Background : Cynanchum wilfordii is a perennial species of climbing vine belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. Cynanchum wilfordii native to Korea has been cultivated and used for medicine with tuber root. Prevalent furrow size is 20 ㎝ in height for Cynanchum wilfordii cultivation in Korea. This experiment was carried out to find out yield and commercial characteristics according to furrow height in cultivation of Cynanchum wilfordii. Methods and Results : There were 4 furrow height of 10 ㎝, 20 ㎝, 30 ㎝, and 40 ㎝. Seedling transplanting was performed in early May with 40-day seedlings grown in pot from late March. Seedling establishment rates were similar as 96.7% - 99.7% in all treatments. Vine length, branch number, node number, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width were higher in furrow of 40 ㎝ and chlorophyll content was not significantly different according to furrow height. Main root number was more as 5.2 ea/plant in 20 ㎝ furrow and first lateral root number was more as 4.5 ea/plant but not significantly different in 20 ㎝ and 30 ㎝ furrow. Main root length was longer as 39.2 ㎝ and 37.0 ㎝ in 40 ㎝ and 30 ㎝ furrow height respectively. First lateral root length was longest as 25.0 ㎝ in 30 ㎝ furrow. Main root diameter was thicker as 24.9 ㎜ in 40cm furrow and thinner as 18.7 ㎜ in 10 ㎝ furrow. First lateral root diameter was thicker as 14.4 ㎜ in 20 ㎝ furrow and thinner as 11.2 ㎜ in 10 ㎝ furrow. Total yield and commercial yield in 40 ㎝ furrow were highest as 1,173 ㎏/10 a and 919 ㎏/10 a, 78.6% of total yield. Conclusion : It was considered that higher total yield and commercial yield in 40 ㎝ furrow was resulted from better aerial part growth including vine length, branch number, node number, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width and bigger main tuber root size.

Background : Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang are very sensitive to the excess moisture condition and dry crops. This is why the tuberous root is big and as many as the quantity for adequate water is needed. Study of proper bed width and hight to maintain optimal moisture for the high quality and yield. Methods and Results : So this study was designed in order to find out proper bed Width and hight. Bed width were 80 ㎝, 100 ㎝, 120 ㎝ and hight were 10 ㎝, 15 ㎝, 20 ㎝. The result of an experiment, when cultivation with bed width 100 ㎝, hight 20 ㎝, In situation of growth and development, plant length and root length were long and number was plants was many than bed width 120 ㎝, hight 10 ㎝. In addition, in quantity characteristics, tuberous root number was 27 to 58 more than 31 and tuberous root length and tuberous root thickness was long and thicker. When these growth and development situation and the quantity characteristics, yield was 66 ㎏ to 252 ㎏ more than 186 ㎏ per 10 a. Conclusion : In cultivation of Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang, when to maintain optimal moisture with bed width 100 ㎝, hight 20 ㎝ have been higher quality and yield than cultivation with bed width 120 ㎝, hight 10 ㎝.

Background : This study was carried out to secure technology for stable production of ginseng by developing technology to reduce the high temperature in response to climate change. Methods and Results : Polyethylene film (PE film), scattering film and blue-white double-sided film (85% shading rate) were tested for ginseng rain-shielding materials. The shading materials used were a black shading net (90% shading rate) in the first, and an aluminum screen (40% shading rate) in the second. The first shading materials were installed on April 10 with PE film + black light shielding net, and scattering film + black light shielding net. As the treatment for high temperature injury relief, an aluminum screen was installed under a scattering film + black light shielding net and a blue-white double-sided film at a high temperature. The amount of transmitted light was 12.9% at scattered film, 14.5% at double sided film, and 12.5% at PE film when the primary rain-shielding material was covered. In secondary shading, scattering film + aluminum screen and blue-white double-sided film + aluminum showed 8.6% and 7.6% of light transmitting, respectively. In the case of temperature, the average temperature was lower than the outside temperature at the scattering film + aluminum screen, clear double sided film + aluminum screen and PE film recovery. The differences among the cultivars were significant in plant height, stem height, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area. There were significant differences in the plant height, stem height, leaf length, and leaf width between treatments, but there was no interaction effect between varieties and treatments. The interactions between treatments were found only in the number of brach root. Conclusion : High temperature damage was influenced by the amount of irradiation in the facility rather than the temperature, which was presumed to be due to the accelerated aging of the ginseng leaf as the light transmittance increased.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of inorganic compounds (germanium etc) on the characteristics of growth and ginsenoside contents in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivated in plastic houses. Methods and Results : The experiments were performed in the Jinan (elevation: 300 meters above sea level). Seedlings (n = 72 per 3.3㎡) of Korean ginseng cultivar were planted on March 23, 2015. Shading material of plastic house was blue-white vinyl. From May to September of each year, 500 and 1,000 times diluted solution of germanium and silicate and these mixed solutions were drenched once a month. The chemical properties of the soil are as follows : pH, EC, organic content, and P2O5 of the soil were within the proper range, and the Mg content of the Ex-cations was lower than the standard value in 3 treatments, including 500 times solution of silicate. The rate of photosynthesis in Korean ginseng leaves were 2.2 - 2.5 μmole CO2/㎡/s in germanium and silicate treatment than in the non-treatment (1.5 μmole CO2/㎡/s). In the mixed treatment of silicate and germanium, the growth characteristics of the aerial parts (leaf and stem) of the Korean ginseng plants tended to be higher and longer than the other treatments. In a mixed germanium and silicate treatment, the root length was 33.3 ㎝, diameter was 23.5 ㎜, and the weight was the best at 53.8 g. The ginsenoside content was 16.8 ㎎/g in germanium treatment, 16.3 ㎎/g in germanium + silicate treatment. These were 37% and 33% higher than the control, respectively. The incidence of disease such as Alternaria panax was less in the inorganic treatment than in the non-treatment, and the incidence of disease was significantly decreased in the treatment with germanium + silicate. Conclusion : By soil drench of inorganic ingredients in Korean ginseng plastic house cultivation, the growth of the aerial and root parts in ginseng were more improved than non-treatment and ginsenoside content was increased and decreased the incidence of disease.

Background : The purpose of this study was to establish the optimum organic compost composition and fertilizer application for nutrient management during the cultivation of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in the greenhouse. Methods and Results : Wood chips, popped rice hulls, and mixed expeller cake were mixed with certain contents, fermented microorganisms were added, and fermented for about 100 days to produce organic composts. Organic compost was applied to the greenhouse soils at a rate of 1,500 – 3,000 ㎏/10 a, and the Korean ginseng seedlings were planted (2015) and cultivated. The growth and quality characteristics of 4-years-old Korean ginseng were investigated as follows. In all treatments, the emergence date were April 17, and the emergence rate were 70 - 74%. Soil chemical properties such as pH (6.7 - 6.8) and trace element Ca (7.9 - 9.2 cmol+/㎏) were higher than the standard values, and EC, P2O5 and OM were appropriate. Disease incidence rate were less than 0.2% in the control (treatments of livestock manure compost 1,500 ㎏/10 a) and treatment 3 (wood chips 60% + popped rice hulls 40%), but there were no disease in other treatments. Plant growth such as plant height, leaf length, and stem diameter were superior to treatment 1 (wood chips 20% + popped rice hulls 80%), and growth of underground part such as root length were excellent in treatment 1 as a whole. In particular, in the application of 1,500 - 2,000 ㎏ of treatment 1, root weight (39.9 g, 42.3 g/plant, respectively) were superior to the other treatments. In general, as woodchip content and usage amount increase, root weight tended to decrease. Conclusion : It is considered appropriate to apply 1,500 - 2,000 ㎏/10 a of fermented compost of organic material which is mixed with wood chips (20%) and popped rice hulls (80%) with mixed expeller cake when growing Korean ginseng in the plastic house covered with blue-white vinyl.

본 연구에서는 체질량 지수에 따라 각기 다른 관전압을 적용하여 비뇨기계 CT 검사 시 체질량 지수 적용의 유용성을 평가하고자 하였다. A그룹(n=38)은 체질량 지수가 25 이하이며 관전압 100 kVp로 검사하였고 B그룹(n=45)은 체질량 지수가 25 이상이며 관전압 120kVp로 검사하였다. C그룹(n=37)은 체질량 지수가 25 이하이며 관전압 120kVp로 검사하였다. 체질량 지수가 25 이하로 낮은 A그룹(100 kVp)과 C그룹(120kVp)의 두 그룹간 평균 선량의 차이는 214.8 mGy·cm의 차이를 나타내었으나 정성적 평가에서는 큰 차이가 없음을 확인할 수 있었으며 체질량 지수가 25이상인 환자군과 비교하여서는 오히려 좋은 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 체질량 지수가 25 이하로 낮은 환자는 관전압을 100 kVp 로 낮추어 촬영하여도 영상의 질에는 부정적인 영향을 주지 않음을 알 수 있다.

국내 남성에게서 많이 발생하는 전립선암을 대상으로, 근접치료 시 나노입자 사용에 따른 선량을 평가하여 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 선량평가는 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션 기법인 MCNPX 프로그램을 이용하였다. 선원은 국내 HDR장비에 다용하는 192Ir으로 선정하고 나노입자는 금, 가돌리늄, 산화철, 요오드를 사용하였다. 그 결과 표적장기인 전립선은 나노입자를 사용 시, 사용하지 않은 경우에 비해 모두 흡수선량이 높게 나타났다. 특히 금 나노입자가 3.13E-03 J/kg·e의 값으로 가장 높았다. 주변장기 및 주변인에 대한 선량은 나노입자 사용에 따른 차이가 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 나노입자 사용은 치료가능비를 상승시켜 치료효율을 증가시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study was carried out on the upgrading of the noise barrier top device developed by 400km/h high speed railway infra research. By modifying the inner shape of the top device installed on noise barrier top, the performance of the first-stage top device was improved, and the weight was greatly reduced as compared with the first stage top device. In addition, the upper part was completed without an installation fixture by the integral method, and the construction was greatly improved. Finally, the upgraded top device was installed on the HONAM high speed railway site and its performance was verified.

The 'Housing Act (‘14.04), which permits the remodeling of old apartment buildings, has been implemented. In particular, vertical remodeling is generally implemented by adding 2~3 floors above the top floor of existing apartments. Technically, it is necessary to reinforce the existing pile due to the increase of vertical, horizontal, seismic load, etc. However, the existing piles are loaded simultaneously and so each pile was constructed at limited base space for application of reinforcement method. The bearing capacity of existing piles decreases due to vertical expansion so the bearing capacity of the piles must be confirmed by the indirect method(laboratory test etc.) in the first safety diagnosis and by the direct method(field test etc.) in the second safety diagnosis.

This paper presents the influence factors of heat transfer in a voided slab under fire situation. The effects of a void in a slab on heat transfer are presented and the results are quantitatively analyzed for each influence factor. For this purpose, the finite element analysis method was used to evaluate the influence of the heat transfer factors on the thermal characteristics in a voided slab. Based on these results, the influence factors which have significant difference in the temperature spectrum were derived.

Blast-resistant doors are installed to protect human life, precious equipments and materials in the plant and other similar industrial facilities, national important SOC, evacuation facilities and military shelter. In this study structural type and design consideration for blast-resistant doors are reviewed to design a bullet- and blastproof structures including doors.

Recently, because of the increased needs for isolation device structure, a lot of buildings equipped with isolation systems are designed. In this paper, we provide the information about the seismic isolation effects due to the stiffness variation of isolation devices due to the manufacturing errors for middle layer seismic isolation.

In order to complement the defects of a ballasted track requiring continuous maintenance and a concrete track where the initial construction cost is expensive, research on an asphalt concrete track that is easy to maintain, economical and environmentally friendly is underway. In order to investigate the safety and the applicability of the asphalt concrete track, the test construction was carried out on the Kyeongbuk line. In this study, when the Mugunghwa train runs on the asphalt concrete track, the wheel load and lateral wheel load measured through the sensors installed at the rails were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the track performance test standard was satisfied.

In the case of the port mooring facility, jetties with piles are mainly applied in soft ground conditions. In the three-dimensional modeling for the structural analysis of jetties with piles, the boundary conditions between the pile and the ground are universally applied to the Approximate depth of pile supported method and Elastic subgrade reaction spring method. In this study, p-y curve data for the pile ground condition was generated using the LPILE program, and then the nonlinear spring considering the p-y curve as the pile and ground boundary condition was input and analyzed in the 3D modeling of jetties with piles using the MIDAS civil And the necessity of applying the Nonlinear subgrade reaction spring method by comparison with the result and the analysis result according to the existing analysis method is suggested.

For this study, WRF numerical modeling was performed, using RDAPS information for input data on typhoons affecting the Korean peninsula to produce wind data of 700hPa. RAM numerical modeling was also used to calculate 3-second gusts as the extreme wind speed. After comparing wind speeds at an altitude of 10 m to evaluate the feasibility of WRF numerical modeling, modeled values were found to be similar with measured ones, reflecting change tendencies well. Therefore, the WRF numerical modeling results were verified. As a result of comparing and analyzing these wind speeds, as calculated through RAM numerical modeling, to evaluate applicability for disaster preparedness, change tendencies were observed to be similar between modeled and measured values. In particular, modeled values were slightly higher than measured ones, indicating applicability for the prevention of possible damage due to gales. Our analysis of 3-second gusts during the study period showed a high distribution of 3-second gusts in the southeast region of the Korean peninsula from 2002-2006. The frequency of 3-second gusts increased in the central north region of Korea as time progressed. Our analysis on the characteristics of 3-second gusts during years characterized by El Niño or La Nina showed greater strength during hurricanes that affected the Korean peninsula in El Niño years.

이 글은 無何堂 洪柱元 한시의 내용과 형식의 특질, 그리고 표현방식의 특징적 면모에 대해 살펴보려는 것이다. 무하당 한시의 내용적인 특질로서는 죽은 사람을 애도하는 輓詩가 다른 사람의 경우에 비해 훨씬 많다는 것과 내용과는 상관없이 형식상 특이한 위치에 있는 것으로서는 대작이 많이 보이는 점을 들 수 있을 것이다. 만시는 다른 사람들의 문집에도 흔히 보이는 것이지만, 무하당의 경우 양적으로 많을 뿐만 아니라, 특히 국왕이나 왕비, 공주 등 왕실의 인물들에 대한 만시, 더 나아가서는 왕실과 관련이 깊은 여러 인물들에 대한 것을 쉽게 볼 수 있다. 또한 사람이 죽었을 때 지은 것 이외에 묘를 옮길 때 지은 遷葬輓詩도 제법 있음을 볼 수 있다. 대작은 고관대작을 위하여 지은 것도 있지만, 일반사대부나 혹은 아녀자들을 위하여 지은 것도 있다. 그리고 고관대작을 대신하여 지은 것처럼 보이는 것도 있지만, 자신의 아우나 매형 등을 대신하여 지은 것도 있다. 누구의 대작인 지 알 수 없는 경우가 대부분이지만, 특히 자신의 매형인 李時述을 위하여 지은 것처럼 이름이 드러난 경우도 있다. 무하당 한시의 표현방식으로서의 특징으로는 첫째 대립적인 뜻으로 형성된 단어의 사용이 눈에 많이 띄며, 둘째는 한 인물을 용사하여 이끌어다가 씀에 있어 반복적일 뿐만 아니라 복합적으로 다양하게 사용하였다는 점이 두드러진다. 대립적인 개념어의 사용은 存亡, 存沒, 生死, 幽顯, 去住, 昇沈, 憂寧 등 특히 죽음과 이별에 당면하여 지은 시에 특히 많이 보인다. 이러한 표현방식은 서로 대척점에 있는 개념을 병렬하여 드러냄으로서 자신이 말하고자 하는 뜻을 더욱 강하게 나타내는 효과가 있는 것이다. 용사의 복합적인 사용은 晉나라 때의 문인 潘岳에 대한 용사에서 두드러진다. 반악은 한시에서 지방관을 하며 어머니를 板輿에 모시고 명승을 구경시킨 효자, 미모와 함께 32살에 일찍 센머리가 나 더욱 드러나는 老病, 河陽의 도리화로 대표되는 善政, 아내가 죽었을 때 지은 ｢悼亡詩｣에 드러난 슬픔, ｢秋興賦｣에 드러난 가을의 서글픈 서정 등 여러 가지 면모로 복합적으로 드러난다.

Background: The cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in greenhouses could reduce the use of pesticides and result in higher yield; however, construction costs are problematic. The adaptation of direct-sowing culture in greenhouses could reduce the cost of ginseng production. Methods and Results: To improve seedling establishment in direct-sowing culture, effects of sowing density (SD), number of seeds sown per hole (SN), and thinning (TH) treatment on the root yield were investigated after 3 years of seeding. The emergence rate was significantly influenced by SD, but not by SN or TH. Damping-off and rusty roots increased with an increase in SN with diminishing effects of SN on seedling establishment. Root weight and diameter were affected by SD, SN, and TH, however, there were no statistical significances. The total number of roots harvested per unit area increased with increasing SD and SN, and the weight of roots was affected by SD, but not by SN or TH. Conclusions: Multi-seed sowing per hole and/or thinning might not be an efficient method for the direct-sowing culture of ginseng. The SD for direct seeding culture in greenhouses should be approximately 33 - 42 seeds/㎡ for an optimum yield of 3-year-old ginseng.

본 연구는 하중 조건에 따른 화해를 입은 중공슬래브의 잔류성능에 대한 실험적 연구이다. 이를 평가하기 위하여, 하중조건을 변수로 하는 2개의 중공슬래브 실험체를 제작하여 ISO 834 표준화재 곡선에 따라 120분간 가열하였으며, 이를 상온으로 냉각하여 잔류 휨 성능을 평가하였다. 실험결과 하중조건에 따라 중공슬래브의 온도분포가 상이한 것으로 나타났으며, 재하 실험체가 비재하 실험체에 비해 전단면에 걸쳐 온도가 빠르게 상승하는 경향을 보임을 확인하였다. 고온으로 가열 후 냉각한 중공슬래브의 잔류 휨 강도의 경우 화해를 입지 않은 중공슬 래브에 비해 34%~40% 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 휨 강성의 경우 15%~23% 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 하중을 재하 한 중공슬래브의 경우 재하하지 않고 가열한 중공슬래브에 비해 약 10%의 강도 저감이 발생하였으며, 휨 강성의 경우 15% 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 하중 재하에 따른 휨 균열에 의해 슬래브의 하부 주인장 철근의 온도가 비재하 실험체에 비해 높아지며, 하부철근 피복의 박리현상이 가속화되기 때문인 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of seeding rate and depth during broadcast sowing on growth and yield of foxtail millet and proso millet over 2 years. The rate of sowing seeds was adjusted to 5, 7, 10 and 20 kg per ha on foxtail millet, and 5, 10, 15 and 30 kg per ha for proso millet. Sowing depth was 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 cm used tractor rotary attachment for shallow-tilling. The rate of seedlings standing when foxtail millet and proso millet were sowed to a depth of 0.5~5 cm was 72.0~78.0% and 73.0~80.5%, respectively. Plant height and weight at the three-leaf stage after emergence was highest for the treatment with 3 cm rotary depth. As the rate of broadcast seed sowing increased, plant length, diameter, seed length, and seeds on the panicle decreased. The grain yield of foxtail millet was highest with broadcast seed sowing of 10 kg per ha (3652, 3977 kg ha-1) and proso millet was highest at broadcast seed sowing of 15 kg per ha (2226, 2052 kg ha-1) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Therefore, the optimum rate of sowed seeds under broadcast cultivation was 10 kg ha-1 for foxtail millet and 15 kg per ha-1 for proso millet. Optimum sowing depth for foxtail and proso millet under broadcast cultivation was 3 cm, using a rotary tractor attachment for shallow-tilling.

蒼崖 許萬璞(1866~1917)은 진주 지역에서 활동한 한말의 유학자 이다. 武科에 급제하여 잠시 武人으로 살았으나, 외세의 침략과 문란한 정치 현실에 비분강개하여 스스로 관복을 벗어던지고 고향인 진주 지 수 승산마을로 낙향하였다. 그리고 세상을 마칠 때까지 은둔하다시피 하면서 經史를 탐구하고 스승을 찾아다니며 도학을 강론하였다. 본고 는 그 동안 연구가 이루어지지 않았던 진주 지역의 한말 유학자 창애 허만박을 주목한 것이다. 이 글에서는 허만박의 문집을 토대로 그의 삶을 보다 세밀하게 추적해보고 그 자취를 담고 있는 한시를 검토 분석 하여 그의 내면의식을 따라가 보고자 했다. 52세의 나이로 비교적 짧은 생을 살다간 허만박은 선조들의 행적이 그러하듯 젊어서부터 은거 지 향적 면모를 보이다가 무과 급제 후 관직에 진출해 서울 생활을 시작했 다. 그러나 서울에서 보고 겪은 외세의 침략과 국가적 위기에 그는 절망 하고 스스로 사직하였다. 그리고 고향으로 내려가 승산 마을의 염창강 가에 은둔하면서 도학의 근본 탐구에 골몰하며 절의를 실천하고자 하 였다. 1905년 을사조약의 체결로 인해 스승 송병선을 잃은 허만박은 이후 송병순과 최익현, 전우를 차례로 스승으로 모시며 도학을 강론하 고 자제와 후진 교육에 힘을 쏟았다. 이 시절 그는 상소문과 편지 또는 제문에서 혼란하고 무력한 정치 현실과 일본의 침략에 대해 비분강개 하며 통탄과 憂國의 심정을 드러내기도 했지만 그와 동시에 거듭되는 집안의 불행으로 위축된 모습과 하루하루 견디는 심정을 표출하기도 했다. 삶의 이력으로 볼 때 그는 폭넓은 교유 관계를 형성하기는 어려웠 던 것으로 보인다. 허만박은 자신이 살았던 智水 勝山 마을의 山水를 대상으로 삼아 시를 많이 지었다. 더불어 인근 주변 지역의 승경이나 또는 자연 속의 구체적인 사물들에 대해서도 시적 감수성을 발휘해 시를 짓는 계기로 삼았다. 물론 한시에 묘사된 산수 자연은 허만박의 삶의 흐름과 그에 따른 정서가 스며들면서 시기에 따라 다른 느낌과 이미지를 전달하고 있다. 허만박은 자신의 삶 대부분을 아름다운 고향의 산수에서 은둔하 며 조용하게 보냈지만, 당시 나라의 형세가 혼란하고 위급했던 만큼 그에 대한 심정과 감성도 시의 소재나 때에 따라 드러내기도 하였다. 1910년을 전후해 지은 시에서는 나라 잃은 분노와 비통함의 시적 정서 가 점점 고조되고 있었으며, 더불어 체념과 자조적 한탄도 뒤섞여 표출 되었다. 또 현실과 차단한 채 은거의 즐거움만으로 스스로를 위로하는 의식도 담아내었음을 확인할 수 있었다.