There are some places such as bridges in the heavily industrialized area where the pavement should have a strong resistance against heavy axle loading and waterproof function. In those places, many polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) pavements were applied to protect premature cracking, severe rutting and water intrusion without success. Therefore, a much tougher pavement material with waterproofing function was developed for those places. This study evaluated important properties of the special type asphalt mixture which is highly condensed to be almost void-free condition. A high-quality PMA binder with PG82-34 grade was used for preparing the mixture and the optimum binder content was determined to allow near 0% air void in the mix design. The deformation strength(SD) by Kim Test and rut depth by wheel tracking test were measured at 60℃ as high temperature properties. The flexural strength and fracture toughness was measured at -10℃ as low temperature property. The void-free AC showed the higher performance in all four properties than any other asphalt concretes which were prepared for comparison. Therefore, it was shown that the normal concern about limiting air voids within 3-5% was just an apprehension. The void-free AC can be applied for heavy duty pavement on the bridge where the water-proofing function and higher rutting and cracking resistance are required.

It is well known fact that the filed asphalt mixture is aged in the truck while hauling and queuing for one to four hours before dumping to the hopper of the paver. This aging, which is called short-term aging (STA), affect the physical and mechanical properties of asphalt mixture. For example, the maximum theoretical density of mixture is changed before and after STA. Therefore, when the asphalt mixture specimen is prepared for testing various physical and mechanical properties in laboratory, the mixture should be STA conditioned by a most-likely STA condition of the field. This is the reason why the STA should be performed properly. This study initiated to investigate STA conditioning protocols, set forth many agencies in the world, and to suggest a proper STA protocol which simulates field HMA condition as most likely as possible. According to this study, it was suggested that the blended loose mix for one specimen poured in a canister should be kept in a drying oven (no forced draft) without cap at 163±2℃ and for 70±15 min for normal HMA mix. This protocol was suggested based on that the absolute viscosity level of the recovered binder after STA should be a similar level of the same binder after a standard RTFO run.

In case of performing asphalt pavement overlay on existing concrete pavement layer, applying asphalt emulsion tack-coating or spreading prime-coating is considered to improve adhesion between asphalt and concrete layer. After coating work is done a curing process is considered not only for promoting evaporation process in coated (and/or spread) asphalt emulsion, but also for generating a membrane which can act as a bonding agent. Finally, asphalt overlay construction is performed when this curing process is completely done. However, during asphalt overlay construction process remarkable amount of spread tack-coating layer is lost due to asphalt material transfer vehicles (e.g. trucks, approximately 40~50% of total spread tack coating material is lost). In this paper, a new pavement equipment contains simultaneous asphalt emulsion spreading ability and corresponding construction techniques are introduced. Through applying this equipment, non-stop two step sequent working process: spreading asphalt emulsion on to existing concrete pavement layer then paving asphalt material for overlay construction, is available. During pavement working process temperature of asphalt material was kept with ranged between 130ºC and 170ºC. After performing field performance evaluation, it was found that crucial improvement in pavement layer adhesion, crack and rutting resistant ability were observed compared to the conventional paving method.

Mercury is known as harmful element and significant negative effect on human and living creatures. The current study investigates the effective removal of toxic mercury from aqueous solution by reverse osmosis with low pressure. The various operating conditions as concentration, time and pressure used for the rejection study. The rejection study carried out in both terms as adsorption and pore size for long term (48 h) and achieved 99% mercury rejection. Further, the fouling propensity of membranes was studied and the fouling layer formed on the surface of the membranes was analyzed by the AFM imaging and the flux recovery ratio of the membranes was also calculated. The compatibility, thermal stability, hydrophilicity, surface energy, and morphology of the membranes were systematically investigated.

This study explores sustainability education in textile and apparel (T&A) programs in U.S. higher education institutions. Specifically, the researchers study whether more courses with sustainability focus are offered in higher-ranked institutions and explore whether sustainability is taught more in specific T&A related subject fields. Content analysis was conducted for 3,200 courses found in online course catalogs or the course information sites of 69 institutions. Institutions were selected from the 2015 rankings of the top 50 fashion design and top 50 fashion merchandising schools in the US on www.fashion-schools.org. All cases were coded by two coders with a Cohen’s Kappa score of 97.5%, indicating good interrater reliability. Coded data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and t-tests. The findings show that sustainability is being integrated into the curricula and across courses of T&A programs in the U.S. Over half of the institution surveyed offered at least one sustainability embedded course. Higher ranked institutions provided more sustainability- related courses than power-ranked institutions. A natural match between the subject field and specific sustainability theme was observed (e.g., cultural diversity in history/culture and social psychology/education; recycle/reuse in textile science; sustainability in fashion design; social responsibility and ethics in industry/consumer). The need to introduce sustainability in courses holistically is discussed, whereby sustainability within the industry supply chain is examined in a connected way.

Aronia is difficult to eat because it has a bitter taste, bitter taste, and sour taste. Because processing is essential for eating, quality information suitable for processing is needed. This experiment was carried out to confirm the step suitable for processing. Four grades of ripening were collected from 3 varieties (Viking, Nero, McKenzie) based on color, and compared with samples stored for 2 weeks after harvesting. Physicochemical properties such as color, hardness, sugar content, pH and acidity, functional components such as total polyphenols and flavonoids, and antioxidative activities such as DPPH and ABTS were investigated. When compared according to varieties, the hardness of the first degree was highest in other degrees, Depending on harvest time, first degree was higher than other degrees and it decreased with harvest time. Varieties was not significant different lightness, redness and yellowness value. compared according to harvest time, redness was the highest in second degree and lightness, yellowness decreased with harvest time. sugar content was highest in Nero and Mckenzie, birx value increased significantly of ripening and increased with harvesting time. pH was found to be highest in Nero, acidity value was the highest in viking. DPPH, ABTS radical scavening were Nero varieties had the highest radial scavening and increased significantly as the ripening degree increased. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were found to be highest in Nero, the highest content was showed at the first degree of harvesting. The most suitable stage for the processing was considered to be the best after post harvest treatments considering brix, hardness and acidity.

Vitamin A, particularly all-trans retinol is excellent for anti-aging but is sensitive to oxygen, heat and light and has low solubility in water. In this study, retinol was encapsulated within oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, protein-based particle and cycloamylose(CA). And then, it confirms that retinol contained in each delivery system is stable to UV, pH, and temperature and finally measures bioaccessibility. O/W emulsion was compared according to the type and concentration of emulsifier. UV stability of retinol increased with increasing oil concentration. More than 10 wt% of oil was required to maintain stable retinol (50% residual after 24 hours of irradiation). Using anionic emulsifier, retinol had unstable storage stability regardless of oil concentration and temperature. Protein based particle was compared according to the type of stabilizer and polysaccharide. UV stability of retinol was highest in pectin-coated particles. However, 20% retinol remains after 6 hours of irradiation and is vulnerable to UV compared to other delivery systems. In pH stability, pectin-coated particles also stably retained retinol. Inclusion complex of retinol and CA was compared according to the concentration of CA. When CA was used, the residual amount of retinol to UV was high (50% residual after 24 hours of irradiation) regardless of the concentration of the host molecule. In the case of storage stability, retinol remained significantly higher regardless of temperature when cycloamylose was used. It was finally confirmed bioaccessibility each of retinol delivery system. O/W emulsion was determined by emulsifier type, protein-based particle by coating agent, and inclusion complex by CA concentration. All O / W emulsions retained more than 50% retinol, protein based particles retained more than 80% retinol, and inclusion complex retained more than 70% retinol. The bioaccessibility of pure retinol is about 20%. This study provides important information for designing effective delivery systems for improving the stability of retinol.

Amylose is carbohydrate polymer defined as a linear natural polysaccharide composed of α(1→4) bound glucose units. Due to its abundance, renewable nature, low cost, and biodegradability, this polymer is regarded as a promising green material for producing crystals and particles of different sizes ranging from the nanometer scale to the micrometer scale. Herein, short amylose chains and dextran-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Dex@IONPs) were introduced to fabricate well-dispersed starch magnetic microbeads (SMMBs), which have a well-defined spherical shape and a uniform size of about 1 μm. We found that the aggregation of SMMBs can be mediated by the introduced Dex@IONPs in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that Dex@MNPs, as the seed crystals, play an important role in self-assembly of SMMBSs. By using streptococcal protein G tagged with maltose binding protein (MBP-SPG), specific antibody against Escherichia coli O157:H7 was successfully immobilized on the surface of SMMBs. The Ab-functionalized SMMBs showed a high capture efficiency (>90%) comparable to the commercial immunomagnetic microparticles regardless of suspending agents (1X PBS and milk). Moreover, SMMBs exhibited excellent recyclability, in which the Ab immobilized on the surface of SMMBs can be refreshed by using the maltose elution buffer along with the unchanged capture efficiency. In addition, SMMBSs were assembled into the linear rod-shape microstructure by the introduced magnetic field during the amylose-mediated precipitation process. The convenient self-assembly of SMMBs with the well-defined size and shape, biocompatibility, tolerance to environmental variances, high magnetic response behavior, and excellent recyclability in the functionalization make these magnetic microparticles promising for many potential applications such as bio-sensing, labeling, and smart delivery of active compounds.

The outbreaks of foodborne diseases associated with bacterial contamination are still critical issues all over the world. To ensure food safety, the diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria on site at early state of contamination are required. Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. Coli O157:H7) is one of the major factor causing foodborne diseases. We introduce a sandwich type colorimetric detection method integrated with chitosan-coated starch magnetic polymer beads(CS@SMBs) that can separate and concentrate bacteria in aqueous environment. For signal amplification, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody (HRP-Antibody) and 3,3',5,5'- tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) were employed as enzyme label and chromogenic substrate, respectively. We demonstrate that CS@SMBs not only show a good magnetic sensitivity, but also can capture a variety of bacteria regardless of Gram-negative and Gram-positive, which offer possibility for separation of the broad range of bacteria from food matrix. Our approach successfully captures E. coli O157:H7 with detection limit of 101 CFU/mL through naked eye, making promise of fast, on-site, and sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria.

Astaxanthin(Ast) is considered a powerful antioxidant. However, the efficacy of Ast is limited due to its poor water solubility and stability. To enhance the properties of Ast, 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin(HPγ-CyD) can be used through complexation. In this study, we investigated the wound healing ability of Ast/HP-γCyD(Ast/HP-γ-CyD) complex in sacran-based hydrogel. HP-γ-CyD played an important role to increase the elastic modulus of the sacran-based hydrogel with high swelling ability. Unusually, the Ast/HP-γ-CyD complex in sacran-based hydrogel provided the highest wound healing ability in mice. These results suggest that the Ast/HP-γ-CyD complex in sacran-based hydrogel has the potential for use as a new transdermal therapeutic system to promote the wound-healing process

Carnosic acid from rosemary extract is one of the natural phenolic compounds which show the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Nevertheless, the use of rosemary extracts in food matrix is highly limited due to the low water solubility and poor chemical stability of active constituents of extract. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the functionality and effect of starch based polymers on rosemary extract in aqueous solution for improving their efficiency of food application. To manufacture the rosemary-starch polymer complex, starch based polymers (cycloamylose; CA, cyclodextrin; CD, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; HP-b-CD, maltodextrin; MD, clustered dextrin; ClusD) were firstly dispersed in 5mM phosphate buffer (pH7) according to each concentrations. Rosemary extract was then dissolved in solution to react with the polymers. Enhanced water solubility of rosemary extract was measured using a spectrophotometer. Antioxidant (ABTS assay) & antimicrobial activity (MIC test) were also tested. In aqueous solution containing CD and HP-b-CD, the solubility of rosemary extract increased almost twice or more (189% and 248% respectively). CA, MD, and ClusD solutions also showed the results of increasing the solubility about 126%~129%. As rosemary extract dissolved better, it was also found to have increased antioxidant and antibacterial activity of rosemary-starch polymer complex. Especially, the degree of antioxidant activity has been increased much larger than the increased solubility level. Consequently, more studies are needed to determine why these results are produced. If further studies and experiments are conducted on this, it could be beneficial for food industry interested in utilizing rosemary extract.

A quality of forage under optimal condition needs to be evaluated because an optimal condition for high productivity does not guarantee high quality product. In this study, we aimed at investigating a quality of barley grown under optimal conditions for maximizing productivity by comparing its ingredient contents with those under other conditions in plant factory-type fresh forage growing system. To compare the ingredient in barley grown at 4 conditions, we used multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc test. The optimal growth condition (20 and 63% of humidity) was applied to the first group (group 1), while other groups were cultivated under 20 / 90% (group 2), 18 / 63% (group 3), and 23 / 63% (group 4). In the analysis, contents of ingredients in each sample were measured at two parts, i.e., roots and shoots. Result showed that roots included 86.68% of moisture, 1.86% of crude-protein, 0.58% of crude-fat, 2.13% of crude-fiber, 195.78 ppm of minerals, and 231.48 μmol/g of amino acids. For shoots, 92.42% of moisture, 2.52% of crude-protein, 0.16% of crude-fat, 1.86% of crude-fiber, 263.78 ppm of minerals, and 208.34 μmol/g of amino acids were contained. When comparing by groups, moisture, crude-fat, and some minerals (Fe, Na, and P) were not significantly different by groups. In contrast, crude-protein, crude-fiber, and few minerals (Ca and K) were different. Overall, the variation in total amount of ingredient was less than 20% among groups, suggesting quality of barley under optimal conditions for productivity was acceptable. In conclusion, the optimal condition for yielding maximal productivity maintains barley quality, but an operating conditions needs to be changed when emphasizing functional aspect of forage.

Different strategies are studied to incorporate lipid-soluble bioactive molecules into water-based food systems. However, these systems solely cannot protect the core compound through the storage period, especially when the core is exposed to environmental stress factors. Water soluble fraction of the crude extract from Enteromorpha prolifera was analyzed for its physicochemical characteristics including chemical composition, structure, rheological and thermal properties. The extract was added to O/W emulsion system containing retinol and stabilized with Tween 20, WPI and sodium caseinate to improve storage stability through different modes of action; as a chelator of metal ions and as a scavenger of radicals. Storage stability was mainly determined by zeta potential, particle size distribution, and retinol retention. The water-soluble extract of E.prolifera mainly consisted of anionic polysaccharide, while impurities of protein, mineral and other pigments were present. Mode of action analysis showed that the extracts had both ferrous ion chelating ability(EC50=0.67%) and free radical scavenging ability(EC50=0.23%), indicating a multifunctioning mechanism of the heterogeneous extract. Addition of extract (0.1%~1% in total emulsion) did not affect the physical stability during 1 week storage. Protective materials are often added to food systems to improve the stability of core materials but excessive use of additives may be repulsive to consumers. In contrast, the optimum concentration range of E.prolifera extract is much lower compared to that of conventional usage of other materials and has lower toxicity to that of strong chelators while providing effective protection.

이 연구는 데렉 마혼의 시 세계가 역사에 대한 시인의 죄의식과 시인의 책임감을 거쳐 예술의 자율성에 대한 추구로 발전되었음을 고찰한다. 첫째, 마혼은 개신교도로서 북아일랜드 사태에 대한 죄책감을 경험하는데, 이것이 그의 시의 기저를 이룬다. 둘째, 이러한 죄책감에 기인하여 마혼은 아일랜드뿐만 아니라 세계 역사에서 희생된 이들에 대한 관심을 표현하며 시인으로서의 책무를 수행한다. 마지막으로, 마혼은 엑프래시스의 독특한 시적 형식과 빛의 이미지를 사용하여 초월성 및 예술의 자율성을 추구한다.

This paper provided the information related to the removal of 2,4,6-tribromophenol using in-situ and stable liquid ferrates(VI). This research’s goal was to observe the differences of oxidation power between in-situ liquid ferrate(VI) and stable liquid ferrate(VI). The in-situ liquid ferrate(VI) (FeO4 2-) has been successfully produced with the concentration 42,000 ppm (Fe) after 11 minutes of reaction time. The stable liquid ferrate(VI) was also successfully produced following the modification method by Sharma with the produced concentrations 7,000 ppm. The stable liquid ferrate(VI) was stable for 44 days and slightly decreased afterwards. This research has been carried out using 2,4,6-tribromophenol as the representative compound. Both of ferrates(VI) have the highest oxidation capability at the neutral condition. Furthermore, the stable liquid ferrate(VI) has higher oxidation power than the in-situ liquid ferrate(VI).

본 연구에서는 김치 제조시 철저한 재료 세척의 필요성을 확인하고, 더불어 비가열 식품인 김치의 위생 안전성 실태를 파악하여 효율적 미생물 저감화 방안을 마련하고자 국내에서 유통되는 김치 원·부재료 200건의 세척 전과 후의 비교분석과 시판 김치 100건에 대하여 미생물 분석을 실시하였다. 김치 원·부재료 및 완제품에 대하여 일반 세균수, 대장균 및 대장균군을 모니터링 하였으며, 병원성 미생물 9종(Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens 정성·정 량, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes 정성)을 분석 하였다. 모니터링 결과, 김치 원· 부재료 및 완제품에서 일반세균은 1.4~9.0 log CFU/g 수준 으로 확인되었으며, 원·부재료 중 생강에서 8.8 log CFU/g, 완제품 중 총각김치에서 9.0 log CFU/g으로 일반세균이 가장 높게 나타났다. 대장균군은 0.5~7.3 log CFU/g으로 확 인되었으며, 생강에서 7.3 log CFU/g으로 가장 높게 나타 났고, 병원성 미생물 9종의 분석결과, Bacillus cereus를 제 외한 나머지 8종의 식중독균은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았다. 김치 제조 시 사용되는 김치 원·부재료들의 세척 공정 후 미생물 수는 일반세균수 0.2~3.2 log CFU/g, 대장 균군 0.3~2.7 log CFU/g, Bacillus cereus 1.0~3.9 log CFU/g 감소하였다. 따라서, 김치 원·부재료의 세척 공정으로 미생물 오염도를 감소 시켰으며, 이 결과를 통하여 김치 완 제품의 위생 및 저장성 증진에 기여 할 수 있을 것으로 확인되었다.

Morphological differences in multi-layered graphene flakes or graphene nanoplatelets prepared by oxidative (rGO-NP, reduced graphene oxide-nanoplatelets) and non-oxidative (GIC-NP, graphite intercalation compound-nanoplatelets) routes were investigated with various analytical methods. Both types of NPs have similar specific surface areas but very different structural differences. Therefore, this study proposes an effective and simple method to identify structural differences in graphene-like allotropes. The adsorptive potential peaks of rGO-NP attained by the density functional theory method were found to be more scattered over the basal and non-basal regions than those of GIC-NP. Raman spectra and high resolution TEM images showed more distinctive crystallographic defects in the rGO-NP than in the GIC-NP. Because the R-ratio values of the edge and basal plane of the sample were maintained and relatively similar in the rGO-NP (0.944 for edge & 1.026 for basal), the discrepancy between those values in the GIC-NP were found to be much greater (0.918 for edge & 0.164 for basal). The electrical conductivity results showed a remarkable gap between the rGO-NP and GIC-NP attributed to their inherent morphological and crystallographic properties.