Conventional Fe-Co alloys are important soft magnetic materials that have been widely used in industry. Compared to its polycrystalline counterpart, the nanostructured materials have showed superior magnetic properties, such as higher permeability and lower coercivity due to the single domain configuration. However, magnetic properties of nanostructured materials are affected in complicated manner by their microstructure such as grain size, internal strain and crystal structure. Thus, studies on synthesis of nanostructured materials with controlled microstructure are necessary for a significant improvement in magnetic properties. In the present work, starting with two powder mixtures of Fe and Co produced by mechanical alloying (MA) and hydrogen reduction process (HRP), differences in the preparation process and in the resulting microstructural characteristics will be described for the nano-sized Fe-Co alloy particles. Moreover, we discuss the effect of the microstructure such as crystal structure and grain size of Fe-Co alloys on the magnetic properties.

Nanosized tungsten carbide powders were synthesized by the chemical vapor condensation(CVC) process using the pyrolysis of tungsten hexacarbonyl(). The effect of CVC parameters on the formation and the microstructural change of as-prepared powders were studied by XRD, BET and TEM. The loosely agglomerated nanosized tungsten-carbide() particles having the smooth rounded tetragonal shape could be obtained below in argon and air atmosphere respectively. The grain size of powders was decreased from 53 nm to 28 nm with increasing reaction temperature. The increase of particle size with reaction temperature represented that the condensation of precursor vapor dominated the powder formation in CVC reactor. The powder prepared at was consisted of the pure W and cubic tungsten-carbide (), and their surfaces had irregular shape because the pure W was formed on the powders. The and W powders having the average particles size of about 5 nm were produced in vacuum.

A new approach to produce nanostructured WC/Co composite powders by a mechanochemical process was made to improve the mechanical properties of advanced hardmetals. Homogeneous spherical W-Co salt powders were made by spray drying of aqueous solution from ammonium metatungstate(,AMT) and cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO).6). spray dried W-Co salt powders were calcined for 1 hr at in atmosphere of air. The oxide powder was mixed with carbon black by ball milling and this mixture was heated with various temperatures and times in . The composite oxide powders were obtained by calcinations at . The primary particle size of W/Co composite oxide powders by SEM was 100 nm. The reduction/carburization time decreased with increasing temperatures and carbon additions. The average size of WC particle carburized at by TEM was smaller than 50 nm.

A nitrogen gas atomized aluminum powder was consolidated by powder-in sheath rolling method. A pure aluminum tube with outer diameter of 12 mm and wall thickness of 1mm was used as a sheath. The aluminum tube filled with the aluminum powder, first, was cold-rolled to the thickness of 6mm for performing, and then consolidated by the cold rolling and/or subsequent hot rolling at 360, 460 and . The aluminum powder compact fabricated by the sheath rolling showed high relative density more than 0.96 at any rolling conditions. The 0.2% proof stress increased with increasing hot rolling reduction and hot rolling temperature. Tensile strength was hardly affected by change in the hot rolling reduction, whereas it decreased with increasing hot rolling temperature. The powder compact showed the large elongation when cold rolling or hot rolling reduction was large. It was found that the sheath rolling was an effective method for consolidation of aluminum powder.

The microstructures and indentation fracture of pressureless-sintered crystalline were investigated as a basic study for the application of weak phase of fibrous monolithic composites. They were comprised with many lamella twins as well as micro-cracks at the grain boundaries. The hardness at room temperature was remarkably low value(575 Hv) due to the low relative density and existence of microcracks at grain boundaries. The main fracture mode was a typical intergranular fracture, and showed remarkable micro-cracking effect. The heavy plastic deformation was observed around the site of indentation. In addition, the was expected to apply as a weak phase in the fibrous monolithic composites because of the low hardness and easily plastic deformation that could be led the preferable pulled-out and microcracking toughening under the failure

In order to economically utilize dough with B. longum, B. infantis and B. brevis as a bread improver, aerotolerance, α-galactosidase activity, organic acids, farinograph and extensograph of dough were investigated. In aerotolerance of Bifidobacterium sp., B. longum was highest among tested starters, followed by B. infantis. The α-galactosidase activity was highest in the B. longum among tested starters. In organic acids, the contents of lactic acid and acetic acid were the highest in the among tested starters, followed by B. infantis. In farinograms of dough, water absorption and peak time were highest in the B. brevis among tested dough. Extensogram showed that the area increased remarkably in B. longum and B. infantis at 135min of fermentation. Extensibility and resistance to extension of dough were highest in the B. infantis among the dough, followed B. longum.

In order to obtain the nano size composite powders by mechanical alloying method for useful composite catalysis, the effects of mechanical alloying time on the formationof composite powders were analyzed. The phase transformation behaviors were experimented as the heat treating temperature increased. Homogeneous 10wt% Cu-rutile type composite powders were synthesized in 40 hours by mechanical alloying. After 60 hours mechanical alloying 50 nm size powders were obtained. Both the phase of mechanically alloyed 10 wt% and pure powders were not transformed to anatase after annealing at the temperature range between 350 to 500 . The intermetallic compound of O was formed after 10 hours mechanical alloying, however it could be considered that this intemetallic phase dose not prevent the transformation of rutile to the anatase phase after heat treatment at the temperature between 350 and .

To investigate the fabrication possibility of a polymer particle dispersed metal matrix composite, polytetrafluorothylene (PTFE) particles were incorporated into the Al by the powder metallurgy process. The characteristics of a PTFE/Al composite were evaluated by measuring the density and hardness, and analysis of XRD, FT-Raman and microstructure. And wear properties of these composites were evaluated under the dry wear condition. It was possible to obtain the PTFE particles stably dispersed Al matrix composites by the hot press process at the sintering temperature of . The wear coefficient of a PTFE/Al compoite decreased with increasing of the volume fraction of PTFE. The wear weight of a PTFE/Al composite increased with increasing of the volume fractionof PTFE in the range of 0~10 vol.%PTFE, and showed maximum value at 10 vol.%PTFE, and then decreased at 20vol.%PTFE.

In the present study, equiatomic porous TiNi shape-memory alloys have been successfully prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) using elemental titanium and nickel powders. The porous TiNi alloys thus obtained have an open porous structure with about 64 vol.% porosity, and the pore size is about 1.8 mm. The effect of preheating temperature on the microstructure have been investigated. It is found that the pore size increases with increasing preheating temperature. Moreover, the preheating temperature was shown to have a significant effect on the microstructrue of the SHS-synthesized porous TiNi shape memory alloys.

Spherical fine powders of tungsten oxide powders were prepared by the emulsion evaporation method. The characteristics of the powders prepared were examined by means of TGA, X-ray diffraction, SEM and image analysis. The emulsions were prepared by fast mixing of aqueous phase containing tugsten and the organic phase which composed of kerosene, surfactant, and paraffin oil. Precursors were made by evaporating the emulsionin the kerosene bath at , and then calcined at in order to produce tungsten oxide powders. The average particle size of the tungsten oxide powders was and their shapes were spherical at the both case of w/o and o/w type emulsions. As the HLB value of the surfactant increased and the concentration of tungsten ions decreased the mean particle siqe of tungsten oxide powders decreased whereas agglomerationsize increased. The optimum concentration of Span 80 was 8 percent by volume, and the optimum stirring speed in the emulsion formation was 5000 rpm in order to obtain fine and well dispersed powders.