Of the daily noises, construction noises cause serious conflicts between a construction firm and residents due to their high sound pressure level and shocking, repetitive sound. While South Korea regulates construction noises on the basis of legal criteria to minimize the damage from the noises, the regulation only involves a weighted sound level (dB(A)), which is loudness, like other types of noises. However, since construction noises are characterized by very diverse spectra and waveforms, it has been indicated that they cannot be reflected only by physical loudness: SPLdB(A). In addition, the need to reflect acoustic psychological characteristics and meanings of human beings in evaluating construction noises has recently been indicated. This study aimed to use six Zwicker parameters to determine the sound quality and acoustic psychological characteristics of construction noises and analyze the correlation between physical indexes of construction noises, as found in literature review, and the Zwicker parameters. Loudness of construction noises were closely correlated with SPLdB(A); shocking noises were perceived as ‘loud, sharp, and annoying’ sound. The Zwicker parameters were most strongly correlated with loudness, followed by unbiased annoyance and sharpness, among the evaluation indexes; as for correlation with construction noises, ‘normal noises’ were closely correlated with loudness, ‘shocking noises’ were closely correlated with loudness, unbiased annoyance, and sharpness, and ‘fluctuating noises’ were closely correlated with loudness. Therefore, if loudness, unbiased annoyance, and sharpness were taken into account in terms of the sound quality in evaluating construction noises, it is expected to be useful to make and revise criteria for regulating the noises.

국내 건설산업이 4차 산업혁명의 급속한 변화에 따라 겪는 어려움은 한층 심화 되고 있는 실정이다. 건설공사는 그 특성상 계약 당시에 확정하기 곤란한 요소들이 내재하고 있는 경우가 많아 시공과정에서 예상치 못한 돌발 상황이 야기 되거나 허가된 설계도서. 일반, 특기 시방서와 공사현장과 괴리, 공사도급 계약서의 내용에 대한 해석의 상반된 의견 등으로 인한 초기 분쟁 가능성이 크다. 국내 건설시장에서 빈번하게 발생하는 민간 사업자 또는 공공공사 발주자와 건설시공사 간의 발생하는 분쟁 배경요인은 기본 설계도서의 미완성된 설계도서로 입찰에 참여하게 하고 있다. 특히 공사 기간 단축을 위한 Fast Track 기법도입에 의한 도급계약 체결로 발주자는 건설회사에 공사 기간, 공사비 부담을 전가 하고 있는 경우가 발생하고 있다. 건설업체는 건설공사 수주를 위한 입찰준비 시간의 절대적인 부족, 기술자의 적산 및 견적에 대한 역량 부족, 숙련된 신기술 부족, 다양한 공사실적 부족, 기술자의 경험 부족 등으로 어려움에 봉착하고 있다. 또 다른 문제는 민간, 정부 기관에서는 최저가, 실적단가, 표준시장 단가의 도입으로 건설업계의 혼란을 가중하고 있고, 건설기술자들 역시 정부의 시책에 따른 발 빠른 움직임에 대처하지 못한 상황까지 이르렀다. 건설업체는 민간사업자 또는 공공공사 발주자와의 공사 도급 계약 체결 이후 목적물인 건축물을 착공하여 시공하고 사용승인 절차까지 수행한다. 건설사업을 수행하는 과정에서 민간공사에서는 야간 돌관공사, 구두지시에 의한 설계변경, 예기치 않은 안전사고, 인접 건물의 민원으로 인한 공사 지연 등이 분쟁의 원인이 발생하며, 공공공사에서는 발주자의 목적건축물의 예산, 사업비 부족, 공법의 변경, 신기술의 적용으로 인한 공기 지연, 차수별 공사계약, 장기계약, 공기 지연에 따른 간접비 등으로 다양하고 복잡한 내용으로 인하여 분쟁의 울타리 안에서 발주자와 수급자인 건설업체 사이에서 갈등이 생기게 된다. 이러한 갈등은 하자, 미시공, 부실시공이 발생하여 이의제기를 시작하여 분쟁의 쟁점까지 이르게 되어 대한 상사 중재원의 중재 또는 1차 법원 민사 소송 사건이 발생하고 당사자 각자의 주장을 펼치기도 한다. 건설 분쟁 금액에 따라 소송사건은 소액사건부터 고액사건까지 법원에 등록된 전문 감정인을 통하여 공사 감정을 진행하기도 한다. 이의제기나 분쟁 발생을 방지하기 위해서는 건설업체와 민간사업자 또는 공공공사 발주자의 건설공사 표준 도급 계약서(국가를 당사자로 하는 계약에 관한 법률 시행규칙 별표 7호 서식) 및 민간 건설 표준도급 계약서 및 민간건설공사 표준도급계약 일반조건, 특수조건에 의거 추가공사비, 공기 연장에 따르는 간접 비용에 대한 충분한 자료 등을 기술하고 첨부한 처분문서로서 도급계약을 체결하여야만 건설 분쟁에서 벗어날 수 있다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of underwater noise caused by pile driving during marine construction on fish. In this study, the three gray rockfish were released about 1 km away from the construction site of wind power generation on July 18, 2018 and traced using two acoustic telemetry techniques. The behavior of the fish was analyzed by calculating the moving distance, swimming speed and direction of the gray rockfish. In the results of the acoustic tracking using the ship, the rockfish moved about 2.11 km for about two hours at a speed of 0.28 ± 0.14 m/s (0.94 TL/s). The bottom depth of the trajectory of the rockfish was 1.0 ± 0.6 m on average. There was a significant directionality in swimming direction of the gray rockfish, and there was no significant correlation between the swimming direction and tidal current direction. Moving distance during 5 minutes (5MD) during pile driving and finishing operations between rock surface and bedrock were 0.94-0.96 times (76.0-77.0 m) and 1.81-2.73 times (146.0-219.5 m), respectively, compared with no pile driving. This study is expected to be used as a basic data of fish behavior research on underwater noise.

Noises in each construction field cause residents in the neighborhood to make complaints due to their high sound pressure level and repetitive, shocking sound. While South Korea regulates construction noises on the basis of legal criteria to minimize the damage from the noises, the regulation only involves a weighted sound level (dB(A)), which is loudness, like other types of noises. It is therefore necessary to make typology of construction noise sources and evaluation vocabularies with the objective of making criteria for regulating construction noises suitable for the South Korean situation. While research based on a survey has been conducted to make typology of construction noise sources and evaluation vocabularies, there have been lots of difficulties in using it to make criteria for regulation because no consideration was given to psychological responses of people. On the basis of the findings from literature review, this study aimed to make typology of construction noise sources and vocabularies through a psycho-acoustic experiment and analyze the psychological characteristics and meanings of construction noises more accurately. The respondents’ psychological responses to construction noise sources were grouped into three factors ‘normal, shocking, and fluctuating noises’ and into ― ― six factors ‘annoying,’ ‘loud,’ ‘confusing,’ ‘noisy,’ ‘alarming,’ and ‘boisterous’ in terms of evaluation ― ― vocabularies. Since the factor with the biggest eigenvalue drawn from the respondents’ psychological responses is most important, the most important influential factor in evaluating construction noises was ‘normal noises’ for construction noise sources and ‘annoyance’ for evaluation vocabularies. This typology is expected to be useful to make and revise criteria for regulating construction noises.

This study analyzed the water quality characteristics and developed empirical models prior to and after the construction of Baekje Weir, in the Geum River watershed between 2004-2017. The comparative evaluation of the surface water chemistry before and after the four major river projects on the weirs indicated that total phosphorus (TP), based on annual data, rapidly decrease after the construction of the weir while the total nitrogen (TN) decreased. Conversely, chlorophyll-a (CHL) concentration, which is a good indicator of primary productivity, increased after the construction of the weir together with an increase in specific conductivity. Simply put, the construction of the weir led to the decrease in concentrations of N and P due to the increased water residence time (WRT), whereas the CHL : TP ratio greatly increased in magnitude. The regression analysis of the empirical model indicated that CHL had no significant relation (r=0.068, p=0.6102, n=58) with TP before the weir construction, but had a relation with TP after the weir construction (r=0.286, p<0.05, n=56). Therefore, such conditions resulted in an increase in primary productivity on a given unit of phosphorus, resulting in frequent algal blooms. In contrast, seasonal suspended solids (SS) and TP increased during the monsoon period, compared to the pre-monsoon, thereby showing positive correlations (r>0.40, p<0.01, n=163) with precipitation. If the government consistently discharges water from the weir, the phosphorus concentration will be increased due to its reversion to a lotic waterbody from a lentic waterbody hereby reducing algal blooms in the future.

PURPOSES : With the recent change to domestic and overseas construction technologies, which led to the adoption and application of threedimensional building information management (BIM), a BIM output delivery operation system is needed for the civil engineering infrastructure category. This study analyzes the domestic and overseas BIM-order placement, BIM-related guidelines/guides, and the BIM output delivery system for the road construction project category to present guideline development measures for BIM output writing and delivery. METHODS: This study surveys and analyzes the domestic BIM-related research trends to examine the domestic-infrastructure BIM-order placement situations in public ordering agencies. Additionally, it analyzes the domestic BIM-related guides and guidelines and existing twodimensional electronic delivery systems and the domestic and overseas BIM output delivery systems. This study defines the guideline composition system and direction to present criteria for BIM output writing, delivery, management, and utilization in the road category. Furthermore, it presents guideline composition measures for BIM output writing and delivery to propose detailed criteria, output-list composition, and output inspection procedures. RESULTS : This study presented BIM output guideline development measures for planning BIM output writing and delivery and management/utilization measures in the road category. To that end, it determined the domestic and overseas BIM guide and guideline composition systems, BIM ordering criteria, BIM data writing and delivery criteria, BIM output management and utilization measures, and a common BIM output list to present suitable detailed criteria. CONCLUSIONS: This study sought to respond to changes to the domestic and overseas construction environment and to present output writing/delivery guidelines as activation measures supporting the adoption and application of BIM. To that end, we analyzed the domestic and overseas BIM guidelines and guides, task instructions, bid information, etc. to define the appropriate composition system and to give it direction. We defined the contents of tables and detailed descriptions to present guideline development measures for BIM output writing/delivery guidelines in the road category. This is expected to improve work efficiency for BIM and to enhance output quality and utilization. Furthermore, the adoption of BIM in the road category will provide an infrastructure environment with which to exchange BIM information with related agencies. We plant to further develop verification tools for the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport's BIM model projects, for their output writing and delivery, and for an integrated BIM platform that will continue to improve the proposed criteria.

Based on the relevant theories of campus culture, this paper takes the construction of universities in minority areas in China as well as the actual situation of the universities in the ethnic minority areas in China and the campus culture of neighboring countries as examples. The multi-cultural background of campus culture in ethnic minority areas is comprehensively analyzed. Through a large number of facts investigation and data research, the challenges, problems and measures to deal with campus culture construction are discussed and studied effectively. And make positive efforts to promote the construction of campus culture in ethnic minority area. Yanbian region is the main inhabited area of Korean nationality in China, which is located in the east of Jilin Province, bordering with Russia, North Korea, South Korea and Japan. It is the meeting point of the regional economy, population, and geographical center of gravity of Northeast Asia, and it is the hub for air, sea and land transport in Asia and Europe. Yanbian University is the only comprehensive university with distinct national characteristics in Yanbian area. Taking Yanbian University as the research object, it has certain representativeness to carry out the campus cultural construction under the multi cultural background, and also has certain reference function to the campus culture construction of the comprehensive universities in other ethnic regions. The conclusion will provide reference for strengthening the construction of campus culture in ethnic minority areas.

대한민국 건설현장에서 환경기술인 채용이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 제조업의 경우 대기환경보전법 제40조에 따라 사업자가 환경기술인을 임명하도록 명시되어 있다. 이와 반대로 건설 분야는 환경기술인 의무선임에 관한 법적인 사항이 존재하지 않는다. 국내 건설대기업의 경우 본사에 환경관리자를 채용하여 운영하는 사례가 있다. 하지만 본사의 환경관리자는 단위현장의 행정적인 업무 지원이나 법적 분쟁이 발생하였을 때 해결하는 역할을 할 뿐이다. 환경기술인의 의무선임은 건설현장의 일자리 창출뿐만 아니라 현장기술자의 업무를 분담하는 역할도 기대할 수가 있다. 향후 지구의 기후변화로 인한 환경 분야의 중요성은 점차 증가할 것이다. 이에 따라 공사금액 120억 원 이상의 건설공사에서 환경기술인을 의무적으로 선임한다면 청·장년층의 일자리에도 기여하며 기술자 본인의 업무영역에 집중할 수 있는 계기가 될 것이다.