Recently, as the complexity of system becomes increased, it becomes important to manage, track, and control the configuration information of various assets of complex systems such as plant and factory over system lifecycle. We call it configuration management (CM). CM enables us to establish and maintain the consistency of a system’s functional and physical attributes with its design requirements, and operational information throughout its lifecycle. In this study, we look through the main concept of CM and relevant research works. Also, we address the CM processes suitable to small-and-medium sized plant in terms of modeling viewpoint.

Royal jelly (RJ) is a well-known functional and medicinal food for human health promotion. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), which are the major protein components in RJ, exhibit antimicrobial activities. However, the identities of the MRJPs of RJ responsible for its antioxidant effects have remained unclear. Here, we report that honeybee (Apis cerana) MRJP 2 (AcMRJP2) acts as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent in RJ. Using recombinant AcMRJP2, which was produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells, we established the antimicrobial and antioxidant roles of MRJP 2. AcMRJP2 bound to the surfaces of bacteria, fungi, and yeast, which then induced structural damage in the microbial cell walls and led to a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. AcMRJP2 protected mammalian and insect cells via the direct shielding of the cell against oxidative stress, which led to reduced levels of caspase-3 activity and oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis, followed by increased cell viability. Moreover, AcMRJP2 exhibited DNA protection activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our data indicate that AcMRJP2 could play a crucial role as an antimicrobial agent and antioxidant in RJ, suggesting that MRJP 2 is a component responsible for the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of RJ.

Cymbidium flower is mainly grown for exportation to China and Japan, but detection of a few pests including the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphidae), necessitated post-harvest treatment for casual exportation. Thus, we irradiated electron beam to cotton aphids occurring in cymbidium to establish post-harvest method for casual exportation of the flowers. For cymbidium, six categories of product quality were examined after eight different doses were irradiated (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800 and 1,000 Gy). One thousand Gy to cymbidium caused an extreme deterioration only in vase life in both colors compared to control (0 Gy). In the case of cotton aphids, adult longevity decreased from 11.23 (100 Gy) to 4.70 (400 Gy) when four different doses were irradiated (100, 200, 300, and 400 Gy), with control being an average of 20.89 days. The numbers of total first instar nymph produced per adult was not significantly differed among five doses (2.21 ~ 2.74 individuals), but was substantially lower compared to control (an average of 51.46; P < 0.0001). Live F1 nymphs did not develope to adults at all five doses, except for a single nymph at 100 Gy, which was dead right after emergence. The results of probit analysis indicated that majority of adults required 3.33 ~ 7.55 days for 90% mortality at 200 Gy and higher, but at 100 Gy it required 41.56 days. Therefore, higher than 100 Gy might be required for complete control of adult cotton aphids and their F1.

Momordica charantia is therophyte vine plants. It is called natural insulin and contains carantine and vitamin C and so on. Momordica charantia is one of the representative subtropical crops as a functional crop, showing efficacy on improvement of diabetes, cancer, abdominal obesity and improvement of hypertension. According to climate change, Momordica charantia is growing cultivation area, but there is still insufficient research for insect pest occurrence and insecticides. Due to the lack of proper control measures, the damage caused by insect pests is increasing as the year goes by. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence and damage of insect pests in Momordica charantia and utilize it as basic data for development of insect pest control technology. As a result, 5 orders of 13 species of insect pests were investicated. Among them, Aphis gossypii, Frankliniella intonsa, and Frankliniella occidentalis showed high density. In particular, Aphis gossypii showed the highest density in mid-May, also Frankliniella intonsa and Frankliniella occidentalis showed high density in the middle of June. The leaf damage caused by the larvae of Palpita indica was observed in late June. After mid July, the biginning of the high temperature period, the insect pest density decreased, but the damages caused by moths were severe.

The black-veined white, Aporia crataegi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), which is distributed mainly in Eastern Asia is presumed to be extinct in South Korea, only with some numbers of dried specimens left, whereas the species is found casually in circumferential countries. One of the common conservation practices for such species is to launch introduction program, but prior population genetic analysis between donor and donee populations might be essential for long-term conservation. In this study, we developed 11 microsatellite markers specific to A. crataegi using Illumina paired-end sequencing to investigate the genetic relationships of A. crataegi populations from South Korea and circumferential Asian countries (China, Russia, Mongolia, and Japan). Further, two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene segments (COI and CytB) were sequenced from the samples. The population- and individual-based Principal Coordinates and STRUCTURE analyses collectively suggested that the South Korean population of A. crataegi is most differentiated from the Japanese population, whereas it was closer to Mongolian and Chinese populations. The STRUCTURE analysis based on two concatenated mtDNA gene sequences also supported different genetic composition of Japanese population from the remaining populations including that of South Korea and rather similar genetic composition between the populations of South Korea and Mongolia. These results collectively suggest that northern populations, in particular, Mongolian populations can be considered as the most genetically compatible one as doner population, when reintroduction program is launched.

나무이는 감귤그린병, 제브라칩병과 같은 식물병원균의 매개충이 되는 경제적으로 중요한 해충그룹으로서, 귤나무이(Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)는 감귤산업에 큰 피해를 주는 감귤그린병(Citrus Huanglongbing Disease)을 매개하여 전 세계적으로 문제가 되고 있다. 최근 기후 온난화로 귤나무이가 유입될시 제주도를 비롯한 남부지방에서도 하우스 재배 감귤에는 충분히 월동 가능할 것으로 분석된다(감귤연구소, 2015).제주도지역이 경우, 묘목 수입에 의하여 전파될 가능성이 가장 클 것으로 예상된다. 이에 국내 유입 대비를 위한 예찰방법 및 동정법 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 제주도 지역을 2016년부터 현재까지 43지점을 조사한 결과, 18종의 나무이와 14종의 기주식물을 확인되었다. 또한 실내사육을 통해서 생육단계별 생태사진과 동정에 필요한 암수 생식기 표본, DNA 염기서열을 확보하였다. 현재까지 운향과를 기주로하는 나무이는 발견되지 않았으며 귤나무이 또한 발견되지 않았다.

Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) can be transmitted permanently to potato plants by only several species of aphids. Myzuz persicae (Sulzer) is well-known to having the highest transmitting capability of PLRV. In order to investigate the PLRV transmission of aphids migrated to highland area in 2018, aphids caught in the yellow water-pan trap were inoculated on the young leaf of indicator plant, Physalis floridana, and inspected by visually and ELISA after 2~4 weeks. As a result, 2.8% of the totally migrated aphids showed virus infected symptom on the indicator plant. PLRV transmission rate of M. persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae was 15.4% and 9.1%, respectively. Also, seven aphids out of 265 unidentified aphids showed PLRV symptom in the leaves. PLRV-borne aphids started to fly into the fields from late May, and the virus infection rate was highest of 10.4% in mid-June. M. persicae caught in mid-June showed higher infection rate of 46.7%, but unidentified aphid of 8.3%. Compared with past years, PLRV transmission rate in 2018 has slightly dropped.

The tribe Cyllodini is reviewed as 10 species of three genera from Korea, including two new species Pallodes sp. nov. and Cyllodes sp. nov. and one newly recorded species Neopallodes vicinus Grouvelle 1892. A key to species from Korea, comments on external and genital structures, biology, illustrations of structures, including the genitalia of both male and female of the Korean Cyllodini species are provided.

Bombyx mandarina (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is generally regarded as the ancestor of the domesticated B. mori. Recently, over 40 mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) mainly from B. mori strains preserved in China and wild individuals of B. mandarina were sequenced to verify the progenitor of B. mori. At this point, we also were curious about the origin and the relationships of Korean silkworms to foreign B. mandarina and B. mori. As a first step, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of the B. mandarina collected in Korea and compared it to pre-exsiting data (37 strains of B. mori and 14 individuals of B. mandarina). The complete mitogenome of B. mandarina was 15,694-bp long, consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and one non-coding region. The 494-bp long A+T-rich region possessed the highest A/T content (95.3%) than any other region of the genome. Overall, the general mitogenome characteristics of the genus Bombyx species have an identical gene arrangement, similar A/ T content (average 82.3%) and so on. Phylogenetic analysis, however, showed that B. mori and B. mandarina formed a distant group each with the highest nodal support. For more findings of mitogenome characteristics of Bombyx including the Korean B. mandarina and those preserved in Korea more mitogenomes, particularly from Korea, might be needed.

The genus Diadegma is a well-known parasitoid group and some are known to have symbiotic virus so called polydnavirus (PDV, more specifically Ichnovirus, IV). The presence of the IV in the Diadegma species a has already been identified more than a decade ago. Previously we reported a DfIV, 62 genomic segments, 247kb from D. fenestrale which parasitized wide range of lepidopteran species (Generalist). However, DsIV from D. semiclausum which parasitized in the P. xylostella (Specialist) has 48 genomic segments, 208kb. Finally, 123 ORFs were re-annotated (repeat element protein, 41; cysteine motif protein, 11; viral innexin, 6; viral ankyrin, 8; polar residue rich protein, 7; N gene, 3; Neuromodulin protein, 2 and not assigned gene, 45). DsIV also have most of lepidopteran immunosuppression gene families and 103 ORFs annotated (repeat element protein, 36; cysteine motif protein, 8; viral innexin, 7; viral ankyrin, 6; polar residue rich protein, 7; N gene, 3; and not assigned gene, 36). Certainly, although viral species specific segments exists, two IVs showed high similarity in most of segments. However DfIV have some more number of that genes such as cysteine motif protein and viral ankyrin. Two Diadegma species also showed difference in mitochondrial genome structure. Therefore we concluded that two species has their own evolutionary linage depending on the lepidopteran hosts with its own symbiotic virus.

Residual contact vial (RCV) method was used to monitor insecticide resistance in field populations of the melon thrips, Thrips palmi. Median lethal doses (LD50) at 8 h post-treatment of six insecticides (chlorfenapyr, cyantraniliprole, cypermethrin, dinotefuran, emamectin benzoate and spinosad), which are commonly used for T. palmi control, were determined at 8 h post-treatment using a susceptible RDA strain. The diagnostic doses for on-site resistance monitoring of the six insecticides, which were determined as two-fold higher doses of LD90 for the RDA strain, were in the range of 0.299 to 164,25 μg-1cm2. To test the applicability of RCV for T. palmi, insecticide resistance levels in three field populations (Gyeonggi; GG_AS, Chungbuk; CB_CJ, Jeonbuk; JB_KJ) were evaluated. Field populations showed reduced mortality (0-50% mortality) to spinosad, cypermethrin, cyantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate, that they have different degree of resistances to these insecticides. In particular, all test field populations exhibited 0% mortality to spinosad, suggesting wide spread of spinosad resistance in the field. Moreover, no detectable mortality to emamectin benzoate was observed in JB_KJ strain, suggesting uneven distribution of emamectin benzoate resistant population of T. palmi. To provide more precise information on resistance profiles and distribution in T. palmi populations, it would be necessary to conduct a large scale resistance mapping for broad geographical regions.

Avermectin produced by Streptomyces avermitilis is an anti-nematodal agent against the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. However, its potential usage is limited by its poor water solubility. For this reason, continuous efforts are underway to produce new derivatives that are more water soluble. Glycosylation is generally used to enhance the aqueous solubility and biological activity of natural compounds. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase (BLC) from Bacillus licheniformis is involved in the biosynthesis of the bioactive compound by transferring UDP-activated sugar moieties to acceptor molecules. Here, the enzymatic glycosylation of avermectin was catalyzed by uridine diphosphate (UDP) glycosyltransferase from Bacillus licheniformis with various UDP-sugars. As a result, the following four avermectin B1a glycosides were produced: avermectin B1a 4’’-β-D-glucoside, avermectin B1a 4’’-β-D-galactoside, avermectin B1a 4’’-β-L-fucoside and avermectin B1a 4’’-β-2-deoxy-D-glucoside. The avermectin B1a glycosides were structurally analyzed based on HR-ESIMS, 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The solubility of avermectin B1a4’’-β-D-glucoside and avermectin B1a4’’-β-D-galactoside in water are 49 and 21 times higher than that of avermectin B1a. Consistent with the improved water solubility of avermectin glycosides, the anti-nematodal effect of avermectin B1a4’’-β-D-glucoside was found to exhibit the highest activity,which was approximately 32 times greater than that of avermectin B1a, followed by avermectin B1a 4’’-β-2-deoxy-D-glucoside, avermectin B1a 4’’-β-L-fucoside, and avermectin B1a 4’’-β-D-galactoside. These results show that glycosylation of avermectinB1a effectively enhances itsin vitro anti-nematodal activity and that avermectin glycosides can be further applied for treating infestations of the pine wood nematode B. xylophilus.