This study compares and analyzes design status according to the visual, structural, and non-visible characteristics of the Korea One-pyeong Garden Expo, Gyeonggi Garden Culture Expo, and the Seoul Garden Show. The purpose of this study is to identify the design characteristics of the works exhibited at the garden expo and to present the initial study among the case studies conducted in the early stage of the domestic garden expo while providing relevant information to other local governments that will oversee future garden expos. Visual characteristics included plantations, materials, and colors, while structural characteristics included the plane, entrance, moving path, and edge. Non-visible features included the subject and cost. Collectively, garden works used more artificial materials than natural materials. Depending on whether the garden was to be maintained, it was necessary to choose species that were easy to maintain and that met the conditions of growth. Floor materials mainly included crushed stone, soil cement, bark, granite slate, and volcanic stone. Structurally, most gardens contained formal planes, closed entrances, and closed-type boundaries. The circular and regression lines were often transformed into straight or curved lines. Garden themes differed depending on the theme of each garden exposition, but there were also many universal themes (e.g., “resting through the garden”). Costs had not yet been set for the garden exposition’s budget.

The participants in this study recognized English as a global language and also felt obligation to make the Korean language and culture globalized in the future. Further empirical research into identity and EFL learning in Jeju will help to reveal how the increasingly important status of Korean and the Korean language might intertwine with the experience of Korean students who are learning English.

본 연구에서는 정치관련 이슈정보에 대해 기초적인 게임메커닉스를 활용하여 정치인(정당)을 평가하는 블 록제인 기반의 게이미피케이션 시스템과 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 게이미피케이션은 플레이어들의 자발적 참여와 문제해결을 위해 게임적사고와 게임메커닉스(순위표, 점수, 단계, 가상증표, 아이템 등)를 적용하는 개념 이다. 게이미피케이션 연구에서 '플레이어'는 사용자, 관객, 고객, 손님, 구매자, 학습자, 환자, 군인 등을 포괄하므로, 이 논문에서 플레이어는 유권자(혹은 투표자)를 말하고, 이 표현들은 같은 의미로 병기하였다. 게이미피 케이션의 이론배경은 '게임요소'나 MDA프레임워크(게임메커닉스,게임역학,게임미학) 등의 '게임학 연구'를 기반 으로 한다. 이 논문에서는 효율적인 연구를 위해, 우선 기초적인 게임메커닉스만을 정치인(정당)의 성공적인 평가 시스템에 적용하였다. 정치인(정당) 평가에 게이미피케이션를 적용하려는 주목적은, 유권자(투표자)의 자 발적 정치참여를 독려하기 위함이며, 이 논문에서 제안하는 시스템과 방법이 적용된 이슈정보는 더 유익한 플 레이어 경험(PX) 창출에 도움을 줄 것이다. 끝으로, 본 정치 평가 인터렉티브 게임화 시스템과 방법 연구는, 보 안에 취약할 수밖에 없는 웹 또는 앱서비스의 한계를 보완하고자 블록체인을 기반으로 신뢰도를 높이고자 하였다.

It is noted that Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) triggers dental caries establishment by two major factors: the synthesis of organic acids, which demineralize dental enamel, and the synthesis of glucans, which mediate the attachment of bacteria to the tooth surface. Therefore, it is noted that the development of a more effective, substantial and safe preventive agent that works against dental caries and periodontal disease is required at this time. For this reason, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of croton seed ethanol extracts on the growth, acid production, adhesion, and insoluble glucan synthesis of S. mutans. In this case, the ethanol extract of croton seed showed concentration dependent inhibitory activity against the growth, acid production and adhesion of S. mutans. Especially, it is important to note that it has produced significant inhibition at the concentration of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/ml as compared to the control group. Moreover, these results suggest that the application of croton seed extract may be considered to be a useful method for the prevention of dental caries.

수출 시 절화 장미의 재배 및 공선단계의 관행 기술을 개선하고자 수출 절화 장미 ‘Beast’와 ‘Cappucino’의 관행 관리 실태를 조사하였다. 일본으로 장미를 수출하는 파주시와 전주시의 재배농가 농가와 공선장 내 채화와 선별 시 사용하는 관리도구의 청결수준을 조사한 결과, 채화가위, 길이 선별 가위와 장갑과 선별대, 포장 시 사용하는 장갑과 선별대에서 300CFU･mL-1이상의 박테리아수가 검출되었다. 파주시 재배 농가 저온고 내 절화가 담긴 저장수는 2.8×105CFU･mL-1로 박테리아가 검출되었으며, Chrysal RVB clear intensive(Chrysal, Netherlands, 1%)를 사용하는 전주시 농가의 저장수에서는 4.7×105CFU･mL-1로 검출되었다. 파주시 공선장의 수출박스내 박테리아수는 후처리제(Al2O3, pH 4.5)를 사용함에도 불구하고 2.7ⅹ104CFU･mL-1이었다. 한편 파주시 재배농가에서 포장을 마친 국내 생산수출용 ‘Beast’와 ‘Beast’의 가공장미인 매직로즈의 절화보존제(Florallife-Clear200, Oasisfloral, Japan) 유무에 따른 절화수명 연장 효과를 알아보고자 실험한 결과, ‘Beast’의 경우 절화보존제 처리구의 절화수명은 TW에 비해 3일 절화수명을 연장시킬 수 있었다. 반면 매직로즈의 절화수명은 TW와 절화보존제처리 간 유의적 차이가 없었다. 이때 보존용액 내 박테리아수는 ‘Beast’의 경우 TW와 절화보존제 처리구에서 각각 8.1×104, 2.0×103CFU･mL-1이었으며, 매직로즈의 경우 9.9×104, 1.0×103CFU･mL-1이었다. ‘Cappuccino’를 이용하여 국내용 선별 단계(건식운송)와 수출단계(습식운송)를 마친 절화의 절화수명을 조사한 결과, 국내유통용의 절화수명은 8일인 반면 수출용은 12일로, 습식운송했던 수출용 절화가 건식운송한 국내유통용절화보다 4일 길었다. 이에 따른 절화수명종료 현상은 국내유통용처리에서는 꽃목굽음(bent neck)과 꽃잎 탈리 현상이 각각 50%로 나타났고, 수출용처리구에서는 꽃잎탈리는 72.7%, 꽃목굽음은 18.2%이 나타났으며, 국내유통용처리에서 나타나지 않았던 잿빛곰팡이병이 9.1%로 나타났다.

Increased intracellular levels of Ca2+ are generally thought to negatively regulate lipolysis in mature adipocytes, whereas store-operated Ca2+ entry was recently reported to facilitate lipolysis and attenuate lipotoxicity by inducing lipophagy. Transient receptor potential mucolipin1 (TRPML1), a Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channel, is mainly expressed on the lysosomal membrane and plays key roles in lysosomal homeostasis and membrane trafficking. However, the roles of TRPML1 in lipolysis remains unclear. In this study, we examined whether the channel function of TRPML1 induces lipolysis in mature adipocytes. We found that treatment of mature adipocytes with ML-SA1, a specific agonist of TRPML1, solely upregulated extracellular glycerol release, but not to the same extent as isoproterenol. In addition, knockdown of TRPML1 in mature adipocytes significantly reduced autophagic flux, regardless of ML-SA1 treatment. Our findings demonstrate that the channel function of TRPML1 partially contributes to lipid metabolism and autophagic membrane trafficking, suggesting that TRPML1, particularly the channel function of TRPML1, is as therapeutic target molecule for treating obesity.

목적: 한국 폐경기 여성에서 호르몬 관련 요인과 건성안의 연관성에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 본 인구 기반 단면 연구는 제5기 국민건강영양조사(2010-2012)를 완료한 총 4,586명의 폐경기 여성을 대상으로 복합표본설계 프로시저를 구성하여 분석을 시행하였다. 폐경기 여성을 대상으로 건성안 유병 률을 산출하였고, 공변량을 보정한 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하여 내생적 및 외생적 호르몬 관련요인 과 건성안의 연관성을 평가하였다. 결과: 폐경기 여성에서 건성안의 가중된 유병률은 14.2%(95% 신뢰구간: 13.0－15.8)이었다. 사회 인구학 적 요인, 건강행태 요인, 동반질환을 보정한 후에도 경구피임약을 23개월 이상 복용한 경우 건성안 발생 위 험이 1.47배(95% 신뢰구간: 1.03－2.09) 증가하였으며, 여성호르몬제를 36개월 이상 복용한 경우 건성안 발생 위험이 1.70배(95% 신뢰구간: 1.17－2.47) 증가하였다. 결론: 한국 폐경기 여성에서 장기간의 경구피임약과 여성호르몬제의 복용은 건성안의 위험을 유의하게 증가시켰다.

Mycoplasma (M.) felis and M. canis is related with pneumonia or conjunctivitis in domestic cats and several diseases in a variety of other animals, including lower respiratory tract disease or pleuritis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays has been reported as an easy and useful method. It could be conducted even on nasal swab samples as a non-invasive rapid testing tools for large numbers of Mycoplasma species. However, PCR assays have to conduct multiple assays because of a lot of Mycoplasma species. Therefore, it need to perform several tests and reveal time consuming procedures. In this study, we developed a sensitive and specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that detects simultaneously two species like as M. felis and M. canis. The simultaneous detection of M. felis and M. canis primers were used to differentiate two mycoplasma species. The target DNA fragments were specifically amplified M. felis and M. canis PCR with 16S ribosomal DNA primers. Single and mixed Mycoplasma species DNA templates were submitted to validate the specificity of the multiplex PCR. The corresponding specific DNA products were amplified for each pathogen. The detection limit of the developed multiplex PCR is 102 pg with M. felis and M. canis DNA. Furthermore, the developed multiplex PCR detected successfully M. felis in feline nasal specimens. The multiplex PCR assay provides a novel tool for simultaneous detection and differentiation of M. felis and M. canis in cats.

본 연구는 고농도 CO2 환경에 순응한 호접란 유묘의 CO2 교환 및 생장 반응을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 환경 조절이 가능한 식물생장상에서 6주령 호접란 ‘만천홍’을 27주 동안 야간에 각각 400 ± 100, 900 ± 100, 1500 ± 100, 2100 ± 100μmol CO2·mol-1 농도로 유지해주었다. 처리에 앞서 발달해 있었던 최상위 성숙엽으로 측정한 야간 중 CO2 흡수량은 900μmol CO2·mol-1 처리구에서 가장 높았고, 이어 2100, 1500, 400μmol CO2·mol-1 순으로 높았다. 그러나 처리 7주 이후 새로 발달한 성숙엽에서 측정한 결과, 2100μmol CO2·mol-1 처리구가 야간 중 가장 높은 CO2 흡수량을 보였으며, CO2의 흡수량은 처리 CO2 농도가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 생장 반응에서는 최상위 성숙엽의 엽장, 엽폭 및 생체량은 900, 1500, 2100μmol CO2·mol-1 등 고농도 처리구에서 감소하였으나, 신엽 발달은 고농도 CO2 처리 하에서 촉진되었다. 이러한 결과들은 호접란 유묘의 높은 CO2 환경에 대한 적응이 CO2 흡수와 신엽 발달을 증진시킬 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 그러나 900μmol CO2·mol-1 이상의 고농도에서는 잎의 생장과 생체량이 다소 줄어드는 경향이 있어 이에 대한 원인구명 등 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

미디어는 각각 다른 특징을 가진 스토리텔링을 가지고있다. 그 중에서, 게임의 스토리텔링은 비선형적으로, 유저가 스토리에 개입할 수 있는 상호작용이 있다는 점에서 다른 매체의 스토리텔 링과 다르다. 이렇듯 사용자가 스토리에 참여하여 다양하게 전개될 수 있는 스토리텔링을 인터랙 티브 스토리텔링이라 한다. 이러한 스토리텔링은 사용자가 스토리에 참여함으로써 스토리에 더 깊은 몰입감을 느낄 수 있게 된다. 다만 이런 비선형적인 스토리는 사용자에게 자유도를 느낄 수 있게 하지만 사용자의 참여에 따라 스토리가 달라지기 때문에 스토리에 일관성을 유지하기 어렵다. 때문에 자유도와 일관성을 적절히 충족시키기 위해 많은 연구들이 있었으며, 대표적으로 게 임에선 조건 기반 분기 서술방식을 이용하고 있다. 하지만 이런 방식은 스토리 속 사건을 분기에 따라 나누는 사건 중심의 스토리텔링을 기반으로 하기 때문에 캐릭터를 강조하기 위한 캐릭터 중심의 스토리텔링엔 맞지 않다. 본 연구에서는 사건 중심의 분기 서술 방식이 아닌 캐릭터 중심 의 인터랙티브 스토리텔링 저작도구를 제작하고 동화 "선녀와 나무꾼"을 기반으로 한 게임에 적 용해보아 스토리가 어떻게 이어지는지, 스토리 제작할 때 유용한지 실험할 것이다.

Recent findings indicate that Type 2 taste receptors (T2Rs) are expressed outside the gustatory system, including in the gastrointestinal tracts and the exocrine glands, such as the submandibular (SM), parotid (P), lacrimal (L) glands and pancreas (PC). Specifically, T2Rs are found in some of the gastrointestinal endocrine cells, and these cells secreted peptide hormones in response to stimulation by bitter-tasting compounds. The results show that T2Rs may have significant physiological roles besides bitter taste reception. The functions of the T2Rs in the exocrine glands remain poorly understood. An expression levels analysis of T2Rs will help to determine those functions in the exocrine glands. The expression levels of the T2Rs in the exocrine glands were discovered via the qPCR. C57BL/6J mice of 42~60-day-old were used. Messenger RNAs were extracted from S, P, L and PC. Cloned DNAs were synthesized by reverse transcription. Quantitative PCRs were performed using the SYBR Green method. The expression levels of the T2Rs were calculated as relative expression levels to that of the GAPDH. The statistical significance among the observed exocrine glands was tested using the variance analysis (ANOVA test). Tas2r108, out of murine 35 T2Rs, was the most highly expressed in every observed exocrine gland. This finding was similar to previous results from tongue papillae, but the expression levels were lower than those of the tongue papillae. Tas2r137 of SM, P, L and PC were expressed a little lower than that of tongue papillae. The T2Rs in the exocrine glands may play slightly different roles from those in the tongue. We suggest that physiological studies such as a patch clamp and functional Ca2+ imaging of acinar cells are necessary for understanding the Tas2r108 functions.

This study aimed to identify design factors from the female perspective and then propose the implications for landscape design at the Hengshui Lake Park in Hebei Province, China. The Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) was adopted and 27 attributes from seven categories on women’s preferences in spatial cognitions were selected. Results indicated that among 27 factors, women gave more consideration to waterfront spaces, plant colors, restrooms, wheelchair accessibility, sign boards, warning signs, layered planting, historic landscapes, lighting systems, adult entertainment facilities, children's playgrounds, resting places, and pedestrian roads. Among these attributes, relatively dissatisfied ones are layered planting, warning signs, historic landscapes, lighting systems, adult entertainment facilities, sign boards, children's playgrounds, resting places, and pedestrian roads. For women, reasonable information on security, location, and landscape history should be supplied, and various personal, semi-public, and public spaces should be created using layered planting techniques. Based on women's characteristics of accompanying children, playgrounds and educational spaces on their history and culture should be reformed and upgraded.

N-type porous silicon (PS) layers and thermally oxidized PS layers have been characterized by various measuring techniques such as photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy, IR, HRSEM and transmittance measurements. The top surface of PS layer shows a stronger photoluminescence peak than its bottom part, and this is ascribed to the difference in number of fine silicon particles of 2~3 nm in diameter. Observed characteristics of PL spectra are explained in terms of microstructures in the n-type PS layers. Common features for both p-type and n-type PS layers are as follows: the parts which can emit visible photoluminescence are not amorphous, but crystalline, and such parts are composed of nanocrystallites of several nm’s whose orientations are slightly different from Si substrate, and such fine silicon particles absorb much hydrogen atoms near the surfaces. Light emission is strongly dependent on such fine silicon particles. Photoluminescence is due to charge carrier confinement in such three dimensional structure (sponge-like structure). Characteristics of visible light emission from ntype PS can be explained in terms of modification of band structure accompanied by bandgap widening and localized levels in bandstructure. It is also shown that hydrogen and oxygen atoms existing on residual silicon parts play an important role on emission stability.

As the number of SNS(Weibo) users in China is growing rapidly, Chinese fashion brands are heavily dependent on SNSs as a fashion marketing communication tool. For this reason, the characteristics of SNS accounts and their influences on SNS users’ responses need to be studied. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the influences of the characteristics of Chinese fashion brands’ SNS accounts(Weibo) on the perceived usefulness of and satisfaction with the SNS acount, and brand loyalty. Data were collected via a questionnaire survey of men and women living in Beijing or Shanghai aged from 18 to 49 with experience of SNSs(Weibo). After a pilot survey of 70 subjects, the preliminary questionnaire was revised and then translated into Chinese. The questionnaire translated into Chinese was back-translated into Korean to ensure the translation was correct. The final questionnaire was administered to 600 subjects. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, reliability analysis, and structural equation model analysis were conducted for data analysis. The results of this study were as follows: Five factors were extracted for Weibo characteristics: interaction, information provision, information recency, information reliability, and information playfulness. The information reliability, information playfulness, and interaction of SNS accounts(Weibo) had significant influences on perceived usefulness. The information playfulness, information reliability, and information recency showed significant influences on satisfaction. The perceived usefulness exerted significant influences on satisfaction and brand loyalty. The satisfaction also had statistically significant influences on brand loyalty.

Developments in the recent media era has made distortion possible in accordance with changes in the fashion industry as new clothing, technologies, and fusions have become available. Nevertheless, previous studies of specific types of clothing, and their classification for the purpose of research are lacking. Thus, this study examines the development of the Pomme de look and the form of modern variant that appears in fashion clothing and new technologies, and largely examines the clothing case to clean it up. The method employed is leading research that examines the transformation about the concept of the Pomme de look with regard to the fashion about the type of look in the 2000s and onwards. This is organized in accordance with the analytical and physical characteristics, and the esthetic aspects of the results are as follows. The conclusions reached as follows are based on this; first, the physical characteristic manner when based on previous looks, the two-dimensional deformation for making clothes, if there was a simple way, now has more dimensions. Clothes are made in a complex manner and variations emerge. Second, esthetic characteristics strive for beauty while also displaying the modified and more complex manners of clothing that are emerging. Third, the fusion clothing with machines effects to physical and psychological changes through the details about how the sensor is worn. The enemy, the appearance of distortion, and clothing are emerging. This is expected to grow further based on the rapid development of new technologies and the transformation of Pomme de look and design will appear in more varied ways to create a convergence.

The study purpose was to investigate the jacket-fit satisfaction level of men in their 20s and 30s, using body-scanning data and a questionnaire. Thirty-five men were scanned using a 3D body scanner. The participants were divided into three groups (Small, Medium, and Large) based on their chest-circumference measurement. Their levels of satisfaction with the fit of their tailored jacket were compared by group. Chest, waist, and hip circumferences increased substantially as group size increased. The M-group was mostly satisfied with all body-site views. The S-group was especially dissatisfied with height, back width, waist circumference, and upper-arm circumference. The L-group was especially dissatisfied with waist circumference and hip circumference. The majority of the participants preferred the jacket closely fitted to their body. More than half of the participants thought finding a jacket of suitable size was difficult. When purchasing ready-to-wear jackets, the S-group and the M-group considered shoulder width important, while the L-group considered chest circumference the most important area. When evaluating the fit of ready-to-wear jackets, the L-group evaluated chest circumference, back width, and waist circumference as poor fits. The M-group evaluated sleeve length and shoulder width as poor fits, and the S-group agreed with respect to sleeve length. Body-satisfaction levels and matching jacket-satisfaction levels differed by body-size group, as did areas that need improvement. The conclusion is that size-group analysis using 3D body scanning can be utilized effectively for jacket-fit analysis. The findings of the current study can be applied to improving jacket fit among young male consumers.

This study reports the effects of text chat on EFL students’ writing fluency, accuracy, and complexity, investigating whether its effects differ according to the interlocutor. The experimental design employed three text chat groups: one between two nonnative speakers (NNS-NNS); another between a nonnative speaker and a native speaker (NNS-NS); and the other between a nonnative speaker and a nativelike chatbot (NNS-NC). 78 college students of English as a foreign language between 19 to 22 years old were sampled and assigned into the three groups, each consisting of 30, 20, and 28, respectively. Over a 16-week period, they engaged in ten 10-minute-long chat sessions. All groups were tested before and after the treatment. A paired-samples t-test was conducted to compare preand post-test scores as far as fluency, accuracy, and complexity concerned. To find out the differences between mean scores of the groups, a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was run. Results indicated that all three groups showed significant improvement in accuracy while only NNS-NS and NNS-NC groups did in fluency. No effects for complexity were evident. In terms of group differences, no statistical significance was detected. Participants’ perceptions of English learning and text chat positively changed overall. This study has pedagogical implications for EFL teachers, students, and researchers.

월악산 국립공원에서 2009년 1월부터 2013년 12월까지 5년간 낙엽생산량과 낙엽을 통해 임상으로 이입되는 영양염류량을 조사하였다. 잎, 가지, 생식기관, 기타로 분류된 낙엽의 5년간 평균 생산량은 각각 1.940 ±0.21, 0.505 ± 0.15, 0.259 ± 0.09, and 0.737 ± 0.14 t ㏊-1 yr-1 이었으며 낙엽구성원의 비율은 각각 56.4, 14.7, 7.5, 21.4%, 로 잎의 비율이 가장 높았다. 조사기간 동안 생산된 낙엽의 총량은 2009년부터 2013년까지 각각 2.810, 3.796, 3.268, 3.284, 4.045 ton ㏊-1 yr-1 으로, 5년간 평균 3.441 ± 0.49 ton ㏊-1 yr-1의 낙엽이 생산되었다. 조사기간 동안 조사된 낙엽을 통해 입상에 이입되는 질소, 인, 칼륨, 칼슘, 마그네슘의 평균 이입량은 각각 22.73 ± 4.92, 1.05 ± 0.42, 4.26 ± 1.69, 8.48 ± 4.62, 2.42 ± 1.01 ㎏ ㏊-1 yr-1 이었다.

Cu-Fe alloys (CFAs) are much anticipated for use in electrical contacts, magnetic recorders, and sensors. The low cost of Fe has inspired the investigation of these alloys as possible replacements for high-cost Cu-Nb and Cu-Ag alloys. Here, alloys of Cu and Fe having compositions of Cu100-xFex (x = 10, 30, and 50 wt.%) are prepared by gas atomization and characterized microstructurally and structurally based on composition and powder size with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Grain sizes and Fe-rich particle sizes are measured and relationships among composition, powder size, and grain size are established. Same-sized powders of different compositions yield different microstructures, as do differently sized powders of equal composition. No atomic-level alloying is observed in the CFAs under the experimental conditions.