18세에서 30 세 중반 사이의 남자 35 명 여자 21 명 총 56명올 대상으로 2시간 동안 VDT 작업을 하도록 한 후， 안구 및 전신 중상 둥율 조사하고 순목 횟수， 눈물층파괴 시간 (BUT) ， 안겸열의 높이， 시력， 타각적 굴절력， 조젤력 둥올 측정하였다. 안구증상 에서는 눈의 피로를 느끼는 사람이 34% 로 가장 많았고 시가능증상에서는 물체가 흐 려 보이는 증상이 83%, 전신증상에서는 어깨가 아픈 사람이 38%로 가장 높게 나타 났다 VDT 작업 중의 순목 횟수가 8/min로 휴식 때의 22/min 에 비해 많이 감소했 다. VDT 작업 직후의 눈물층파괴시간도 약 7초로 작업 전의 약 12초보다 현저히 감 소되었다. 안겁열의 높이는 작업 전 7.69mm보다 작업 중에는 9.04mm로 증가하였 다. 평균 나안시력은 VDT 작업 전에 0.63에서 작업 후에는 0.57로 약 9.5% 감소하는 겸향을 보였고， 타각적 끊절이상은 0.28D 정도 끈시화 경향올 보였다. VDT 작업 후 조절력은 1.49D 정도 감소하였는데 주로 조절끈점 끓절력의 감소가 원인인 것으로 보고， 폭주근점 꿀절력도 0.87D 감소하였다.

Through his long poetic career from 1885 to 1939 Yeats was preoccupied with the dualistic nature in this world―the ideal against the real, body against soul, and Self against Anti-self. He was aware that these conflicts and contradictions were necessary for the mental growth in man and through the struggles between these opposites he might achieve the state of the whole. In his attitude toward life Yeats embraced with open mind both what he was and what he wanted bo be. The two opposites are co-existent and inseparable so as to be united into the Whole Being. Yeats had applied the symbols of ‘sexual union’ and ‘dance’ to his poetry in order to express ecstatic experience of ‘Unity of Being.’ This paper traces up Yeats’s attitudes toward life, and studies the aspects of conflicts and contradictions, through which he may attain the ‘Unity of Being,’ the ideal that Yeats had searched throughout his poetry and other activities.

From time to time Yeats’s concept of death baffles us, since he asserts in A Vision that in effect death is neither absence nor nothing but a recurrence of life in other body and other state. No doubt this elaborate myth of reincarnation is an important element of his system, but acceptance of it as his definitive view of death would lead us down several interpretive blind valley. If there is no annihilation of self, then how can we explain the effort of lyric after lyric to summon up heroic energy in the face of death? Moreover, death for him is something that elicits abundant imagination. By analyzing Yeats’s ‘death’ poems, I attempt at some answers to these questions. I begin with the discussion of the ‘reincarnation’ reflected in “A Dialogue of Self and Soul.” In contrast to the Soul who asserts that one must concentrate on the “darkness” of death, imitating as nearly as possible that future state, the Self, provoked by death, reaffirms the present state. The Self reviews life to deny neither imagination nor the senses; rather it reasserts their ultimate worth. If “Dialogue of Self and Soul” is willing to embrace life again in the face of death, “Under Ben Bulben” internalizes authority to quell death. The speaker ruthlessly suppresses his own vulnerabilities with authoritative commands and the voice of his dead father. The discourse in the poem seems abstracted from the poet’s own life, as if spoken by his now disembodied but empowered voice, a voice from a timeless nowhere beyond the grave. “The Apparition,” another poem dealing with death, however, uncovers the terror that undercuts the assertion of ‘joy’ in “A Dialogue of Self and Soul” and “Under Ben Bulben.” No matter how each poem responds to death, however, it is clear that death cannot be approached directly. It is “Man and the Echo” that allows the good picture of the necessary indirectness of one’s meditation on death. The rabbit’s cry of pain interrupts the deathward meditation. This moment of rupture suggests that “Man” can only think death indirectly, through trope and turn. In “Death,” by turning to the logic of lack and repetition, I attempt to provide some possible answers to why Yeats moves to-and-fro between the repression of death and the avowal of its finality. In “Lapis Lazuli” The poet replaces the marks of time with the self-begetting images. Associated with the regenerative power of water and seasons, the immaterial possibilities supplant the marks on the stone’s surface symbolic of literal death. In its internal time the poet creates poetic possibilities that rise from the external time that decays. In short, death for Yeats ‘causes’ life, and opens up the place that is retroactively filled out by life. But above all death inspires, brings about, and dignifies his poetic imagination. Yeats depends on the muse of death for the aesthetics of his poetry. In his poetry he rehearses death every day.

전시냅스 억제(presynaptic inhibition)와 동시냅스 억제(homosynaptic depression)는 보행 시에 분절반사(segmental reflex)를 조절하는 두 가지 독립적인 기전이다. 근방추 피드백(feedback)은 전시냅스 억제(inhibition)를 통해 보행 시 원심성 근육 수축기에서 적절이 조절될 수 있다. 이러한 전시냅스 억제 작용은 H-reflex의 강도로 나타내질 수 있는데, 원심성 근육 수축기 동안 H-refl

본 연구는 보행주기 동안 정상인과 당뇨병성 족부궤양 환자의 족관절 운동역학적 변수와 족관절 근육들의 근활성도에 차이가 있는지 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 본 연구의 대상자는 당뇨병성 족부궤양이 있는 환자 9명(남자: 6명, 여자: 3명)과 성, 연령, 체중으로 짝짓기(matching)시킨 대조군 9명이었다. 3차원 동작분석기, 힘판, 표면 근전도를 이용하여, 보행주기 동안 족관절의 관절가동범위, 모멘트(moment), 일률(power), 그리고 내측가자

회전(turning)은 보행 중 방향을 바꾸는 운동 기술(motor skill)이고, 회전 전략(turning strategy)은 회전을 완수하는데 사용되는 일반적 행동 전형(generalized movement pattern)이다. 회전에 대한 보행속도의 영향은 분명하지 않다. 이 연구의 목적은 보행속도의 돌기 전략에 대한 영향을 분석하고 보행속도의 하지 내외 회전(internal and external rotation)에 대한 영향을 분석하는 것이다

19명의 건강한 성인 남자의 우세팔쪽 위팔두갈래근에서 피로가 생길 때까지 2.4초를 하나의 주기로 팔꿉을 반복적 등장성으로 굽히고 펴서 표면근전도 신호를 얻었다. 처리과정 A 중앙주파수(MDF )는 이 신호의 0.5초 구간을 power spectrum analy sis (PSA)로 계산하였는데 상당량의 잡음이 있었다. 중앙주파수의 잡음 양을 비교하기 위해, 동일한 표면근전도에서 3번까지 신호를 받았다 (2.4초 구간을 PSA로 계산한 처리과정 B, 13 point로 moving averages한 처리과정 C, digital low pass filter한 처리과정 D). 그리고 나서 그 신호의 중요 주파수 성분을 뽑아내었다. 위의 중앙주파수 자료와 시간간의 회귀직선을 분석하면 초기 중앙주파수, 회귀기울기, 그리고 피로지수와 같은 모수를 얻을 수 있다. 비모수 검정의 하나인 Kendall 기법으로 네 개의 처리과정간의 모수를 비교하였다. 통계결과 잡음이 처리과정 A보다 B,C,D에서 적었고, D에서 가장 적게 나타났다. 중앙주파수를 digital low pass 로 여과(filtering)함으로써 앞으로 있게 될 동적 운동 시 근피로 모니터기의 신뢰도를 높일 수 있다.

This longitudinal study of CVA patients has two parts: the first with 50 subjects and the second with 24 subjects. The first part of study shows that in making a prognosis of the early stage of CVA, the factor of visual neglect is most critical. The second part suggested that I-ADL is a better criteria than ADL for long-term CVA patients. 1) In the first study, the 50 subjects, hospitalized in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Korea University Hospital from January 1998 to December 1999, were divided by the result of their MVPT (Motor Free Visual Perception Test) into two groups: one with visual neglect and the other with no visual neglect. In terms of ADL (Activities of Daily Living), the group with visual neglect significantly scored less that the group with no visual neglect. This result strongly supports the hypothesis that the factor of visual neglect is closely related with the CVA patients’ progress of ADL. 2) After two years, the follow-up study on remaining 24 clients (4 deceased, 22 unreachable) has been conducted in an attempt to identify any significant differences of the progress of ADL and I-ADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) between two groups: neglect and neglect-free group. At this time, the ADL of both groups have remarkably improved with no significant difference between groups. However, both groups still scored significantly low in I-ADL. 3) These results lead us to the conclusion that only in the early rehabilitation period, the factor of visual neglect is very useful to predict a prognosis of the CVA patients. In addition, it is reasonable to suppose that rehabilitation for the chronic CVA patients should be guided by I-ADL rather than ADL.

3주간 생장한 닭의장풀을 Hoagland용액 (±100μM Cd2+ 또는 100μM Cd2++100μM SA)에서 4일 동안 수경 재배한 후 Cd2+ 및 살리실릭산(SA) 처리시, 닭의장풀의 뿌리와 분리 표피에서의 Cd2+ 농도와 nonprotein-SH 합성을 측정하였다. Cd2+ 처리구에서는 98μM Cd2+/g.fr.wt이 검출되었다. 이는 대조구에 비해

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resting periods between exercise sets during isokinetic contraction on recovery from muscle fatigue, strength, heart rate, blood pressure, and lactate level. Sixteen women performed 10 repetitions of isokinetic exercise for three sets in three different conditions. During the sets, they rested 50, 100, and 150 seconds in each condition. And the results were: 1) In this population, the peak torque of extensor during the isokinetic exercise in 100 second resting condition was significantly higher than that in 50 and 150 second resting conditions (p<.01). The total work of extensor was significant in the second and third sets in 50 and 100 second resting conditions (p<.01). 2) During the isokinetic exercise, the heart rate was progressively increased as the sets were advanced in all resting conditions (p<.01). And the increase was significant during the second and third sets than the first in 50 second resting condition (p<.01), while it was significantly greater after the third set than the first in 100 and 150 second resting conditions (p<.01). 4) No difference was found between the resting periods in blood lactate level and blood pressure during the isokinetic exercise. However, differences were found between the sets in these variables (p<.01).

Many studies have shown that the initial median frequency (MDF) and slope correlate with the muscle fiber composition. This study tested the hypothesis that the initial MDF and slope are fixed, regardless of the interval at which data are collected. MDF data using moving fast Fourier transformation of EMG signals, following local fatigue induced by isotonic exercise, were obtained. An inverse FFT was used to eliminate noise, and characteristic decreasing regression lines were obtained. The regression analysis was done in three different periods, the first one third, first half, and full period, looking at variance in the initial MDF, slope, and fatigue index. Data from surface EMG signals during fatiguing isotonic exercise of the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis in 20 normal subjects were collected. The loads tested were 30% and 60% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in the biceps brachii and 40% and 80% MVC in the vastus lateralis. The rate was 25 flexions per minute. There were no significant differences in the initial MDF or slope during the early or full periods of the regression, but there was a significant difference in the fatigue index. Therefore, to observe the change in the initial MDF and slope of the MDF regression line during isotonic exercise, this study suggest that only the early interval need to be observed.

Physical therapists have been using biofeedback training to induce improvements in various circumstances. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of visual and tactile feedback using electrical stimulation on quadriceps strength. Nineteen women without known impairment of the neuromusculoskeletal system volunteered for this study. Subjects were randomly allocated into three groups: visual feedback, tactile feedback, and control group. The torque of isometric knee extension force was measured. Subjects were asked to exert the maximal isometric contraction force of quadriceps over a 30 second period. The resting period of 10 minutes was given after the maximal isometric contraction to avoid the muscle fatigue. In between groups comparison, significant differences of the peak torque and the torque area were found on the performance of the maximal isometric contraction of quadriceps (p<.05). The values peak of torque and torque area were significantly higher during visual feedback than tactile feedback. The results of this study suggest that visual feedback is more powerful than tactile feedback (p<.01).

In rehabilitation programs involving muscle re-education and endurance exercise, it is necessary to confirm when fatigue occurs. It is also necessary to quantify fatigue, to confirm whether the muscle has been exercised sufficiently. In general, as fatigue occurs, the force-generating ability of the muscle is reduced. If the median frequency (MDF) obtained from electromyogram (EMG) power spectrum is correlated highly with work, then the timing and degree of fatigue may be confirmed. This study examined the relationship between work and MDF obtained from the EMG power spectrum during repetitive isokinetic exercise. Surface EMG signals were collected from biceps brachii and vastus lateralis of 52 normal subjects (26 males, 26 females) at and while performing an isokinetic exercise. The exercise was finished at 25% of peak work. MDF data was obtained using a moving fast Fourier transformation (FFT), and random noise was removed using the inverse FFT, then a new MDF data was obtained from the main signal. There was a high correlation between work and MDF during repetitiv isokinetic exercise in the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis of males and the biceps brachii of females (r=.50~.77). However, there was a low correlation between work and MDF in the vastus lateralis of females (r=.06~.19).

Resource recovery and recycling of materials and products, including polyurethanes is viewed as a necessity in today's society. Most urethane polymers are made from a polyol and a diisocyanate. these and be chemicals such as water, diamines or diols that react with isocyanate groups and add to the polymer backbone. The problems of recycling polyurethane wastes has major technological, economic and ecological significance because polyurethane itself is relatively expensive and its disposal whether by burning is also costly. In general, the recycling methods for polyurethane could be classified as mechanical, chemical and feedstock. In the chemical recycling method, there are hydrolysis, glycolysis, pyrolysis and aminolysis. This study, the work was carried out glycolysis using sonication ant catalyzed reaction. Different kinds of recycled polyols were produced by current method(glycolysis), catalyzed reaction and sonication as decomposers and the chemical properties were analyzed. The reaction results in the formation of polyester urethane diols, the OH value which is determined by the quantity of diol used for the glycolysis conditions. The glycolysis rates by sonication for the various glycols, increased as fallows: PPG <PEG < DEG < EG. The recycled polyol of sonication reaction had much higher OH value, much lower decomposition temperature and time than the recycled polyol of current method in which same glycols and catalyst were used.

본 연구에서 상업용 폴리설폰 한외여과 중공사막을 지지체로 사용하여 저압 정수용 역삼투압막 제조시 막표면에서 feed의 큰 전단응력에 견딜 수 있도록 도포층과 지지층의 결합력을 증가시키는 전처리 방법을 확립하였다. 확립한 전처리 공정에서 지지막과 친화력이 좋으면서 도포층을 이루는 반응물과 반응성이 있는 글루탈알데히드와 촉매역할을 하는 염산 혼합 수용액으로 지지막을 전처리하면 이들 글루탈알데히드는 지지막 표면 및 기공 벽에 균일하게 분포되어 이후 표면중합법에 의해 형성된 도포층을 이루는 일부 반응물과 화학적으로 결합 되어 지지체와 도포층간에 강한 결합력을 제공한다. 전처리공정 없이 제조한 중공사 역삼투압막은 투과 후 5시간 이내에 feed의 큰 전단응력에 의해 도포층의 분리 파괴가 일어났으나 본 연구에서 확립한 방법으로 전처리하여 제조한 중공사막은 장시간 사용에도 우수한 막성능이 지속되었다.