본 연구의 목적은 ERCP 검사 시 테이블 보조 기구 사용의 유용성을 평가함에 있다. 이 연구를 위해 ERC P 검사를 시행한 15명의 환자(평균연령: 76.0±11.4 세)와 검사에 참여했던 6명의 의료진을 대상으로 하여 테이블 보조 기구 사용의 유용성 평가를 위해 설문조사를 실시하였고 안락한 정도, 심리적 안정성 및 만족 도 항목에 대하여 최저 1점에서 최대 5점 범위로 집계하여 평가하였다. 안락한 정도에 관한 결과에 있어서 는 테이블 보조 기구 없이 진행한 ERCP 검사에서 환자들이 1.7±0.5점으로 불편하다고 느꼈으며, 이와 반대로 테이블 보조 기구를 사용한 경우에는 4.4±0.5점(p-value≤0.000)으로 편안함을 느꼈다고 조사되었다. 심리적 안정성에 관한 결과에 있어서는 환자들이 테이블 보조기구 사용에 4.8±0.4점으로 안정감을 보였다. 추가적으로 테이블 보조 기구 사용에 대한 환자들의 만족도는 4.9±0.3점이었다. 본 결과를 고려할 때에 ERCP 검사에 있어 테이블 보조 기구의 사용은 그 유용성이 매우 높음을 알 수 있었다.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary microbial-fermented molasses on egg production and egg quality in laying hens.In total, 90 Hy-line Brown laying hens were divided into two treatment groups (control and 1% microbial-fermented molasses)with three replicates of 15 birds each. During the experimental period, supplementation of hen diets with 1% microbial-fermented molassesdid not influence egg weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio (p > 0.05), except for feed intake. Regarding egg quality, diets containing 1% microbial-fermented molasses significantly affected eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and albumen height (p < 0.05). However, there were no remarkable differences between control and 1% microbial-fermented molasses in eggshell color and egg yolk color (p > 0.05). These results indicate that supplementing 1% microbial-fermented molasses to the diet of laying hens improved egg quality parameters such as eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, and albumen height rather than egg production.

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of broilers fed different levels of Hermetia illucens powder. A total of 400 broiler chicks (1-day old Arbor Acres) were fed commercial diets containing H. illucens powder at 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% with four replicates (25 chicks per replicate), for 35 days. Weight gain in broilers fed diets containing different levels of H. illucens powder increased significantly at 28 and 35 days, compared with that of the control (p<0.05). However, feed intake and mortality showed no differences among the treatments as a function of time. At 21, 28, and 35 days, broilers fed different levels of H. illucens powder had lower feed conversion rates (p<0.05) than their counterparts fed the control diet. In conclusion, 0.5% H. illucens powder is the optimal level for improved weight gain and feed conversion.

Background: The growth process of ginseng seedlings is very important in producing good quality ginseng. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different microclimates on the growth characteristics of ginseng seedlings in a multi-layer bed facility. Methods and Results: Ginseng seedlings were cultivated in a three-layer bed facility. The air temperatures on the first and second floors were similar, while that on the third floor was about 1 - 4℃ higher than that on the other floors. The vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was higher inside than on the outside of the facility, and that on third floor was the highest in the multi-layer bed system. The photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, and growth characteristics of ginseng seedlings did not significantly differ among the three floors. The yield of ginseng seedlings was the highest at 721 g/1.62 ㎡ on the first floor Conclusions: It was found that microclimate plays an important role in growing ginseng seedlings in multi-layer bed facilities, and therefore proper environmental control is important. In addition, producing ginseng seedlings using multi-layer bed facilities is a technology that is expected to provide a way to overcome climate change and stabilize ginseng production.

Background: Ginseng produced by hydroponics can be cultivated without using agricultural chemicals; thus, it can be used as a raw materials for functional foods, medicines, and cosmetics. This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time to obtain the highest levels of ginsenoside and ginseng, as this was not previously unknown. Methods and Results: One-year-old organic ginseng seedlings were transplanted and cultivated using hydroponics for 150 days in a venlo-type greenhouse, using ginseng nursery bed soil and a nutrient solution (NO3 −-N; 6.165, P; 3.525, K; 5.625, Ca; 4.365, Mg; 5.085, S; 5.31 mEq/ℓ). Ginsenoside content and fresh and dry weights were higher at 120 days after transplanting than at 30, 60, 90, and 150 days. Total ginsenoside content was 11.86 times higher in the leaf and stem than in the root at 120 days after transplanting. Ginsenosides F1, F2, F3, and F5 were detected in ginseng leaves and stems. These chemical compounds are known to be effective in altering skin properties, including whitening, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging. Conclusions: Optimal harvesting time for ginseng cultivated using hydroponics was 120 days after transplanting when the biomass and ginsenoside content were highest.

이 논문은 台窩 河必淸(1701~1758)의 삶과 시세계를 조명한 것이다. 18세기 강우지역은 무신란 이후 정치적 탄압을 받아 출사할 수 없는 정치·사회적 구조를 지니고 있었다. 그러나 하필청은 家學을 이어받아 문장과 行義로 출사하여 정치적 소신을 현실정치에 실현하고자 하였다. 지역적 한계와 당쟁의 폐단으로 정치적 꿈이 좌절되자, 그가 택한 길은 권력자에게 아부하기보다 낙향하여 후진을 양성하는 일이었다. 고향으로 돌아온 그는 벗들과 학문을 토론하고 후진을 가르쳐, 실제 문하에는 많은 인물이 배출되어 남명정신을 계승해 나갔다. 그런 가운데 지역 인사들은 물론, 霽山 金聖鐸과 忠窩 許錘처럼 이곳으로 유배 온 인사들과 긴밀한 교유를 통해 다양한 학문을 접하는 기회를 갖기도 하였다. 한편, 그가 추구한 107제 146수에 이르는 시문학은 출사하여 태평성세를 이루어보려는 정치적 꿈을 노래하였고, 그 꿈이 좌절되자 자신의 지조를 지키면서 속세의 부귀영화에 초연한 삶을 살고자 하였으며, 이처럼 出과 處에 대한 확고한 신념은 평소 자기수양에 따른 실천학문과 깊은 관련이 있음을 드러내었다. 요컨대, 자신의 포부와 이상을 펼치지 못하는 상황에서 태와 하필청이 추구한 삶의 지향은 18세기 강우지역의 지성사적 측면에서 볼 때 보편성과 특수성을 지닌다고 할 수 있다.

이 논문은 19세기 후반 경상우도 宜寧에 살았던 송파 강우영의 생애와 시세계를 고찰한 글이다. 송파는 忠孝로 이름나고 南冥學派를 연원으로 하는 가문에서 태어났다. 그는 정치적으로 남명학파가 몰락함으로써 張福樞와 金道和를 스승으로 섬겨 남인계열이 되었고, 張錫贇・ 張升澤・田珪鎭・安鼎漢 등과 당색을 초월하여 교유하였다. 만년인 60세 무렵에 鳳里精舍를 지어 考槃亭 등의 이름을 붙이고 隱居自靖하였다. 송파의 은거는 19세기 후반 대내외적으로 혼란을 겪다가 일제치하로 변한 시대에 대한 현실인식과 대응방식이었다. 이러한 자신의 모습을 송파는 시를 통해 드러내었다. 송파는 101題에 112수의 시를 남겼는데, 시세계는 크게 세 가지 양상을 띤다. 첫째, 松節 지향은 복잡다단한 世事와 일제치하라는 시대현실의 파고를 넘기 위한 修身의 표상을 소나무로 설정하고, 根固・晩翠・直幹 등의 소나무 본질을 자신이 지향하는 덕목으로 표현한 것이다. 둘째, 隱居求道의 志趣는 격동하는 시대현실에 대해 鳳里精舍를 지어 隱居自靖으로 대응하면서, 持敬工夫를 통한 心수양 등의 道學추구를 표출한 것이다. 셋째, 報本追遠의 정성은 충효가문의 후손으로서 선조에 대한 추모를 다짐하며 정려 도모, 비석 설립, 묘지명 찬술, 제각 수리 등의 사업을 실천하여 선조의 미덕을 현창한 것이다. 이러한 송파의 모습은 19세기 후반 의령지역 士人들의 현실인식과 대응방식의 일면을 견지한 것이라 하겠다.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of the frequency of several weather types and the change in air pollutant concentrations according to these weather types were analyzed over a decade (2007-2016) in seven major cities and a remote area in Korea. This analysis was performed using hourly (or daily) observed data of weather types (e.g., mist, haze, fog, precipitation, dust, and thunder and lighting) and air pollutant criteria (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, CO, and SO2). Overall, the most frequent weather type across all areas during the study period was found to be mist (39%), followed by precipitation (35%), haze (17%), and the other types (≤ 4%). In terms of regional frequency distributions, the highest frequency of haze (26%) was in Seoul (especially during winter and May-June), possibly due to the high population and air pollutant emission sources, while that of precipitation (47%) was in Jeju (summer and winter), due to its geographic location with the sea on four sides and a very high mountain. PM10 concentrations for dust and haze were significantly higher in three cities (up to 250 μg/m3 for dust in Incheon), whereas those for the other four types were relatively lower. The concentrations of PM2.5 and its major precursor gases (NO2 and SO2) were higher (up to 69 μg/m3, 48 ppb, and 16 ppb, respectively, for haze in Incheon) for haze and/or dust than for the other weather types. On the other hand, there were no distinct differences in the concentrations of O3 and CO for the weather types. The overall results of this study confirm that the frequency of weather types and the related air quality depend on the geographic and environmental characteristics of the target areas.

By using the raw data of the 2015 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Consensus that surveyed the farmers engaged in agriculture, forestry and fishery in 2015, this study investigated the effects of the characteristics of the farms in Gangwon-do on the utilization of the digital devices, which was classified into computers usage only, smartphones usage only, both computers and smartphones usage, and no digital device usage. This study used the Multinomial Logit Model for the above purpose. Moreover, the IIA(Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives) method of the Multinomial Logit Model was analyzed to be suitable. Upon the result of the analysis, when all the other variables were constant in the average, the probability of choosing both computers and smartphones increased by 0.02% as the family member living together with the farm owner increased by 1 person. In addition, the farms with agricultural machineries have 0.03% increased probability of using smartphones to sell their agricultural products, when compared with the farms without agricultural machinery. Moreover, for the farms with high sales profit of the agricultural products, the probability of using computers and the probability of using smartphones increased by 0.04% and 0.01%, respectively, and the probability of using both computers and smartphones increased by 0.02%. On the other hand, for the farms affiliated with the agricultural organization, the probability of using both computers and smartphones increased by 0.17%, and the probability of using only smartphones and the probability of using only computers increased by 0.16% and 0.15%, respectively. In case of selling to the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation(NACF), the probability of using smartphones increased by 0.11% if all other variables were to be constant in the average. In particular, the farms participating in the agriculture-related industries have 1.09% increased probability of using computers, have 0.92% increased probability of using smartphones, and 0.85% increased probability of using both computers and smartphones. Therefore, the implications suggested based on the results of the analysis are as follows. First, the farms' choices of the digital devices are made independently. Hence, the future agricultural industry business platform establishment should necessarily consider the types of farms' choices of the digital devices in the future. Second, since the usage of digital devices has a generally positive influence on the farm household income, digital education to improve farmers’ ability to use the digital devices should be urgently provided in order to improve the farm household income in the farms in Gangwon-do. Third, because the digital devices used to sell agricultural products differ depending on the age of the farm owner, it would be desirable to target the younger generation of the farm owners rather than establishing the agricultural industry business platform for the farms in the aged farm villages. Fourth, it would be advisable for the future agricultural business platform to consider the characteristics of agricultural products sales source.

한반도는 계절 및 지리적 위치에 따라 강수특성이 상이하여 수자원 관리 및 계획수립 시 홍수, 가뭄을 사전에 대비하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 더욱이 기후변화로 인한 강수 및 기온의 변화는 홍수 및 가뭄 등 수재해의 변동을 더욱 심화시킬 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 남한 5대강(한강, 낙동강, 금강, 섬진강, 영산강)을 대상으로 기후변화에 따른 우기(7∼9월)와 건기(10∼3월)에서의 미래 하천유량의 변화를 전망 및 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해 CMIP5의 핵심실험인 2개 RCP 시나리오(RCP4.5, RCP8.5)를 이용하였으며, 적정 GCM (INMCM4 모형)을 선정하였다. 5대강 유역의 유량을 전망하기 위해 상세화된 기후변화 시나리오를 장기 강우-유출모형(PRMS 모형)의 입력으로 하여 유량해석을 수행하였다. 장기간의 자료를 활용하여 PRMS의 모형 매개변수를 추정하였으며, 과거기간(1976∼2005년) 대비 미래 3기간(2025s, 2055s, and 2085s)에 대한 우기 및 건기 시의 유량변화를 분석하였다. 평가결과, 건기에서의 유출량 감소는 RCP8.5 시나리오 대비 RCP4.5 시나리오에서 더 크게 나타났으며, RCP4.5 시나리오 하에서 2025s, 2055s 기간의 유출량은 -7.23%, -3.81% 감소하는 것으로 나타나 가까운 미래(2025s) 기간에서의 유출량 감소가 더욱 클 것으로 전망되었다. 먼 미래(2085s) 기간의 경우, 북부지역은 유량이 증가, 남부지역은 유량이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, RCP 8.5 시나리오 하에서는 남부지역을 포함한 대부분의 지역이 가뭄에 대한 취약성이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 우기에서의 유출량 변화는 2개 RCP 시나리오 및 미래 전 기간에서 지역에 따라 유량이 증가(북부 및 서부지역) 또는 감소(남부)하는 것으로 나타났다.

고무화합물 형태로 구성된 조영제의 병에 Syringe Connector의 Spike를 연결 시 고무의 찢김 정도를 알아보고 찢김 및 분쇄로 인한 합성고무의 혼입 유무와 분쇄된 합성고무가 검출 시 분쇄물의 크기를 실험을 통해 알아보고자 하였다. 그 결과 찢김 정도의 경우 Syringe Connector의 끝과 최초 접촉하는 앞면이 약 3.14±0.04 ㎜로 뒷면 보다 많이 찢겼으며, 실험 대상인 10 병의 조영제에서 평균 7 개에서 15 개로 모두 분쇄물이 검출되었다. 검출된 분쇄물을 이용하여 크기를 측정한 결과 평균크기는 약 7.89±0.31 ㎛이었다. 향 후 다양한 실험 및 분석방법을 통한 추가실험과 더불어 흡인된 분쇄물 차단을 위한 미세 필터타입 자동주입장치의 개발이 필요하며, 분쇄물 유입 시 치명적 사고를 대비하여 관련기관의 관심 또한 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

방사선치료 기법의 발전으로 치료가 더욱 정밀해졌음에도 불구하고 치료 부위 외에도 방사선에 의해 피폭되는 것은 피할 수 없다. 이에 본 연구에서는 유방암의 방사선치료 시 치료 반대편 유방의 bolus 두께에 따른 흡수선량을 평가하고 선량 저감 효과에 대해 분석하고자 하였다. 실험 및 방법으로 Rando phantom을 대상으로 VMAT 치료방법을 이용하여 실험을 진행하였다. 치료 반대편 유방에 A, B, C, D, E의 5개 지점을 선정하여 bolus를 사용하지 않았을 때와 5, 10, 15, 20 ㎜ 의 bolus를 사용하였을 때의 선량을 유리선량계를 사용해 평가하였다. 그 결과, 치료지점과 가장 가까운 지점에서 높은 흡수선량이 측정되었으며 치료지점과 가장 먼 B 지점에서는 가장 낮게 측정되었다. 평균 흡수선량은 bolus를 사용하지 않았을 때 8.61 cGy 그리고 두께에 따라 8.10, 7.94, 8.06, 8.10 cGy로 나타났다. 연구 결과 선량 저감 효과를 확인할 수 있었으며, 본 연구를 바탕으로 적절한 bolus 두께를 설정하여 정상조직의 선량 저감화를 위해 노력해야 할 것이다.

상수관망시스템의 운영목적은 탄력성을 높여 각종 비정상상황에 유연하게 대처할 수 있는 방향으로 점차 변화하고 있으며 이에 따라 비정상상황에 따른 단수구역 발생에 대한 사후대책 대비를 통한 탄력성 향상이 필수적이다. 이를 위한 가장 효율적인 방법은 수계전환에 따른 비상공급 수원 확보이며, 비상관로를 통하여 인접 배수블록으로부터 단수된 구역에 용수를 공급할 수 있다. 성공적인 비상연계 운영을 위해서는, 수리학적 해석을 통하여 시공간적인 측면에서의 공급성능을 평가해야 한다. 비상연계 시, 공간적인 범위를 결정하는 주요 요소는 관경, 위치 및 관저고와 같은 비상관로에 해당하는 제원이며, 시간적인 범위를 결정하는 주요 요소는 연계배수지의 용량과 정수장에 공급 가능한 추가수량이다. 본 연구에서는 A 시의 상수관망에 대하여 배수지 1지에 문제가 발생하여 타 배수지들로부터 비상연계를 받는 시나리오에 대하여 모의를 진행하였다. 배수지의 저류량 및 유입량에 대한 모의를 위하여 Advanced-Pressure Driven Analysis 모형을 사용하였으며, 수리해석 결과를 바탕으로 공급범위기준지표 및 공급시간기준지표를 산정하여 연계공급성능에 대한 다각도적인 평가를 진행하였다. 이에 비상연계에 대하여 소비자들이 실제 체감하는 공급성능을 시공간적인 측면에서 파악할 수 있었으며, 설계제원의 타당성에 대한 검토가 가능하였다. 이는 비상연계 성능향상을 위한 구조적 대책 및 비구조적 대책 수립에 대한 의사결정에 용이하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Over the past two decades, the options for solid waste management have been changing from land disposal to recycling, waste-to-energy, and incineration due to growing attention for resource and energy recovery. In addition, the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission has become an issue of concern in the waste sector because such gases often released into the atmosphere during the waste management processes (e.g., biodegradation in landfills and combustion by incineration) can contribute to climate change. In this study, the emission and reduction rates of GHGs by the municipal solid waste (MSW) management options in D city have been studied for the years 1996-2016. The emissions and reduction rates were calculated according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines and the EU Prognos method, respectively. A dramatic decrease in the waste landfilled was observed between 1996 and 2004, after which its amount has been relatively constant. Waste recycling and incineration have been increased over the decades, leading to a peak in the GHG emissions from landfills of approximately 63,323 tCO2 eq/yr in 2005, while the lowest value of 35,962 tCO2 eq/ yr was observed in 2016. In 2016, the estimated emission rate of GHGs from incineration was 59,199 tCO2 eq/yr. The reduction rate by material recycling was the highest (-164,487 tCO2 eq/yr) in 2016, followed by the rates by heat recovery with incineration (-59,242 tCO2 eq/yr) and landfill gas recovery (-23,922 tCO2 eq/yr). Moreover, the cumulative GHG reduction rate between 1996 and 2016 was -3.46 MtCO2 eq, implying a very positive impact on future CO2 reduction achieved by waste recycling as well as heat recovery of incineration and landfill gas recovery. This study clearly demonstrates that improved MSW management systems are positive for GHGs reduction and energy savings. These results could help the waste management decision-makers supporting the MSW recycling and energy recovery policies as well as the climate change mitigation efforts at local government level.

Background: To enhance the taste and physiological characteristics of Lycii fructus (Gugija) extracts, we investigated the changes in the physiological characteristics of Gugija extracts caused by adding white ginseng (WG) and red ginseng (RG) Methods and Results: Gugija extracts, including 10G10, 10GW-G8 : 2, -G6 : 4, -G4 : 6, -G2 : 8, and -G0 (mixtures made by replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of Gugija with WG), as well as 10G10, 10GR-G8 : 2, -G6 : 4, -G4 : 6, -G2 : 8, and -G0 (mixture made by replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of Gugija with RG) were extracted with water at 10 times the respective mixture's volume. The antioxidant activities of Gugija extracts were investigated by assessing their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) activity, nitrite scavenging activity, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. As the amount of WG added increased, the DPPH, and, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP activity of the Gugija extract decreased. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 10G10, 10GW-G6 : 4, 10GR-G6 : 4, and 10GR-G0 for DPPH radical scavenging activity were 25.50 ± 1.04, 52.06 ± 1.46, 16.87 ± 1.24, and 9.50 ± 0.16 ㎕/㎖, respectively. On the other hand, the physiological activity of Gugija extract increased with the addition of increasing amounts of RG. However, ACE inhibitory activity was the highest (50.25 ± 2.58%) in the Gugija 10-fold extract without any added RG. Conclusions: From the above results, we suggest that adding RG to Gugija extracts increase their antioxidant, FRAP, and nitrite scavenging activities.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of soluble silicate and germanium on the characteristics of soil and growth in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivated in blue-white plastic houses. Methods and Results : Seedlings (n = 63 per 3.3 ㎡) of Korean ginseng cultivar were planted on April 10, 2015. Shading material of plastic house [8 m (W) × 3.5 m (H) × 50 m (L)] was blue-white vinyl. From May to September of each year, 1,000 times diluted sol. of germanium and silicate and these mixed solutions were drenched once a month. The chemical properties of the soil are as follows : pH, EC, organic content, and P2O5 of the soil were within the proper range, and the Mg content of the Ex-cations was lower than the standard value in 3 treatments except treatment of germanium 1,000 times. The total nitrogen content was 0.13 - 0.14%, which was higher than the optimum value. The number of soil microorganisms (Actinomycetes etc.) was higher in the treatment than in the non-treatment of inorganic components. The photosynthetic rate of ginseng leaves was 2.25 μmole CO2/㎡/s in the non-treatment and 2.91 to 3.17 μmole CO2/㎡/s in the inorganic treated. The growth characteristics of the aerial parts (leaf and stem) of the ginseng plants were generally better than that of non-treatment. Especially, in the treatment with silicate 1,000 times showed better growth, leaf area and leaf width growth. The growth of the underground part (root weight etc.) were also better than non-treatment. Specially, at 1,000 ppm treatment with soluble silicate, the root length and diameter were longer and the weight was was 72.2 g per plant. The ginsenoside content of each treatment is under analysis. The disease incidence (Alternaria panax etc.) rate was 20.1% in the untreated and 6.4% to 10.0% in the inorganic components treatment. Conclusion : By soil drench of inorganic compononts such as soluble silicate in ginseng blue-white plastic house cultivation, the growth of the aerial and root parts in ginseng were more improved than non-treatment. There are a lot of soil microorganism and less disease.

Background : Atractylodes macrocephala is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Asteraceae and should be cultivated in field soils with good water dripping due to plant characteristics. However, cultivating farmers mainly have recently been cultivated in paddy soil due to their regional characteristics, which causes the decrease in yield due to poor drainage. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the cultivation in high ridge and subsoil breaking effect for stable paddy soils cultivation technology of A. macrocephala. Methods and Results : Soil was paddy soils in the fall of 2017, and the pH (1 : 5) was 6.61 ± 0.15 as a result of chemical and physical properties. EC was 0.49 ± 0.05 dS/m, and organic matter content was 28.69 ± 69 g/㎏ and effective phosphoric acid was 306 ± 17.8 ㎎/㎏. As a result of the soil layering survey, the surface layer was 0 - 26 ㎝ deep as paddy soil mounded with sandy loam in the past. In the surface layer, there was a light layer after 17 ㎝ depth, and volume density was 1.71 ± 1.3 g/㎤. The porosity of the plow pan was 33.41 ± 2.34%. The cultivation methods were cultivation in high ridge (30 ㎝ or more) and level row (10 ㎝ or less) at 2 levels and 3 repetitions. In subsoil breaking, the depth of the plow pan was increased from 17.1 ± 0.5 ㎝ before treatment to 31.1 ± 3.6 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 24.8 ± 1.5 ㎜. In the case of rotary plowing, the depth of the plow pan was 17.1 ± 1.9 ㎝ before treatment and 26 ± 2.4 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 25.8 ± 2.9 ㎜. The medium growth characteristics of A. macrocephala per treatment showed the tendency of increase in plant length, culm length, number of nodes, number of leaves, and fresh weight in level row cultivation after subsoil breaking. Root growth of cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking tended to be good with rhizome weight of 11.6 g per hill. The survival percentages were 98.8 - 100% and the bolting rate was 93.4 - 96.2% Conclusion : In cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking in the paddy field of Gangwon area, the decrease of yield of A. macrocephala due to drainage was expected to be alleviated, but final conclusion should be drawn after analyzing soil temperature and soil moisture data.

본 연구는 축구의 인프런트 킥동작 시 발생되는 하지관절모멘트에 관한 연구로 3차원 영상 및 지면반력 데이터를 이용하여 킥동작을 분석함으로써 효율적이고 안정적인 동작에 대한 과학적이고 객관적인 자료를 마련하는데 목적이 있다. 이 연구는 중학교 3학년 남자 축구선수들을 대상으로 인프런트 킥동작 시 하지 분절에서 발생하는 모멘트에 대해 분석하였다. 동작 수행 시 디딤발인 왼쪽 발목에서는 저측굴곡모멘트가 발생하여 전하방으로 작용하는 인체 무게중심의 관성을 지탱하는 것으로 사료된다. 또한 내번모멘트가 발생하여 과도한 외번으로 인한 부상을 예방하는 것으로 사료된다. 왼쪽 무릎에서는 신전모멘트가 작용하여 신체 무게 중심의 관성을 이겨내고 무릎의 신전을 통하여 안정적인 임팩트를 위한 높이를 형성하기 위함으로 사료된다. 또한 내전모멘트가 나타났다가 동작의 마지막에는 외전모멘트로 전환되었는데 이는 왼쪽으로 기울어 있던 왼다리가 내전모멘트에 의해 똑바로 서면서 인체의 무게중심을 지탱하여 안정적인 임팩트를 가능하도록 해주고 임팩트 이후에 왼 무릎이 신전되면서 오른다리가 좌전방으로 이동함에 따라 왼무릎이 과도하게 내전되는 것을 방지해 주는 것으로 사료된다. 왼쪽고관절에서는 무릎 관절과 마찬가지로 전하방으로 향하는 인체의 무게중심의 관성으로부터 신체를 지탱하기 위하여 신전모멘트가 급격하게 증가하였다가 감소하는 것으로 사료된다. 또한 킥의 전 구간에서 외회전모 멘트가 나타나는데 이는 무릎의 외회전과 함께 공을 감아 차기 위해 좌후방에서 좌전방으로 이동 하는 오른발의 이동궤적을 용이하게 만들어주기 위한 것으로 사료된다.

Background : The rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale) is widely used as a spice or a traditional medicine. It contains the phenolic compounds, such as gingerol, zingerone and shogaols as the major pungent compound. Ginger is commonly used for various types of "stomach problems," including motion sickness, colic, upset stomach, gas, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), nausea. The cultivation area of ginger is 1,046 ha, and it is cultivated as 5th of 55 medicinal crops in Korea (2016). When ginger is cultivated in a vinyl house, the growing periods can be prolonged by early sowing and the yield is improved compared to the conventional cultivation. This experiment was carried out to investigated on growth, rhizome shape and yield as affected by the soil covering in rain-shelter greenhouse. Methods and Results : Seed ginger was planted on March 10 at 75 × 15 ㎝ planting density in greenhouse. The soil covering on furrow area was carried out on June 20, July 20 and August 20. The control, conventional cultivation was planted four rows on 120 ㎝ wide ridge. As a results of applying the soil covering, emergence was 2 - 3 days earlier than that of conventional cultivation. On November 5, samples were harvested for each treatment, and growth characteristics, tuber shape, and yield were investigated. As the number of soil-cover increased up to 3-times, the weight of the tuber increased to 44.4% and the length to 21.9% as compared with the control. However, as the number of soil-cover increased, workspace was needed, resulting in fewer seeding gingers and lower total yield. Therefore, it was advantageous to perform two times soil-cover to obtain the maximum yield. In the case of soil cultivation, the length of the foot was longer than that of conventional cultivation, and the quality was improved. Conclusion : From the above results, it is recommended that the soil covering is carried out twice at greenhouse’s cultivation. The first covering is in mid-June, and the second is in mid-July.

Background : We examined the inorganic compounds, compressive strength, yield, and functional substances of five steam-treated deciduous tree species to address the problem of the low degradation activity of conventional oak trees in the cultivation of Gastrodia elata in indoor facilities. Methods and Results : With the exception of Ca in cherry blossom tree (CBT), the content of the major inorganic elements (N, P, Mg, K, and Ca) in alternative trees were 1.5 - 3.6, 1.3 - 2.6, 3.3 - 5.3, 4.4 - 7.5, and 0.9 - 3.9 times those in oak (control group), respectively. The content of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) were equivalent to or slightly lower than those in oak, depending on tree species. The compressive strength of alternative trees was 9.3%–34.9% lower than that of oak. The compressive strength after steaming was lower in the order CBT (8.0%), mulberry tree (MBT: 7.0%), chestnut tree (CNT: 7.2%), Siebold's crab (SBC: 6.9%), black locust (BLL: 6.1%), and oak (5.4%). The total weight of oak was 893 g in comparison with the 1,107, 902, 952, 813, and 813 g of MBT, CNT, CBT, SBC, and BLL, respectively. The mature tuber and seed tuber ratios were 31%, 34%, 32%, 32%, 34%, and 30%, and 67%, 75%, 68%, 70%, 73%, and 65%, respectively. The yield index increased overall by 1% - 14%. Total weight after steaming increased by 10%, 18%, 14%, 16%, 20%, and 12% in oak, MBT, CNT, CBT, SCB, and BLL, respectively. Mature tuber and seed tuber ratios after steaming increased by 1%, 1%, 0%, 1%, and 2%, and 5%, 3%, 7%, 2%, 5%, and 5%, respectively. There were no significant difference among tree species in drying ratio, hardness, chromaticity for quality comparisons, and steaming. However, the results of functional substance analysis revealed significant differences in gastrodin, gastrodigenin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and ergothioneine according to tree species. Conclusion : From the above results, we may believed that five tree species including MBT might have useful as alternative to oak when the cultivation of G. elata in Indoor Facilities.