A study was carried out to compare the daily foods which were eaten during 14~19 century among Korea (Chosun dynasty), China (Ming, thing dynasty), and Japan (Muromachi, Edo era). Specially, in Ming, Ching dynasty, Noodles and dumpling were cooked very often and in Muromachi, Edo era, many kinds of beans were used so much, and there were many kinds of steamed rice to compare with Korea and China. Also, in Japan at these era Woodong, Morisoba, and Somyen were used as favorite foods harbitually. 1. The crops were used as staple foods in three countries such as steamed rice, gruel, noodle, dumpling, rice cake etc. commonly. 2. In Chosun, a roe deer, deer, antelope, and wild boar were more favoite dishes than cow, chicken, and dog, generally people enjoyed to eat pork and chicken. In Ming Ching, pork, chicken, goose, dove, lamb, ass, and duck were used as food materials, also wild animals such as deer, rabbit, and monkey etc. were used. In Muromach era, wild animal as racoon dog, otter, deer, antelope, bear, were used as food materials, in early Edo era (Yayoi and Momoyama), beef and pork were used as daily foods but they were eaten decreasingly in Edo era. So in Japan at those era, the dishes prepared of fishes were more than those of meats. For example, Sushi was made from that time, people all over the world are enjoying to have Sushi at present time. 3. Also in these era, many kinds of vegetables and fruits were used in three countries, and new kinds of vegetables and fruits were introduced from foreign countries, for example, red pepper, pumpkin, sweet potato, potato in Korea, corn, sweet potato, red pepper in China, and water melon, pumpkin, corn, red pepper, marmellow, sweet potato, sugar beet in Japan.

A study was carried out to compare the food cultures among Korea (Chosun dynasty), China (Ming, thing dynasty) and Japan (Muromachi, Edo era) from 14 century to 19 century. For this study, geographical environments, historical background with the times were researched and also bibliographies related on food cultures were compared among these three countries. There were special geographical environments in three countries upon their territories and geographical features. Historically, in those era, the livelyhoods of the common people in three countries were difficult considerably because of the disturbances of war in the inside and outside of the countries. But the food cultures of three countries were changed owe to introduce the new western culture and institutions. And also there were numerous bibliographies related on food culture which were published from 14C to 19C in Chosun dynasty, Ming and Ching dynasty, and Muromachi, Edo era. They were shown to be the most in Japan, and order of China and Korea followed them. The bibliographies of Ming and thing dynasty showed less than those of Edo era for considering their population and territory, comparatively. In Japan, the biliographies related on food culture of Edo era was given the term of the age of cookery books. It was thought to be resulted from that the peoples of Japan were concerned about cooking and had more chances to contact foreign culture earlier than other country.

The Hwasong City Wall was built for three years(1794-1796), but the real construction term was taken only 28 months. The wall and the buildings on the wall were built simultaneously, and the esttimated construction cost was highly restricted. These conditions were main factors for considering the high efficiency of construction productivity. This study examines these factors that are reflected in the operating system of the architectural standard scale of length, the architectural composition system in the Hwasong City Wall to reduce the construction cost. Through the study, following factors are found. 1.The rule of multiple proportion is found in the relationship between the partition distance, that is, span and the height of the girder which is related to the productivity of ready-made building members. 2.The ruling grade system of scale in the component members is found in the chang-bang(창방, penetration members)

21세기 자동차 사회에서는 대도시 대기오염이 적고, 에 관련된 지구규모 온난화문제에 영향이 적은 초저연비 자동차가 요구되고 있다. 이번 학술강연에서는 이러한 요구에 대응할 수 있는 ULEV(Ultra Low Emission Vehicle) 후보와 초저연비 자동차기술에 대하여 언급하고자 한다.

This study aims at showing how C.N.Ledoux applied architecturally the idea of Enlightenment in the Ideal City. Enlightenment of 18th century not only developed neo-classicism in the field of art, but also brought about the changes of ideology and philosophy of the era. C.N.Ledoux, one of the most influential architects of this period, expressed abstractly and symbolically the essential idea of Enlightenment; the skepticism of God's authority, the liberty and equality of man, charity and the willingness of controlling the power of nature, and so on.

A few archeological excavation of Buddhist temple sites of Koguryo were reported with information of site arrangement. The interpretation of such information is very important not only for the explanation of Korea early Buddhist architecture but also for the development of East Asian cases in general since no archeological evidences of the same period were found in other countries such as China. Though the investigation of the four temple sites this paper attempt to identify their date of construction and the process of change. The study depended much on comparative studies of the change of site elements such as pagoda, image hall., corridor, and other buildings. The study could conclude that the site of SangO-Ri must be the earliest case which was followed by ChungRung-Sa, which was built in around 427AD. The site of ToSung-Ri was the case which was the work of the rate 5th century. Such process of the development of Buddhist architecture in Koguryo unveils the fact that the process of change was a continuous flow toward a consistent goal of change that had much to do with the contemporary religious situation.

The improvement in the high-class planning, design, and construction characteristics of new model Cruise Liner has been required. To find design philosophy way to improve the total Cruise, we need a world Cruise Fleet which agrees well with design morphology results. This paper describes the creation of world Cruise Fleet from conceptual design to total Cruise model and procedures to confirm the model with embodiment design test result.

It is argued that conventional behavior of government, industry, and the public in managing the seas is dysfunctional and must change. Industry manipulation of government regulatory processes, the public complacency that allows it, and its consequences are discussed. Resolving this problem will reqire industry to embrace a code of environmental ideals such as the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies(CERES) principles. A new emerging 'corporate environmentalism' is discussed.

In principle, both radiation and collision are capable of pumping the SiO masers. In order to check which pumping mechanism is more efficient, we calculated the rate equation for our model including the 3 vibrational slates with 7 rotational states of each vibrational slate. Through solving the radiative transfer equation with the Sovolev approximation, we estimated the line profiles from an expanding envelope for several transitions. It is found that the collision works more efficiently than the radiation for the inversion in excited vibrational stales. However in an expanding envelope model we could not get the strong line intensity as observed one because the population inversion is possible only in a small restricted region. For the enough population inversion to get type observed maser intensity. the number density of SiO and hydrogen molecules should be up to about 2×105cm−3 2×105cm−3 and 1×109cm−3 1×109cm−3 , respectively, and the inversion should be occured in the region of no Jess than 11014cm.