA3475 and E6203, and one wild species, S. pimpinellifolium. Bioassay on PTM larvae showed highest developmental performances in Ailsa craig, and lowest in LA3475. Tomato leaf hydro-distilled oils of Moneymaker, Campari, Ailsa craig, S. pimpinellifolium and E6203 showed strong attractiveness and LA3475 exhibited repulsiveness for mated adult PTM of both sexes in two-armed bioassay. The hydro-distilled oils of all tomato leaves contain the fatty acid n-hexadecanoic acid as a major compound. We conformed presence of n-hexandecanoic acid (palmitic acid) in the leaves by GC-MS. LA3475 consists of (1-hexyltetraecyl) cyclohexane (10.5%) as the second major compound which was absent in all other tomato varieties. A standard sample palmitic acid was tested against the pest at 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/ml did not show any significant olfactometer effect. On other hand, phytol showed a weak attractiveness (60.7-63.6%) and (57.6-60.5%) for male and female PTM, respectively at 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/ml. Additionally, SEM of these tomato varieties leaves showed they have trichomes with distinct shapes. We are working on HPLC, and GC-MS analysis of specific chemicals in trichomes of these tomato varieties leaves.

Residual contact vial (RCV) method was used to monitor insecticide resistance in field populations of the melon thrips, Thrips palmi. Median lethal doses (LD50) at 8 h post-treatment of six insecticides (chlorfenapyr, cyantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, emamectin benzoate and spinosad), which are commonly used for T. palmi control, were determined at 8 h post-treatment using a susceptible RDA strain. The diagnostic doses for on-site resistance monitoring of the six insecticides, which were determined as two-fold higher doses of LD90 for the RDA strain, were in the range of 0.299 to 164,25 μg-1cm2. To test the applicability of RCV for T. palmi, insecticide resistance levels in three field populations (Gyeonggi; GG_AS, Chungbuk; CB_CJ, Jeonbuk; JB_KJ) were evaluated. Field populations showed reduced mortality (0-50% mortality) to spinosad, cypermethrin, cyantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate, that they have different degree of resistances to these insecticides. In particular, all test field populations exhibited 0% mortality to spinosad, suggesting wide spread of spinosad resistance in the field. Moreover, no detectable mortality to emamectin benzoate was observed in JB_KJ strain, suggesting uneven distribution of emamectin benzoate resistant population of T. palmi. To provide more precise information on resistance profiles and distribution in T. palmi populations, it would be necessary to conduct a large scale resistance mapping for broad geographical regions.

Small hive beetles (SHBs) are parasites of bee colonies and is one of the invasive pest species worldwide. In this study, we aimed to investigate a chemical responsible for the attractiveness of a hive to this pest. Based on the laboratory observation, we found the fermented pollen dough (honey bee food) was highly attractive to adult SHBs. Olfactometer bioassay showed the crude methanol extract of this material is attractive to both sexes (> 60%). However, the methanol extracts of fresh honey and pollen patty which we used as a food of SHB were not attractive to the pest. The crude methanol extract of fermented pollen dough was subjected to partitioning with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The n-hexane and chloroform fractions were attractive > 80% for both sex SHBs. On the other hand, ethyl acetate and n-butanol were repulsive >70% and >80%, respectively. The wandering larvae of the pest showed a reverse response for the solvent fractions observed in adults. HPLC and GC-MS analysis indicated the methanol extract of fermented pollen dough constitute butanoic acid (7.70%), neopentylamine (7.29%), (E)-9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester (3.89%) and hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester. While these compounds were not found even in a trace level in the methanol extract of honey and pollen patty. Based on this findings these constituents of the fermented pollen dough were formed by the action of SHB and its larvae and we believe these volatile organic compounds are responsible for attractiveness to SHB as pollen dough undergoes attach by SHB and ferment. We are working on investigating attractiveness of each of these chemicals toward the pest. We recommend further work on these chemicals for their application to control this pest.