V2O5-TiO2 catalysts were prepared by various methods. V2O5-TiO2 were prepared by sol-gel method with different drying conditions (aerogel and xerogel), and V2O5 supported on TiO2 obtained by sol-gel method with precipitation-deposition method and impregnation method. The performance of the V2O5-TiO2 catalysts was investigated for the selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in the stream containing both ammonia and excess water. All the catalysts showed good dispersion of vanadium and they had high H2S conversion with no or little production of sulfur dioxide. The V2O5-TiO2 aerogel catalyst prepared by sol-gel method with drying under super critical condition had the highest surface area which led to better catalytic activity compared to those by other synthesis methods.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a functional component with physiological activity that helps to protect the liver from blood pressure reduction and alcohol damage, and is known to be widely distributed in various vegetables and fruits. In this study, a fermented rice syrup with enhanced GABA content was developed. The improved syrup was prepared by adding monosodium glutamate (MSG) to saccharified rice and using a complex of three types of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ) with excellent GABA production ability. The physicochemical changes of the fermented rice syrup were measured, and the final pH of the product was 4.7 with a total water-soluble solid content of 22.1 °Brix. Of the dissolved solids, glucose (39.6 mg/mL) and maltose (12.7 mg/mL) were the main components, and it was confirmed that all MSG was converted to GABA. From the experiment, it was established that the rice syrup obtained from secondary fermentation of saccharified rice is suitable as a beverage base. The fermented saccharified rice syrup was differentiated from conventional rice fermented products which typically use yeast and acetic acid bacteria in the production process. The enhanced fermented rice syrup produced in this study was made using lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation and saccharified rice.

The purpose of this study analyzed the overview of corrugated cardboasrd manufacturing industry and then provide direction for improvement. The BREF (BAT reference document) is an important reference for licensees and officer, including the best available techniques for the industry and achievable environmental performance, technical characteristics, and economic information. In the corrugated cardboard manufacturing process, wastewater pollutants are generated throughout the production process, and water is used in the dissociation and aging process. Atmospheric emissions are mostly generated by steam production from boilers and incinerators for the dry process. SO2, NOx, CO2, CO, HCl, dust, VOC, and odor were common. In the EU-BREF (European union BAT reference documents) BAT for wastewater have taken up a relatively large proportion. Items of water pollutants in wastewater were common in COD, BOD, N, P, SS, and however EU-BREF had different pollutants such as AOX and salt compared to K-BREF. In order to improve the quality of the K-BREF, it is necessary to devise basic data research method and data acqusitiom method. Consideration should be given to additional environmental management techniques that reflect the emissions characteristics of the corrugated cardboard manufacturing process. In addition, further research is needed to develop methodologies for selecting BATs considering environmental and economic feasibility.

The integrated permit system is applied to class 1 and 2 atmospheric and water pollutant discharge facilities in 19 sectors. The fertilizer sector should receive a permit for a period of four years, from 2019 to 2023. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between the Korean Best Available Techniques (BAT) reference document (K-BREF) and the European Union BAT reference document (EU-BREF) in terms of the process and emission characteristics of fertilizer manufacture. K-BREF is written by focusing on products, whereas EU-BREF is produced on focusing on manufacture process. There are five types of BATs(best available techniques economically achievable) in Korea. These BATs selected mainly to recover and reuse raw meterials and save energy. The number of BATs and BAT-AELs(BAT associated emission level) in K-BREF is smaller than that in EU-BREF. We suggest that BATs and those environmental management parameters in Korea need to further reflect the emission characteristics in the fertilizer sector.

Soymilk has been substituted for milk for people who are suffering from lactoseintolerance. In this study γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) producing lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum LP2, was applied to ferment soymilk for improving its functionality. GABA production was proved in MRS broth supplemented 3% monosodium glutamate (MSG) and soymilk including 10% (w/v) soymilk powder and 5%(w/v) fructooligosaccharide where L. plantarum LP2 was applied. In addition to the soymilk, isolated soy protein (ISP), which was enzyme-treated, was added to it for improving the content of free amino acids including glutamic acid. L. plantarum LP2 was well grown and produced GABA in the soymilk medium.

본 연구는 건설 디지털 제조를 위한 3D 프린팅 기술 개발을 위하여, 플라이애시 및 고로슬래그 미분말 등의 알칼리 활성화 결합재를 Binder Jetting 3D 프린팅 방식으로 출력하고, 후처리 방법을 통해 출력물의 압축강도를 증진하는 것이다. 진공 펌프 및 규산나트륨-수산화나트륨 복합 수용액을 적용하여 후처리 방법을 검토하였으며, 후처리 용액에 침지한 후 -0.1 MPa 진공 압력으로 처리한 공시체의 압축강도는 11.04 MPa 로써 강도 증진을 확인하였다.

본 연구에서 광촉매 종류 및 혼입율에 따른 역학적 특성 및 질소산화물 제거 특성을 평가하였고 보다 경제적이고 효율적인 광촉매 콘크리트 제조를 위해 분할 타설하는 방법에 대해 검토하였다. 그 결과 광촉매 혼입률이 5%일 때 가장 높은 압축강도와 탄성계수가 측정되었다. 광촉매 반응에 의한 질소산화물 제거 성능평가 결과 광촉매 혼입률이 증가함에 따라 질소산화물 제거율이 증가하였다. 이때 광촉매 P-25의 질소산화물 제거성능은 NP-A보다 우수하였다. 경제성을 고려하여 콘크리트 표면의 일정 두께를 광촉매 콘크리트로 타설하는 분할 타설 방안을 제안하였고, 이때의 일체화 성능을 평가하였다. 그 결과 역학적 성능 및 내구성능이 Plain에 비해 동등 이상으로 나타나 일체화 거동을 만족하는 것으로 판단된다.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of three types of Chestnut Meals (CM) on chemical composition and rumen fermentation characteristics of the fermented diet. The inoculants consisted of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, and Sacaromyces cerevisiae and were applied to three different types of CM; Whole Chestnut (WC), endodermis (EN), and kernel (KE). All types of CMs were ensiled at 39°C for 0, 1, 2, 4, or 6 days. After ensiling, the fermented CMs were sub-sampled for laboratory assays. On day six of fermentation, counts of the lactic acid-producing Bacillus subtilis, and yeast were higher (P<0.05) in WC than in the other CM types. On day four, KE had higher (P<0.05) crude protein content but lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents than the other treatments. In terms of rumen digestibility, KE had the highest (P<0.05) in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), total volatile fatty acid (VFA), propionate, butyrate concentrations, and total gas volume, as well as the lowest (P<0.05) acetate concentration. On the other hand, EN had the highest (P<0.05) pH and ammonia-N concentration in the rumen. In the rumen, even though WC application produced the highest microbial count and fermentation characteristics, it did not have a beneficial effect on rumen digestibility. Therefore, this study concluded that application of KE could be recommended due to the observed improvements in IVDMD and IVNDFD.

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the growth promotion effects on tomato crops and to assess the mineral nutrient concentrations of farm-made liquid fertilizers used in organic cultivation in South Korea. We hope that this study will help to develop of a standardized manufacturing technique for these organic liquid fertilizers. We collected 62 farm-made liquid fertilizers made from various raw materials including fish, seaweed, food scraps, plant and crop by-products, and other materials. Two groups of tomato seedlings were treated at different times, one at 20 days and the other at 40 days after sowing. We used both foliar and soil applications. These seedlings were treated using liquid fertilizers at various dilution rates (x1000, x500 and x100). When foliar application was used, seedlings after 20 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 47-48 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 17-32 fertilizers. When soil application was used, seedlings after 20 days had the same increase in shoot fresh weight with 30-31 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days also saw the same increase with 6-7 fertilizers. Therefore, our studies showed that application of liquid fertilizers to seedlings 20 days after sowing was most effective and that foliar treatment was more effective than soil treatments. We also observed that the higher the concentrations of fertilizer, particularly when applied twice rather than just once, the higher the rates of growth, which promoted shoot fresh weight more than plant height. Our results imply that mineral nutrients in liquid fertilizers seem to be the probable cause for the growth promotion observed in this study. However, more study is required to determine exactly which mineral nutrients are most effective.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system application on microbial hazard management levels of pork and manufacturing environments. In this study, we compared and analyzed microbial levels in raw meat, finished products, and manufacturing environments (knifes, gloves, and cutting boards) of HACCP and non-HACCP meat markets. In addition, we surveyed the hygiene statuses of HACCP and non-HACCP meat markets. The general bacterial counts in raw meat, finished products, and manufacturing environments were lower in HACCP meat markets than in non-HACCP meat markets. Particularly, non-HACCP meat markets exceeded the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety microbiological recommendation criteria for raw meats (8.7%) and finished products (8.7%). Escherichia coli and coliform counts in raw meat, finished products, and manufacturing environments were also lower in HACCP meat markets than in non-HACCP meat markets. The biological hazard levels of finished products from non-HACCP meat markets were affected by raw meat and manufacturing environment. Moreover, according to questionnaire survey results, personal hygiene, manufacturing environment, and facility standards were lower in non-HACCP meat markets than in HACCP meat markets. Implementation of HACCP at meat markets is expected to minimize food poisoning by reducing the biological hazard levels to provide safe livestock products to consumers.

As a method to improve the water purification performance of porous concrete through existing studies, it has been analyzed how to substitute effective microorganisms at a certain rate for use or immersing porous concrete in a culture solution. In this study, we tried to compare and analyze the viability of microbial cells after mixing spherical microbial cells with useful microbes and natural materials in order to more easily apply high - concentration microbes.

The study was initiated to compare crop productivity as affected by a long-term application with homemade liquid fertilizers in leading organic cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) farms in Suncheon and Kimcheon provinces. A Suncheon farm have applied an EM (effective organism) liquid fertilizer for one year and fifteen years, designating as EM 1-year and EM 15-year plots, respectively, with 4-year and 5-year application of native microbes-liquid fertilizer in Kimcheon farm, designating as Micro 4-year and Micro 5-year plots, respectively. pH in the EM-liquid fertilizer was high to approximately 7.7, and EC in the Micro-liquid fertilizer was 0.1 dS/m higher than those of EM-liquid fertilizer, with similar macro-nutrient concentrations observed in the both liquid fertilizers. Soil EC was the highest to the 10.0 dS/m for the liquid fertilizer with EM 1-year and showed less than 1.5 dS/m for other liquid fertilizer plots. Micro-liquid fertilizer plots had soil OM contents less than 20 g/kg, which was approximately two times less than those of EM plots. Soil microbial properties were not significantly different among the liquid fertilizer plots. SPAD and PS II values were significantly increased by EM 15-year plots with high levels of soil OM and EC. Liquid fertilizer plot with EM 1-year had high concentrations of T-N, Ca, and Na in the cucumber crops but low concentrations of P and Mg, in particular for low K of 1.2% which was two times less than those of desired level for an optimum cucumber growth. The lowest fruit yield was observed for the liquid fertilizer plot with EM 1-year with the highest soil EC accumulated. Liquid fertilizer plot with EM 15-year produced the expanded volume of crop canopy and increased fruit yield. Therefore, long-term of continuous application with an organic liquid fertilizer would have sustainably improved soil stability and the crop productivity.

The catalytic activity of Ni-0.2%YSZ (Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia) with different promoters was evaluated for CO2 methanation. The catalysts were weighed for mixing and they were dried at 110 for molding into disks. The concentration of CO2 and CH4 for conducting of CO2 methanation were analyzed by gas chromatography and the physical characteristics of the disk-type catalyst formed were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer. The addition of CeO2 as a promoter for Ni-0.2%YSZ (denoted as Ni-5%Ce-0.2%YSZ) resulted in the highest CO2 methanation. It also showed catalytic activity at a low temperature(200°C). Following this, ZrO2, SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 were added to Ni-5%Ce-0.2%YSZ to compare the CO2 methanation, and the highest efficiency was found for. Ni-1%Ti-5%Ce -0.2%YSZ Then, the concentration of Ti was increased to 10% and the catalytic activity was estimated using seven different types of commercial TiO2. In conclusion, ST-01 TiO2 showed the highest efficiency for CO2 methanation.

다층 및 다중구획 하이드로젤을 설계하여 4D 마스크팩 적용을 위한 자가접힘 특성분석을 수행하였다. 온도민감성 분자를 하이드로젤에 도입하여 팽창비가 다른 두 층으로 구성된 하이드로젤을 제조하였다. 나아가 팽창비 차이를 조절하여 자가접힘 정도가 다른 삼중구획 하이드로젤을 설계하였다. 상온에서 각각 0.03, 0, 0.03 mm-1의 곡률을 갖는 구획화된 하이드로젤은 피부 온도에서 1.33, 0, 1.33 mm-1의 곡률로 변화하여, 안면 밀착성이 현저히 높아지는 것을 확인하였다. 다층 및 다중구획 하이드로젤 제조 기술은 안면의 부위별 굴곡모양에 따라 자가변환이 가능한 맞춤형 4D 마스크팩 구현에 활용될 수 있다.

석록과 석청은 우리나라 전통 채색 문화유산에서 각각 녹색과 청색안료로 사용되어온 전통안료이며, 천연광물인 공작석과 남동석이 원료광물로 알려져 있다. 석록과 석청은 모두 중국, 일본 등지에서 수입된 것으로 알려져 있으며, 일부 청색계열의 안료가 국내에서 산출된 기록이 있으나, 탄산염 광물이 생성되기 어려운 우리나라의 지질환경을 고려하면 가능성은 높지 않다. 무기안료인 석록과 석청의 특성을 파악하기 위해 공작석과 남동석 원료를 확보하고 성분분석을 실시하였으며, 전통제법을 적용하여 안료를 제조하고 특성을 분석하였다. 제조한 석록의 L* 값은 59-83 정도, a* 값은 -20 이하로서, 시판제품에 비해 채도가 약간 높았다. 흡유량은 22-29 mL/100 g이고, 은폐력은 99.2 % 이상으로 우수하였다. 석청의 L* 값은 35-65 범위이고, b* 값은 -15 이하로서, 시판제품에 비해 상대적으로 채도가 낮았다. 흡유량은 21-26 mL/100 g이며, 석록과 마찬가지로 은폐력이 99.1 % 이상으로 우수하였다. 남동석의 원료광물은 남동석 외에 공작석, 석영 등의 불순물이 함유하고 있으며, 석청 제조 시 혼합된 불순물이 석청안료의 색도, 흡유량 등의 특성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

서비스 산업이 중심을 이루던 도시 산업 전반이 서비스 포화로 인한 저성장 시대로 진입하면서 도심을 중심으로 소규모 제조업체를 운영하는 도시형 소공인 제조 산업이 도시 산업 재생의 신성장 동력으로 주목받고 있다. 미국, 독일, 일본 등 선진국은 물론 빠른 속도로 산업 전반의 성장을 거듭하고 있는 중국 역시 4차 산업 혁명 시대를 맞아 제조업과 AI, ICBM(사물인터넷, 클라우드 컴퓨팅, 빅데이터, 모바일) 기반의 지능정보기술의 결합을 시도하며 이를 핵심으로 하는 도시제조업 중심의 제조업 재흥전략을 추진하고 있다. 이와 같은 세계적인 기류와는 달리 서울과 경기 지역을 중심으로 하는 한국의 도시제조업은 자금, 공간, 인프라, 인력, 기술 및 지식 고도화 부족 등으로 인해 4차 산업 혁명 대응 역량이 낮아 도시 산업 재흥의 성장 동력이 되기에는 총체적인 난제를 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 중앙 및 지방정부, 유관 공공기관들의 서울시 도시제조업 지원 정책사례와 해외 사례 연구의 프로토콜 분석 및 고찰을 통해 기존 정책의 문제점과 원인을 살펴보고, 제조와 유통을 연결하는 통합 플랫폼 구축 및 이를 위한 도시형 소공인 협동조합 구성 등을 기반으로 한 체계적인 도시제조업 지원정책의 필요성과 방향성을 제언하였다.

골다공증의 진단에서 이중에너지 X선 흡수계수법은 가장 빈번하게 사용되는 검사이다. 외국의 골밀도 장치 제조사인 지이나 홀로직 장치에 대한 교차분석 연구는 다양하나 국내 제조사 이중에너지 X선 흡수골밀도 장치에 대한 비교 분석이 부족하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 제조사의 이중에너지 X선 흡수골밀도 장치와 해외 제조사의 이중에너지 X선 흡수 골밀도 장치의 교차분석을 시행하여 교차식을 수립하였다. 유럽인 척추 팬텀을 이용한 검사에서 가장 높은 표준 편차를 보인 Dexxum T 장치의 경우 상. 중. 하부 척추에서0.030, 0.029, 0.037를 보였고, 홀로직의 Horizon Ci에서는 0.005와 0.004로 하부와 중간 척추에서 가장 낮은 표준편차를 나타냈다. 오스테오 프로맥스 장치의 경우 상부 척추에서 0.005의 표준편자를 나타냈다. 본 연구에서 도출한 국내·외 이중에너지 흡수 골밀도 장치의 교차식은 임상환경에서 골밀도 검사의 추척 검사에 유용한 사례가 될 것이다. 또한 본 연구에서 제시한 국산 이중에너지 X선골밀도 장치에 대해 설정된 교차 방정식에 기초로 임상환경에서 보다 정확한 골밀도 추적 관찰을 위해 보다 다양한 국산 이중에너지 X선 골밀도 장치의 교차 보정을 설정하는 것이 필요하다.

Purpose – For small and medium sized firms, CEO characteristics are main factor influencing firms’ prosperity as well as performance. So it is quite natural that many people are interested in factors of CEO that matters. In this research, CEO characteristics in terms of capabilities and skill or special knowledge necessary to run the business are invested for manufacturing firms. Precedent studies reveal that CEO characteristics such as psychological factors including desire to succeed, tendency to take risks, personal factors including age, year of running business, and task related factors including managing capability, communication skills, network influence firm performance for manufacturing firms. However, these studies simply verify whether or not those factors affect firm’s managing performance. This study, however, goes further to investigate how is the affecting process from CEO’s capabilities and organization characteristics to firm’s core competence, and from core competence to advantages, and from advantages to managing performance. Research design, data, and methodology – We make a questionnaire and surveyed manufacturing firm CEO’s in Gyeonggi-do area. General characteristics analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis, and control effect analysis was conducted. SPSS 2.0 Win, version was used. Results – The CEO characteristics including basic capability, task capability, leadership, and organization characteristics affect core competence at the statistically significant level. And, core competence affect both price advantage and differentiation advantage at the significant level. Some unique finding is that while differentiation advantage affects both financial achievement and non-financial achievement, price advantage does not affect both financial and non-financial achievement. And firm characteristics mainly measured by CEO characteristics of skills has control effects on the trace from core competence to price advantage. Conclusions – For small and medium sized firms CEO characteristics is the most important factor influencing firm’s prosperity. For manufacturing firms, whether CEO has the skill or special knowledge to run the firm is critical factor. The study results show that CEO’s for manufacturing firms put importance on price and price advantage which seems to be familiar to them. However, the price advantage does not influential to financial and non-financial achievement. This result suggests that small and medium sized manufacturing firms’ CEO’s should make effort to improve other aspects of advantages to be more competitive.

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can be released to humans and the environment through the generation of waste containing engineered nanomaterials (WCNMs) and the use and disposal of nano-products. Nanoparticles can also be introduced intentionally or unintentionally into waste streams. This study examined WCNMs in domestic industries, and target nanomaterials, such as silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, nano silver, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), were selected. We tested 48 samples, such as dust, sludge, ash, and by-products from manufacturing facilities and waste treatment facilities. We analyzed leaching and content concentrations for heavy metals and hazardous constituents of the waste. Chemical compositions were also measured by XRD and XRF, and the unique properties of nano-waste were identified by using a particle size distribution analyzer and TEM. The dust and sludge generated from manufacturing facilities and the use of nanomaterials showed higher concentrations of metals such as lead, arsenic, chromium, barium, and zinc. Oiled cloths from facilities using nano silver revealed high concentrations of copper, and the leaching concentrations of copper and lead in fly ash were higher than those in bottom ash. In XRF measurements at the facilities, we detected compounds such as silicon dioxide, sulfur trioxide, calcium oxide, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide. We found several chemicals such as calcium oxide and silicon dioxide in the bottom ash of waste incinerators.

Background: The objective of this study was to make colloidal dispersions of the active compounds of radix of Angelica gigas Nakai that could be charaterized as nano-composites using hot melt extrusion (HME). Food grade hydrophilic polymer matrices were used to disperse these compound in aqueous media. Methods and Results: Extrudate solid formulations (ESFs) mediated by various HPMCs (hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses) and Na-Alg polymers made from ultrafine powder of the radix of Angelica gigas Nakai were developed through a physical crosslink method (HME) using an ionization agent (treatment with acetic acid) and different food grade polymers [HPMCs, such as HP55, CN40H, AN6 and sodium alignate (Na-Alg)]. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the amorphization of crystal compounds in the HP55-mediated extrudate solid formulation (HP55-ESF). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated a lower enthalpy (ΔH = 10.62 J/g) of glass transition temperature (Tg) in the HP55-ESF than in the other formulations. Infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that new functional groups were produced in the HP55-ESF. The content of phenolic compounds, flavonoid (including decursin and decursinol angelate) content, and antioxidant activity increased by 5, 10, and 2 times in the HP55-ESF, respectively. The production of water soluble (61.5%) nano-sized (323 ㎚) particles was achieved in the HP55-ESF. Conclusions: Nano-composites were developed herein utilizing melt-extruded solid dispersion technology, including food grade polymer enhanced nano dispersion (< 500 ㎚) of active compounds from the radix of Angelica gigas Nakai with enhanced solubility and bioavailability. These nano-composites of the radix of Angelica gigas Nakai can be developed and marketed as products with high therapeutic performance.