Recently many countries agreed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere or at least to keep them at the current level at the Kyoto Protocol. Carbon dioxide has been proven to be 80% of greenhouse gases, contributing to the increase of the earth’s surface temperature. It is reported that half of the CO2 emissions are produced by industry and power plants using fossil fuels. In this article, we review and analysis domestic and abroad R&D policy trends relating to UN framework convention on climate change(UNFCCC).

The purpose of this study is on identifying the restoration guidelines of supplementary village grove and villageside forest in case of Neunggil village in Jinan county of Korea. These forests were managed very well before industrialization by village residents in order to obtain fuels and organic fertilizers traditionally. But recently, these forests were abandoned by using natural gas, oil and chemical fertilizer. Therefore, species diversity of these forests was downward and traditional rural landscape was lost. Accordingly, this study suggested the restoration guidelines of these forests through restoring the relationship between man and nature. For this, vegetation map was made by quadrat method. And management guidelines of these forests were suggested by the analysis of vegetation map. Also, for the restoration of supplementary village grove, Miyawiki professor's method of Yokohama university through introducing potential natural vegetation was suggested.

U.S. organic farming has grown rapidly-20 percent or more annually-throughout the 1990s, which kept pace with consumer demand for organically produced food. Thus certified organic acreage is the total to 2.35 million acres in 48 state in 2001, and so the U.S. ranked fourth in land area managed under organic farming systems. And according to several surveys, consumer’s reasons for purchasing organic food are health and nutrition, taste and environmental concerns. California and North Dakota were the top two states in 2001 for certified organic cropland; the former with mostly fruits and vegetables, and the latter with wheat, soybeans, and other crops. And the top two states for certified organic pasture were Colorado and Texas. And then several states such as Iowa and Minnesota have begun subsidizing conversion to organic farming systems as a way to capture the environmental benefits of these systems. The price of organic produce fluctuates rather broadly because of being traded by market economy principle and of demandsupply disequilibrium. Nevertheless, average price premiums for organic produce are higher than the prices for the produce under conventional farming. Future prospects for U.S. organic farming are as follows; Demand for organically grown foods is expected to continue growing at a rapid pace, as more growers convert to organic production and more processors and distributors expand organic selections in their product lines. And new processed products and new types of healthy foods are likely to appear on the market, and some new organic products will be aimed at mainstream markets.

생물다양성은 유전적, 종적, 생태적 다양성의 총체이며, 작물 품종 개량, 전통의약 및 생명공학의 원재료가 된다. 생물 다양성 협약은 생물 다양성의 감소에 대처하기 위한 국제적 노력의 결실로서, 생물 다양성의 보전, 지속 가능한 이용, 그리고 유전자원의 이용으로 발생하는 이익의 공평한 공유를 목적으로 한다. 생물 다양성 협약은 이런 목적을 이루기 위해서 원산국은 유전자원에 대한 접근을 위한 조건을 조성해야 하며, 이용국은 유전자원으로부터 얻어진 이익을 상호 합의 조건과 사전 통보 승인 제도에 의해 공정하고 공평한 분배를 해야 하는 의무를 부여하고 있다. 이에 따라 각 국은 유전자원 접근 및 이익공유에 관한 법률을 제정하여 국가적으로 규제하려고 노력하고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 개발도상국의 유전자원에 대한 접근 규제뿐만 아니라 선진국의 생물 공학 기술에 대한 접근 규제로 인하여 유전자원 및 생물 다양성 연구에 있어서 어려움이 증가하고 있으며, 국내의 생물 다양성 연구를 발전시키기 위해서는 생물 다양성 보전과 유전자원 이용에 관한 국제동향을 파악하여 능동적으로 대처하는 것이 필요하다.

This study aims to provide quite recent information on the organic agriculture in developed countries such as German, UK, Switzerland and USA and on the current activities of international research institutions of organic agriculture. The establishment and activity of ENOF in EU and ARNOA in Asia, IIRNOA in IFOAM was introduced shortly. Institute of Organic Agriculture in FAL/ Germany and FiBL in Switzerland, OMRI in USA, HDRA in UK and Schweisfurth Foundation in Germany were described. Also the educations in European universities for organic agriculture and the research activities and technical education system for organic farming were described. All of these informations could be useful for the further development of the strategy for Korean organic agriculture in education and research.

This study examins the prestigious scholarship genealogy and trend of scholars who lived in the right side of Kyungsang province in the 19th century. In the right side region of Kyungsang province in 19th century, Lee Jin Sang(李震相) and Kwak Jong Seok(郭鐘錫) overtured the theory that the mind(心) is just Li(理). The theory criticized an old theory that the mind includes Li and Ki(氣) or the theory that the mind is just Ki. The theory is unique on the basic understanding that the mind is ruling Li and put an emphasis on the reality of the mind. The theory is for the quest of an answer in the Ki-centered theory(主氣說) which dominated the period. In the later half of 186, the right side region of Kyungsang province accommodated many other theories from another regions. First of all, Huh Jeon who is from Pocheon Kyunggi province promoted the scholarship trend of right side of Kyungsang province and the studies of etiquette. In addition to that the Li-centered theory(主理說) which was suggested by Ki Jeong Jin from Jeol la province was actively accepted. The scholars from right side region of Kyungsang province also accepted Lee Hang Lo's Li centered theory. Thereby the scholars who lived in the right side of Kyungsang province united themselves setting them free from Confucian party oriented mind or scholarship genealogy. The scholars who live in the right side of Kyungsang province held many seminars. And they also held Hyangeumjurye(鄕飮酒禮 : banquet for identifying young and old). In Sancheong. 1877, seminar and banquet were the example in case. By taking this opportunity, the scholarship trend of promoting Nam Myeong(南冥 : representative Confucian scholar) vividly revived. Also by taking the chance, the scholars who lived in the right side of Kyungsang province newly established their theory and set to put their best effort to promote and research the meaning of Nam Myeong' philosophy. In te following year, they held seminar at Seon Seok temple(禪石寺) in Seong Ju. The meeting also has an important meaning to unite the scholars who live at the right side of Kyungsang province. The seminar and scholar's activity at the right side region of Kyungsang province in the 19th century has greatly contributed to the confucian independent movement by uniting representative of confucian scholars all through the nation in 1919.

The culmination of the culture in the Josun Dynasty was reached in the academic achievement of Sik Jo (pen name, Nammyung : 1501 - 1572). His work marked a moral boundary in academia at that time. When we consider his great fame, it was natural many scholars and his followers make him their scholastic and behavioral model. These followers formed the Nammyung School and they took active parts in politics in and out of government service until King Sunjo and Gwanghaegoon. But the execution of Inhong Jung (pen name, Rae-Am : 1536-1623), leader of the Nammyung School and mentor of Gwanghaegoon, served as a momentum for decentralizing the school at the time of The Enthronement of King Injo subsequent to dethronement of King Gwanghasgoon in 1623. Hongdo Ha (pen name, Gyumjae) then acted on behalf of the school when the school had lost its cohesion. The year 1728 witnessed the Moosin Year Disturbance led by Heeryang Jung, which was one of the loud cries raised by confucian scholars to regain the positions they had held before the Enthronement of King Injo. Moreover the Noron Party. the group of followers of Siyul Soug and also the party in power, forced the Namin Party, another party in this area, to support it, while it prohibited the Namins from taking any state examinations by law after the Moosin Year Disturbance had been subdued. The Noron Party designed to attract the Namin Party to their side by disturbing its cooperation with the Soron Party, the followers of Jung Yoon, a disciple of Siyul Song's. With the Noron Party's intricately planned policies and efforts, most pepole in the Namin Party in this area became part of the Toegye School in the end. This paved the way for combining the right side and the left side of the Nakdong River as a natural result. There were few eminent scholars or government officials in high positions from the right side of the Nakdong River. In the meantime many scholars had come to stand by either the Noron Party or the Toegye Schoo. But the majority of Confucian scholars' respect for Nammyung had not faded away and his books were still being published. King Jungjo finally granted Nammyung a Royal Oration for the Sacrificial Rite in 1796 and conferred government positions on his descendants after over a century of persecution. The royal edict triggered the revival of the scholastic trend in this area and built a promising foundation for thriving academic achievement in the 19th ecntury.