This study aims to study factors affecting level of Korean language proficiency for North Korean Refugee Adolescents dwelling in Korea. 30 North Korean Refugee Adolescents were asked to answer three different questionnaires designated to investigate Korean language proficiency, Acculturative Stress and demographic background. This study adopts altered TOPIK for the evaluation of Korean language proficiency, and focuses on finding out the relationship of Korean language proficiency with sexuality, age, years of Korean study, and duration of dwelling in China. The SPSS for windows 15 was used for the statistical analysis. Acculturative Stress Scale was measured with the ASIS that was developed by Sandhuand Asrabadi(1994) and Proficiency Test that was selected by TOPIK (Test of Proficiency in Korea) session 22, 23. Cronbach for Acculturative Stress Scale was 0.898. Internal consistency reliability for Korean proficiency test was 0.897. The result shows that learning methods(Korean friends or books), duration of stay in China, Korean use, learning period, age, and gender have significant relationship with level of Korean proficiency, especially periods living in China has more significant relationship with the proficiency. The result from this study helps to recognize factors affecting level of Korean language proficiency. Specifically, the Korean proficiency of North Korean Refugee Adolescents who live in Korea has a close relationship with Acculturative Stress Scale. These facts indicate that not only the Korean education are required to effectively increase the Korean education itself, but also developing the competency of Cultural Acculturation are needed to be followed up as well for North Korean Mission.

This study aims to study factors affecting level of Korean language proficiency for Korean Missionaries' Kids (MK) dwelling in Turkey. 45 Korean MKs were asked to answer three different questionnaires designated to investigate Korean language proficiency, cultural identity and demographic background. This study adopts altered TOPIK for the evaluation of Korean language proficiency, and focuses on finding out the relationship of Korean proficiency with sexuality, age, age at immigration to Turkey, years of Korean study, self-recognition of cultural identity, cultural identity of Korea, and cultural identity of Turkey. The SPSS for windows 17was used for the statistical analysis.Ethnic Identity Scale was measured with the KAEIS that was developed by Ahn(1999) and Proficiency Test that was selected by TOPIK (Test of Proficiency in Korea) session 19, 20. Cronbach  for cultural identity of Korea was 0.823 and Cronbach  for cultural identity of Turkey was 0.691. Internal consistency reliability for Korean proficiency test was 0.891. The result shows that cultural identity of Korea and age at immigration to Turkey have significant relationship with level of Korean proficiency, especially age at immigration to Turkey has more significant relationship with the proficiency. The result from this study helps to recognize factors affecting level of Korean language proficiency. Especially, the Korean proficiency of MKs who live in Turkey has a close relationship with Korean cultural identity.These facts indicate that not only the Korean education are required to effectively increase the korean education itself, but also developing the pride of being Korean are needed to be followed up as well.

Chloropicrin은 국내에서는 사용되지 않으며, 잔류허용기준이 불검출로 설정된 농약이다. 그러나 중국에서는 훈증제, 살균제, 살선충제 및 저장 곡물의 살충제로 사용되고 있으며, 잔류허용기준이 설정되어 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 중국 등에서 수입하는 식품 중 국내에서 사용하지 않 는 농약에 대한 안전성을 확보하기 위하여 해당 농약을 신속하고 빠르게 검출할 수 있는 시험법을 개발하고자 하였다. Chloropicrin은 분자량이 작고 휘발성이 큰 화합물이므로 헤드스페이스 추출법을 활용하여 검체 추출액을 직접 GC에 주입하는 시험법을 개발하였으며, 확립된 시험법을 검증한 결과 회수율이 77.7~79.3%로 조사되어 코덱스 국제가이드라인(CAC/GL 40)에 적합함을 확인하였다. 정량 한계 또한 0.05 mg/kg 이하로 매우 우수한 감도를 가지고 있음을 확인하였으며, GC-MS를 이용한 재확인과정을 추 가로 확립하여 본 시험법의 신뢰도를 높였다. 확립된 시험법은 식품에 잔류할 수 있는 농약의 기준 준수여부에 대한 적합성을 판단하기 위한 공정시험법으로 활용되고 있다.

Epithelium maintains homeostasis by the signaling balance of growth stimulation and inhibition. Recently, loss of growth inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) on epithelial cells is regarded as a possible mechanism of cancer. Although the genomic mutation in type I and type Ⅱ receptors of TGF-β is considered one of important mechanism of these inactivation, there might be another inactivation mechanism because the mutation rate is relatively low and inhibitory effect is not associated with the mutation. The purpose of this study is evaluating controlling mechanism type Ⅱ receptor of TGF-β by detecting effects of TGF-β on growth inhibition and on expression of cell cycle regulatory protein p21CIP1. Eight cancer cell lines derived from oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) were examined. There was no growth inhibition effects by TGF-β except YD-8 cells. YD-8 cells which showed growth inhibition expresses p21CIP1 by TGF-β whether refractory cell lines, YD-9, did not. All of the tumor cells express mRNA of type Ⅱ receptor by RT-PCR and northern blot analysis, especially on YD-8 and YD-17M. From these results, most of oral cancer cell lines might loose the growth inhibitory effects by TGF-β, and the growth inhibition on YD-8 cells was mediated by expression of p21CIP1.

The imbalance between epithelial cell growth and inhibitory factors may cause human epithelial cancer. The dysregulation of growth inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 has been recognized in a variety of carcinomas. This study aimed to investigate the expression of TGF-β1 type II receptors(TβR-II) in the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC). Six cell lines established from OSCC in the department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry were used. DNA was extracted from harvested cells by phenol-chloroform method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done with each primer of exon 3, 4, 5, 6 of TβR-II gene. PCR products were inserted to cloning vector (pGEM-T easy vector) and then analyzed to automatic DNA sequencing analyzer. Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to confirm the mRNA expression of TβR-II gene. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of the TβR-II protein. As results, a frameshift within a polyadenine region of exon 3 was found in YD-8 cell line. In YD-17 cell line, a missense mutation at codon 238 of exon 4 was found, suggesting the alteration of amino acid from asparagine to aspartic acid. TβR-II mRNA was detected in all cancer cell lines, but it was slightly decreased as compared to that of normal oral mucosal cells. In Western blotting, no TβR-Ⅱ protein was detected in all OSCC cell lines. These results suggested that the altered regulation of TGF-β1 function might play a role in the development of OSCC.

The purposes of this study were to investigate changes in serum lipid levels with age and gender, and to determine which factors affect the serum lipid profiles. The anthropometric parameters(height, weight, waist girth, hip girth) and biochemical status(cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-chol.) were measured for clinically normal adults(male 89, female 91) in Yeongdong area. The results are as follows: 1. The obesity index was significantly higher in female(115.2±15.2%) than in male(109.9±13.4%), but waist/hip girth ratio(WHR) was significantly higher in male (0.89±0.05) than in female(0.81±0.06). 2. Male subjects had higher triglyceride and atherogenic index and lower HDL-cholesterol and relative cholesterol than those of female subjects. 3. Prevalences of hypercholesteolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypoHDL-cholesterolemia were 9.0%, 9.0%, 14.6% respectively in male and 9.9%, 2.2%, 4.4% in female. 4. WHR positively correlated with serum cholesterol, TG, LDL/HDL and A.I., and negatively correlated with HDL-chol. and relative chol. Correlation analyses indicated that WHR seemed to be more closely associated with serum lipid levels(rather than obesity index). 5. Age showed positive correlations with waist girth, WHR, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL and A.I., but negative correlations with height, body weight and relative cholesterol. 6. There was significant differences in TG concentration between drinker(169.3±130.0mg/dl) and non-drinker(111.4±64.5mg/dl), and smoker(165±103.6mg/dl) and non-smoker (110.8±39.0mg/dl). That is to say that as risk factors for hyperlipidemia are obesity index, serum lipid concentration, life style(such as alcohol drinking and smoking) and age. Specially major risk factors are drinking, smoking and regulated exercise in male and age is an important risk factor in female.

Sea gulls are high trophic level consumers in the coastal environment, and thus, which have been widely used to monitor contamination biomagnified through a food web. However, such monitoring studies using sea gulls have been rare in the Korean literature. The National Environmental Specimen Bank chose eggs of a black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) to serve as an environmental specimen for the long-term monitoring of the coastal ecosystem affected by terrestrial pollutants. Black-tailed gull eggs were collected from Baengnyeongdo, Hongdo and Uleungdo, and their DDTs and total mercury content were determined. The highest concentration of ΣDDTs was 231.6±106.1 μg/kg wet in Baengnyeongdo, followed by 230.0±123.8 μg/kg wet in Ulleungdo, and 117.7±18.3 μg/kg wet in Hongdo. In addition, total mercury was detected at 414.5±97.6 μg/kg wet in Ulleungdo, 363.9±123.6 μg/kg wet in Hongdo, and 237.5±42.3 μg/kg wet in Baengnyeongdo. Relatively high concentrations of the target pollutants were recorded in specimens from Ulleungdo. Additional comprehensive and prolonged studies are required to elucidate spatial and temporal patterns of contamination in black-tailed gull eggs with regard to monitoring contaminant trends in eggs and prey.

The National Environmental Specimen Bank (NESB) has been sampling and cryogenically preserving various wildlife specimens to monitor bio-accumulations of chemical pollutants since 2010. Recently, the NESB set up a plan to develop reference materials at their facility to assure the analytical quality of and validate the analytical methods for their monitoring samples. One of the crucial characteristics of reference materials is intra- and inter-bottle homogeneity. In this study, we used ANOVA for total mercury concentrations in some samples to validate their homogeneities after milling and homogenization. We examined the intra- and inter-bottle homogeneities of two cryogenically-milled samples (Korean mussel (Mytilus coruscus) and black-tailed gull’s egg (Larus crassirostris). The variations in the total mercury concentrations were not significantly different intra- and inter-bottle (mussel: F=0.74, p=0.67; gull egg: F=1.96, p=0.10). Additionally, the relative standard deviations of the total mercury concentrations showed low values (mussel: 2.02%, gull egg: 1.78%). Therefore, the cryogenic-milling process statistically proves the homogeneity of the materials of mussels and sea gull eggs for chemical analysis for total mercury.

This study was carried out to determine the descriptive sensory profile of oriental melon. The sensory profile of oriental melons (cultivated in Seonju, Kyungsangbuk-do) were used quantitative descriptive analyses and twelve trained panel developed the total forty sensory attributes related appearance, aroma, texture etc. Six appearances attributes and two aromas attributes were derived from whole oriental melon with skin. Five aromas, six tastes and six textures were derived from the mesocarp of oriental melon. And also, oriental melons were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, solid soluble contents and weight. The weight, titratable acidity and soluble solid content of oriental melons showed significant differences according to samples. And also, in the sensory attributes of these samples by trained panel and consumer test, there were significant differences between organic cultivated samples and conventional cultivated samples. Based on principal component analysis of sensory attributes data by trained panel and consumer, oriental melons were primary separated along the first principal component, which accounted for 27.73% (trained panel test) and 19.82% (consumer test) of total variance (trained panel test; 58.36%, consumer test; 46.18%) between the samples farm, cultivation method, total acidity, sweet aroma, bitterness, etc. Generally, whole oriental melon with skin showed significant differences in the sensory attributes according to cultivation method and farms. But, the mesocarp and endocarp part showed not certainly differences in the sensory attributes between organic cultivated samples except conventional cultivated samples.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and ethylene-absorbent on the qualities of Prunus mume fruit. Prunus mume fruits were stored without film packaging (Cont), packed in LDPE film (Cont-P), and packed with ethylene-absorbent (Cont-PE). Fruits were treated with 1-MCP (1 ppm) for 24 hr at 1℃. After treatment, fruits were packed in LDPE film (MCP-P) and with ethylene-absorbent (MCP-PE) and then stored at 1℃ for 8 weeks. Total soluble solids increased during storage but decreased after 6 weeks while total acidity decreased during storage. Cont was almost completely decayed after 8 weeks of storage while Cont-P, Cont-PE, MCP-PE, and MCP-P were 46, 69, 83, and 5% decayed, respectively. L value decreased but a value increased during storage in all samples. Firmness of peel and flesh of samples decreased gradually for 8 weeks. Respiration rate did not show any significant difference among samples. Ethylene production of Cont showed 0.05 μL/kg/h but immediately after 1-MCP treatment, it showed 0.02 μL/kg/h. Oxalic and malic acids decreased while citric acid increased during storage; fructose and glucose substantially decreased after 8 weeks whereas sorbitol and sucrose increased upto 4 weeks and then decreased thereafter. Based on these results, packing the fruits treated with 1-MCP could extend the freshness of Prunus mume fruit.

This study investigated the effect of heat treatments on the quality characteristics of fresh-cut 'Romaine' lettuce by treating in hot water (45, 50, and 55℃) for 2 minutes. Sensory properties, respiration rate, ethylene production, microbial growth, browning index, total phenolics (TP), vitamin C, and antioxidant properties (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays) of samples were evaluated after 5 days at 5℃. All heat treatment conditions tested in this study did not affect the change in TP after storage. Treatment at 45℃ enhanced respiration rate and ethylene production wheres decreased vitamin C content and antioxidant activities. There was no significant difference in browning index at 45℃ treatment. The rapid tissue softening occurred when treated with 55℃ hot water for 2 minutes. The 50℃ heat treatments exhibited the best quality index including texture and color, and inhibited microbial growth and browning after storage. In addition, the 50℃ heat treatment showed the highest vitamin C content and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assay) after storage. Therefore, the 50℃ heat treatment can be used to maintain quality and antioxidant property of fresh-cut ‘Romain’ lettuce.

본 연구는 온주 감귤의 품질 등급 설정을 위한 기초 자료제공을 위하여 제주 감귤의 묘사적 관능 특성 개발과 재배방법별 품질 지표간의 상관성을 조사하였다. 제주산 온주 감귤의 훈련된 패널요원에 의해 묘사분석을 한 결과 5개의 외관 특성(광택 강도, 색 강도, 껍질 두께, 손상 정도, 껍질의 조직감), 3종의 냄새(신내, 단내, 신선한 냄새), 6종의 맛(신맛, 단맛, 쓴맛, 신선한 맛, 싱거운 맛, 이미), 4종의 텍스쳐(경도, 알갱이의 경도, 다즙성, 펄프감) 및 3종의 후미(신맛, 단맛, 쓴맛)가 선발되었다. 유기농 하우스재배 및 무농약 노지 재배 감귤과 관행재배 감귤의 품질 특성 중 고형분 함량의 경우 유기농 하우스 감귤의 고형분 함량이 가장 낮았고, 큰 감귤이 작은 감귤보다 고형분 함량이 적었다. 유기농 하우스 재배 귤이 다른 시료에 비해 낮은 pH와 약간 높은 산 함량을 가지고 있었다. 감귤의 품질 특성간의 상관분석결과 감귤 껍질와 과육을 씹은 후 남는 펄프 함량과음의 상관관계를 보였다. 고형분 함량은 당산비, 감귤 과피의 색 강도, 단맛, 신선한 감귤맛, 과육 알갱이의 강도, 단후미와 1% 유의 수준에서 양의 상관관계가 있는 반면 쓴맛, 싱거운 맛, 이미와는 음의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 감귤의 이화학적 및 관능적 품질 특성의 주성분 분석 결과 첫 번째 주성분(F1)과 두 번째 주성분(F2)는 전체 데이터의 48.39%와 26.77%의 설명력을 보여 주었고, 총설명력은 75.16%였다. 주성분 F1은 가용성 고형분함량, 당산비, 과피의 광택강도, 색 강도, 신향, 단향, 단맛, 쓴맛, 신선한 감귤맛, 싱거운 맛, 이미, 과육 알갱이의 강도, 후미의 단맛과 쓴맛이었고, F2는 감귤의 크기, pH, 산도, 과피의 손상도, 과피의 조직감, 신맛, 과육의 강도, 과육을 씹었을 때 남는 펄프함량, 후미의 신맛이었다. 또 주성분 F3는 과피의 두께와 다즙성이었다. 즉 동일 지역의 동일 품종으로 재배된 유기농 하우스 재배 감귤과 관행 재배 시료와 전반적으로 이화학적 품질 특성과 관능적 특성에 차이가 있었다

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mature stages on quality of Rafito tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) during storage at low temperature. Tomatoes grown in greenhouse were harvested at three different mature stages (turning, pink, and red), packaged with a 30-μm-thick polyethylene film, and then stored at 5 and 10℃, respectively. The changes in firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), colour, lycopene content, decay, and chilling injury were measured on a weekly basis. After three weeks of storage, chilling injury and decay were found to have individually occurred at 5 and 10℃, respectively. As there was little change in quality at 5℃, it was concluded that red tomatoes could maintain their good quality for two weeks. The normal postharvest ripening was inhibited in the turning and pink tomatoes during storage at 5℃. The turning and pink tomatoes showed improved quality after two-week storage at 10℃. In particular, the turning fruits showed the highest firmness throughout the storage period. Furthermore, the red colour, SSC/TA, and lycopene content of the turning fruits reached the same levels as with the red fruits after two-week storage at 10℃. These results suggest that red tomatoes should be stored at 5℃ to inhibit decay, and that the optimum temperature for early-harvested tomato (turning and pink) is 10℃ for the ripening process after harvest.

For the investigation of the quality loss of mulberry during distribution, the deterioration rate, microorganism growth, and sensory quality of mulberry kept at 20, 10 and 0℃, respectively, were investigated. Based on the results, the optimum temperature for extending the freshness of mulberry was examined in the temperature range of -1.5 to 1.5℃. The level of mold in the mulberry kept at 20 and 10℃, respectively, was much higher than that kept at 0℃. The quality of the mulberry deteriorated seriously after two days at 20℃, after six days at 10℃, and after 12 days at 0℃. The marketability of mulberry as determined via sensory evaluation was much more prolonged by decreasing the keeping temperature from 20 to 0℃. To extend the freshness of mulberry using these results, the optimum temperature was evaluated at the range of -1.5 to 1.5℃ for 25 days. During storage, the changes in the color and pH of the berry were not significantly different by storage temperature, but the microbial levels and deterioration rate increased in the order of 1.5, 0, and -1.5℃. In particular, the firmness of the mulberry decreased rapidly at 1.5℃, showing a significant difference from the others. The titratable acidity and sugar contents decreased gradually at all the applied temperatures. The anthocyanin content decreased sharply at 1.5℃ but gently changed at -1.5℃. Through the sensory results of this study, it was adjudged that the marketability of mulberry could be maintained about 0.7 times at 1.5℃ and 1.3 times at -1.5℃ compared with the marketability at 0℃, respectively.

다진생강의 선도 연장을 위한 연구로 생강을 박피하여 45~의 중온수 조건에서 열처리 한 후, 다진생강을 제조하여 에서 9일간 저장하면서 처리조건에 따른 품질을 평가하였다. 생강을 각각의 온도에서 일정시간 열처리 시 처리수의 온도가 낮을수록 생강의 품온이 처리수의 온도와 평형을 이루는 시간이 짧았다. 열처리 시 다진 생강의 미생물 수준은 열처리 시간 및 온도가 증가될수록 감소되는 경향을 보였는데, 특히 이상에서는 총균, 대장균군 및 곰팡이의 미생

플라스틱 컨테이너의 통기공 비율에 따른 딸기의 예냉효과와 저장 중 품질비교를 위하여 플라스틱 컨테이너()의 하단부와 양측면부의 면적당 통기공 비율을 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%로 제작하여 컨테이너 당80%의 체적비율로 적재한 후 차압예냉을 실시하고 에서 현 포장방법에 의거한 저장실험을 수행하였다. 딸기의 예냉 전 품온은 평균 였으며, 목적 품온 에 도달하는 시간은 처리구별로 20%는 1시간 9분, 15%는 1시간 13분, 10%는 2시간 2

현재 대부분의 수삼은 흙이 묻은 상태로 유통되고 있는데 소비자의 편이성을 고려하여 수삼을 세척한 후 포장한 상태로 유통시키기 위한 연구의 일환으로 수삼의 세척처리 방법에 따른 표면세척효과 및 미생물 감균 효과를 조사하였다. 수확 직후 수삼의 부위별 생균수는 5.85~6.63 log CFU/ea범위로 뇌두 부위가 가장 많았고 다음으로는 지근과 주근 순이었다. 부위별 곰팡이 수는 3.67~5.12 log CFU/ea범위로 뇌두 부위가 많았으며 주근과