South Korea is the northernmost distributional territory on the Camellietea japonicae (evergreen broad-leaved forests of the warm-temperate zone) in East Asia. A total of 40 stands were collected in terms of an ecologically-naturalized wild tea population (WTP), and their species composition was analyzed by Zürich-Montpellier School’s method with preliminary regard to forest canopy idendtification. Stand types were characterized by ecological flora’s criteria such as Raunkiaer’s life-form, neophyte, zonal distribution, and nativeness of species. Expansion of WTP distribution into the interior of the peninsula was recognized, than expected. The highest and northernmost WTPs have been recorded at Mt. Palgong, Daegu (390 m a.s.l.) and Iksan Jeonbuk (latitude 36° 03′ 33″), respectively. Altitudinal and latitudinal WTP distribution of Korea under continental climate shows lower than Japanese situation under oceanic climate. Community structure generally involved a few human interferences. Syngeographically WTP distribution was limited on the warm-temperate zone and the southernmost cool-temperate southern·submontane zone. First driving force on distributional expansion of the WTP was anthropogenic, particularly in the northernmost distribution area. We finally confirmed an actual existence of the WTP in South Korea and suggested a long-term monitoring on the WTPs in national view of in-situ genetic resources with higher frost-resistance.

We conducted a total of 28 surveys from March to October 2016 in Gayasan National Park, to identify threatened plants for climate change, as well as for the effective management of biological organisms and resources against climate changes in Korea. Regarding threatened plants for climate change, we identified a total of 39 taxa, with 11 northern, 2 southern, and 26 taxa of concern. Among these taxa, 33 were identified as wild species. The species threatened by climate change located in the subalpine regions of Gayasan National Park were Abies holophylla Maxim., Abies koreana Wilson, Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., Betula ermanii Cham., Berberis amurensis Rupr., Rhododendron tschonoskii Maxim., Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum (Nakai) Kitam., Primula modesta var. hannasanensis T.Yamaz., Trientalis europaea var. arctica (Fisch.) Ledeb., Thymus quinquecostatus Celak., Parasenecio firmus (Kom.) Y.L.Chen, and Lilium cernuum Kom. These species are expected to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming, since they were confirmed to have a very narrow vertical distribution range. Moreover, although the following species are not included in the list of plants threatened by climate change, it is assumed that the endemic species that grow at the summit, and Grade V floristics special plants, such as Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus., Allium thunbergii var. deltoides (S.O.Yu, S.Lee & W.Lee) H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh, Heloniopsis tubiflora Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N. Tamura, Aletris glabra Bureau & Franch, and Gymnadenia cucullata (L.) Rich., will also be extremely vulnerable to climate change. Therefore, we believe that measures for the conservation of these species are urgently needed, and also that the definition of species threatened by climate change should be broadened to include more objective and valid taxa through the long-term monitoring of species distributed around the summit area.

Background:The study was conducted to investigate the distributions of faecal bacteria in commercial oriental medicine herb products.Methods and Results:A survey was conducted on the microbial contamination levels and antimicrobial specificity of Bacillus cereus and other microbes using 106 oriental medicine herb products on sale in Seoul. Pouring and isolation methods such as standard plate counts were used to identify the bacteria. The isolated bacterias included coliforms, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp.were identified by using gram staining and an API (analytical profile index) kit. Antimicrobial drugs discs were determined by CLSI (clinical and laboratory standards institute).Conclusions:The bacterial isolates present in the herbal medicines included 98 coliforms, 45 Bacillus spp., 29 Enterococcus spp., and 2 Listeria spp. Among these, there were nine Bacillus cereus strains, one Enterococcus faecium strain, and one Enterococcus faecalis strain present. The 9 Bacillus cereus strains were tested for susceptibility to 36 types of antibiotics products by the disc diffusion method. The strains showed resistance to 13 of these antibiotic products and semi-resistance to 5 antibiotic products. On the basis of these results, any oriental medicine herb product can be assumed to be contain resistant or semi-resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, we suggest prescribing guidelines and special management for the use of antibiotics in farms producing oriental medicine herb products.

To certificate change in the geochemical characteristics of surface sediments in the main stream of the Nakdong River, surface sediments from 12 sampling sites during the first and second half year (total 24 sampling sites) were collected and analyzed for grain size, ignition loss, total organic carbon and heavy metal content. Surface sediments mainly composed of sand (coarse and medium sand) and fining changed from the first half to the second half of the year. Ignition loss, total organic carbon and heavy metals content increased in the second half of the year. Some heavy metals (Zn, Ni and Cu) were found to be at the lowest effect levels according to Ontario sediment quality guidelines. Additionally, most heavy metals were found to be at the non polluted level and level I according to USEPA sediment quality standards and National Institute of Environmental Research sediment pollution evaluation standard, respectively. The enrichment factor (< 1) and index of geoaccmulation (< 0) were non polluted in the study area. The correlation analysis results showed that ignition loss, total organic carbon and heavy metal content were highly correlated with grain size. Regarding changes in geochemical characteristics of surface sediments in the study area, grain size fine and organic matter and heavy metal content increased in the second half year. Nonetheless these results indicated pollution levels that did not adversely affect the benthos.

The objective of this study is to accurately understand the spatial distribution characteristics of the main production area for the three vegetable crops such as Chinese cabbage, radish, and hot pepper. We applied the 8 landscape indices such as TA, NP, PD, LPI, LSI, PLADJ, COHESION, and CONNECT to 35 cities and counties using FRAGSTATS. In the case of main production area for Chinese cabbage, six cities and counties in Gangwon province were revealed as a relatively high degree of aggregation by cultivation parcels than other area. In addition, Gangneung city and Hongcheon county have been analyzed to be the most aggregated area in the case of radish and hot pepper, respectively. In the future, the spatial analysis method used in this study would be helpful to develop an effective regional plan of the main production area.

Catch data for the common squid (Todarodes pacificus), classified by squid-jigging fisheries per grid (size: 0.5° latitude × 0.5° longitude), and the water temperature values KODC (Korea Ocean Data Center) were collected for the 1980–2009 period to study the changes in squid distribution and migration with climate regimes (1980s, 1990s, and 2000s). The primary fishing period in the 1990s and 2000s was approximately 2–3 months earlier than that in the 1980s. Especially in the East Sea, the fishing grounds in the 1980s stayed longer at high latitudes than those in the other decades. Moreover, in the 1980s, centers of the fishing ground were located near the Yamato bank (central East Sea), whereas in the 1990s and 2000s, they were situated near the southeastern coast of the Korean peninsula.

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular plants of Mt. Nochu (1,322m) from April, 2014 to October, 2015. The vascular plants were summarized as 515 taxa, including 89 families, 304 genera, 448 species, 4 subspecies, 57 varieties and 6 forms. Among the investigated 515 taxa, 11 Korean endemic plants and 14 rare and endangered plants were included. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 11 taxa of grade IV, 30 taxa of grade III. Naturalized plants consisted of 24 taxa that made up 4.6% of the total vascular plants in this area. Medicinal plants of the Korean Pharmacopoeia and Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia distributed in this area consisted of 67 taxa.

감마나이프 방사선수술(GKRS)의 높은 정밀도와 정확성은 치료 성공을 위한 기본 요건이다. 방사선의 급격한 감소와 함께 정교한 방사선 전달 및 선량 기울기가 임상적으로 적용되어야 하므로 방사선량 측정 및 기하학적 정확성을 보장하고 감마나이프 방사선수술에서 발생할 수 있는 모든 위험 요인을 줄이기 위해서는 전용 정도관리(QA) 프로그램이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 독립적인 검증 프로그램 가변 타원체 모형화기술(Variable Ellipsoid Modeling Technique: VEMT)을 적용해서 감마나이프 치료계획 시스템 렉셀 감마플랜의 알고리즘에 사용된 단일 샷 선량 분포의 정확성을 검증하였다. 감마나이프 퍼펙션(PFX)에 장착한 직경 160 mm의 구형 ABC 팬텀에 조사한 단일 샷의 선량 분포를 평가했다. 단일 샷의 조사는 ABC 팬텀의 중심으로 향하게 하여 x, y 및 z 축을 따라 4, 8 및 16 mm 크기의 시준기 배치가 고려되었다. 감마나이프 방사선수술에서 사용되는 감마나이프 퍼펙션 치료계획 시스템은 렉셀 감마플랜(LGP) 버전 10.1.1이 사용되었다. VEMT의 검증을 통해서 감마나이프 방사선수술의 정확성은 배가 될 것이다. 그래서 VEMT 검증 후 감마나이프 방사선수술의 정확성과 정밀성을 토대로 임상 적용이 최종적으로 수행되어야 한다. 특히 환자의 머리가 직경 160mm의 구형으로 시뮬레이션된 조건에서 50% 등선량 높이 수준의 너비, 즉 최대반값폭(FWHM)이 검토되었다. VEMT를 통해 예측된 x, y, z 축의 선량 분포에 관한 모든 데이터는 4 mm 및 8 mm 시준기 배치에 대해 z 축을 따라 최대반값폭과 반그늘(PENUMBRA)의 약간의 차이점을 제외하고는 사양 내(등선량 50%에서 1 mm 이내)에서 LGP의 선량 분포와 훌륭하게 일치했다. 최대반값폭의 최대 불일치는 모든 시준기 배치에서 2.3% 미만이었다. 반그늘의 최대 불일치는 z 축을 따라 8 mm 시준기에 대해서 0.07 mm로 주어졌다. VEMT와 LGP로 얻은 선량 분포에서 최대반값폭과 반그늘의 차이는 감마나이프 방사선수술에서 임상적 유의성을 부여하기에는 너무 작았다. 이 연구의 결과는 전 세계 감마나이프 방사선수술에 관련된 의학물리학자를 위한 참고 자료로 활용될 수 있으리라 사료된다. 따라서 우리는 LGP의 결과물에 대한 독립적인 검증방법 VEMT를 포함하는 정기 예방정비 프로그램을 통해 결정된 모든 시준기 배치에 대한 선량 분포의 유효성을 확인하고 감마나이프 방사선수술 환자에게 임상적으로 완벽한 치료를 보장할 수 있다. 그래서 VEMT의 활용은 시스템을 안전하게 검증하고 운영할 수 있는 정도관리의 한 부분이 될 것으로 기대한다.

Average concentration of PM in Seoul metropolitan area satisfied the Korean air quality standard in 2010. Furthermore, concentration of PM in all boroughs across Seoul met the air environment standard in 2012. PM10 concentration was relatively higher in center of Seoul in comparison to the rest, while PM2.5 concentration showed exactly the contrary result. We analyzed the effect that PM emissions from vehicles would have on PM concentrations across Seoul. The results showed that average annual PM concentration recently decreased in Seoul although the number of vehicles registered annually continued its upward trend. By contrast, average fine dust concentrations in Seoul showed a decline which suggested that correlation between annual average PM concentrations and number of registered vehicles remained low. However, year-on-year vehicle registration rate recently showed a declining tendency in the same way as the trend of changes in average PM concentrations. Particularly, the upward trend in annual average PM concentrations in 2002 and 2007 was consistent with the increase in vehicle registration rate, suggesting that vehicle registration rate was closely associated with changes in PM concentrations.

최근 기후변화로 인하여 발생하는 기상재해 및 위험기상 현상의 대비를 위하여 조밀한 시공간적 해상도를 갖는 레이더 강우가 활용되고 있지만 널리 사용되는 Marshall-Palmer의 Z-R 관계식으로 추정된 레이더 강우는 과소추정의 문제점이 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 분위회귀 분석기법을 통한 레이더 강우자료 편의보정 기법과 Copula 함수를 연계한 강우자료 확충기법을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 모형을 통하여 편의가 보정된 시계열 레이더 강우자료 효율을 통계적으로 분석한 결과 우수한 모형성능을 확인하였으며 Copula 기법을 이용하여 지상강 우 및 레이더 강우자료를 확충한 결과 기존의 강우특성을 현실적으로 재현하는 것을 확인하였다. Copula 기법을 통한 강우자료 확충기법은 레이 더 강우의 오차분포를 평가하는데 유용하게 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

This study estimated sunshine duration in South Korea using cloud detection images; the 2 class and 5 class images of Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS). The images were preprocessed and then compared with the observed sunshine duration from the Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS). Based on the result of comparing yearly and monthly sunshine duration, the results of the 5 class were better than the results of the 2 class. In the case of comparing daily sunshine duration, the results of the 5 class also showed relatively better outcome than the 2 class images. The simulation performance of the sunshine duration observed by ASOS and the sunshine duration calculated by COMS were evaluated using Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) technique. The 5 class data showed relatively high efficiency. RMSEs were relatively lower in the 5 class than the 2 class image in all years (2011-2014). Therefore, the 5 class data among the COMS satellite images could provide meaningful information at the points where there is no observation of sunshine duration.

수은은 환경에서 자연적으로 발생하는 중금속이다. 무기 수은의 상당량은 주로 광물, 광산, 산업 폐기물 등의 인위적인 원천에서 습식 및 건식 대기 증착을 통해 수생 시스템을 들어가게 된다. 대체로 물가의 바닥에 사는 박테리아에 의해 무기물의 수은 메틸화 반응은 수중 먹이 사슬에 있는 생물들에게 농축이 된다. 높은 농도의 수은과 메틸수은에 노출 될 때 인체에 미치는 영향은 신경과 생식의 죽음에 이르기 까지 하여 큰 국제적 문제를 일으킨다. 최근 철강 산업 도시인 포항의 형산강, 구무천, 칠성천의 재첩과 퇴적물에서 높은 수은 농도가 검출 되었다고 보고되었다. 구무천과 칠성천은 포항 산업 단지를 포함하고 있고 형산강으로 합류되는 하천임을 보았을 때, 두 개의 강에서 수은 오염에 산업 폐수의 영향과 형산강과 연관이 있는지 알아보기 위한 연구는 필수적이다. 따라서, 이 예비 연구의 목적은 형산강, 구무천, 칠성천에서 수집 된 퇴적물의 총 수은과 메틸수은 농도를 조사 하는 것이다.

현재 국내의 주된 폐기물 처리 방식은 발생억제(Reduce), 재이용(Reuse), 재활용(Recycle)을 통한 물리적인 처리방식으로써 대량으로 발생하는 폐기물을 효율적으로 처리하기에는 한계가 있다. 이에 폐자원 에너지화(Recovery) 개념의 도입으로 폐기물의 단순한 처리가 아닌 효율적인 에너지 자원으로 활용함으로써 자원순환사회를 구축하기 위한 정책적 방안이 마련되었으며, 구체적인 방안의 하나로 2018년 1월 1일부터 시행되는 자원순환기본법을 통하여 소각시설에 발생되는 열에너지를 적극적으로 활용할 예정이다. 따라서 소각시설로부터 실질적으로 회수되어 사용되는 에너지의 정확한 수치화가 요구되었으며, 현재 국내에서 운영 중인 소각시설을 대상으로 시범사업을 진행하여 소각열에너지 회수･사용률의 실증에 노력을 기울이고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 폐자원에너지 회수･사용률 산정에서 가장 중요하게 작용되는 저위발열량을 도출하기 위한 핵심요소인 출열항목을 실측하여 소각열에너지 회수･사용률 산정을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 현재 운영 중인 생활폐기물 소각시설 2곳(A, B 소각시설)의 3개 호기와 사업장폐기물 소각시설 5곳(C, D, E, F, G 소각시설)의 5개 호기를 대상으로 5월부터 16주 동안 TMS 데이터 수집과 현장측정 및 시료분석을 병행하였으며, 종합적인 결과 값을 환경부 고시 제 2015-251호 폐자원에너지 회수･사용률 산정방법에 대입하여 소각로에서 발생되는 각각의 출열항목을 산출하였다. 또한 산출된 결과를 종합하여 생활폐기물 소각장과 사업장폐기물 소각장의 출열분포를 비교하여 보았다. 소각시설의 출열항목의 산정결과, 생활폐기물 소각시설 3개 호기의 출열 총합은 A시설 1호기가 13.54GJ/ton, 2호기가 14.12GJ/ton으로 산정되었으며, B시설 1호기는 12.72GJ/ton으로 산정되었다. 이 중 가장 높은 비율을 차지하는 출열항목은 증기 흡수열로 A시설 1호기는 9.57GJ/ton, 2호기는 9.82GJ/ton, B시설 1호기는 9.77GJ/ton을 차지하여 평균 72%의 분포를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 사업장폐기물 소각시설의 출열 총합은 C시설 16.65GJ/ton, D시설 15.48GJ/ton, E시설 13.35GJ/ton, F시설 12.49GJ/ton, G시설 11.79GJ/ton으로 산정되었으며, 사업장폐기물 소각시설 또한 생활폐기물 소각시설과 동일하게 증기 흡수열이 평균 65%의 분포를 보여 가장 높은 비율을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과, 지속적인 시범사업을 통해 실측값을 축적하여 소각열에너지 회수･사용률 제고를 위한 연구 등의 기초자료로 활용하여야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Since the scale and disaster characteristics of volcanic eruptions are determined by their geological features, it is important not only to grasp the current states of the volcanoes in neighboring countries around the Korean Peninsula, but also to analyze the tectonic settings, tectonic regions, geological features, volcanic types, and past eruptional histories of these volcanoes. We created a database of 285 volcanoes around the Korean Peninsula, and then identified a high-risk groups of 29 volcanoes that are highly likely to affect the region, based on conditions such as volcanic activity, the type of rocks at risk of eruption, the distance from Seoul, and high VEI (volcanic explosivity index). In addition, we identified the 10 volcanoes that should be given the highest priority. We selected them through an analysis of data available in literature, such as volcanic ash dispersion results from previous Japanese eruptions, the definition of a large-scale volcano used by Japan’s Cabinet Office, and examination of cumulative magma layer volumes from Japan’s quaternary volcanoes.

This paper applied the ensemble model output statistics (EMOS) with truncated normal distribution, which are easy to implement postprocessing techniques, to calibrate probabilistic forecasts of wind speed that take the form of probability density functions. We also considered the alternative implementations of EMOS, which were EMOS exchangeable model and reduced EMOS model. These techniques were applied to the forecasts of wind speed over Pyeongchang area using 51 members of the Ensemble Prediction System for Global (EPSG). The performances were evaluated by rank histogram, mean absolute error, root mean square error and continuous ranked probability score. The results showed that EMOS models with truncated normal distribution performed better than the raw ensemble and ensemble mean. Especially, the reduced EMOS model exhibited better prediction skill than EMOS exchangeable model in most stations of study area.

Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) is transmitted by a root-inhabiting Polymyxa graminis (P. graminis) and thus the disease is called “soil-borne”. In this study, the presence of P. graminis was confirmed by PCR test based on specific sequences of P. graminis type Ⅰ (P. graminis f. sp. temperata) Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS). P. graminis was detected in the BaYMV infected soil and root of barley plants. The monitoring of P. graminis was conducted in March 2015 in 8 korean provinces. It was detected in the soil of all collected regions. This is the first report on a P. graminis a survey of Korea.