대한민국을 비롯하여 전 세계는 급격한 성장을 이루었지만 반면 환경오염으로 인하여 여러 가지 어려움을 겪고 있다 이에 신재생에너지, 녹색시장, 녹색산업을 새로운 국가 성장동력으로 활용하려는 노력을 보이고 있다. 가장 큰 환경 오염 요인인 배기가스 배출을 줄이기 위하여 우리나라 지자체에서는 자전거 정책을 통해 도시 브랜드를 제고시켜 녹색 교통 문화를 정착시키려고 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 하지만 지자체의 정체성을 고려하지 않고 무분별하게 자전거 도로를 시공하여 도시환경과 도시경관의 이미지 창출을 하지 못하고 있으며 도시 마케팅 요소로서 도시만의 차별화된 브랜드임을 인식하지 못 하고 개발하고 있는 상황이다. 진천군 또한 자전거 도로가 도시경관 요소로서 중요함을 인식함에도 불구하고 정체성을 고 려한 디자인적 접근이 전혀 이루어져 있지 않는 것이 사실이다. 따라서 본 연구는 지자체중 진천군을 대상으로 자전거 도로를 재정비하여 관광문화 활성화를 도모하고자 한다. 이를 통해 천년 역사의 명소인 종박물관에서부터 농다리까지 잇는 자전거길을 활용하여 역사문화 및 여가관광문화 활성화 방안 및 농다리 주변 광장을 클린 생태문화관광지로 재조성할 계획 이며, 이를 바탕으로 3가지 컨셉의 자전거 도로를 제안하였다. 이로 인해 군민에게는 자부심을 주고 방문객에게는 호기심을 불러 일으켜 대한민국 대표 자전거길로 자리매김하고 진천군의 밝고 긍정적인 이미지를 알리는 데 도움을 주고자 한다.

To analyze main factors of size planning of community facilities that were created as part of development of a rural area, the present condition of factors deciding size of community facilities was analyzed, factors that influence size planning by the type of community facility were drawn with Delphi anaysis. The results of analyzing the present condition of size planning factors of community facilities show that facilities have been generally planned as multi-purpose and multi-functional facilities. And on the basis of the purpose of facilities, their functions and organization, and their operation programs, facilities are classified into community-centered, agritourism-centered, and combined ones. Using Delphi analysis, major factors that could affect size planning of community facilities were drawn on 26 community-centered, 28 agritourism-centered, and 30 combined. And the factors tended not to be applied well for size planning of community facilities.

This study aims to make a revitalizing plan for managing and maintaining of facilities which were installed after the rural development projects. The survey was conducted to examine some issues of operating facilities from the developing plan. There were some factors that should be considered in the establishment stage of the project plan when promoting rural development projects. Among them, the preservation and maintenance of rurality, consistency with business plans, connectivity with local resources, and ease of maintenance were less reflective than its importance. And for each facility, systematic consulting on appropriate scale and operational management plans and detailed planning is needed.. It's also necessary to plan action so that the local community can lead. The current or future rural development project will be succeeded when local governments support to strengthening their local groups or people’s abilities.

This study is to identify the heat vulnerability area as represented by heat risk factors which could be attributable to heat-related deaths. The heat risk factors were temperature, Older Adults(OA), Economic Disadvantage(ED), Accessibility of Medical Services(AMS), The population Single Person Households(SPH). The factors are follow as; the temperature means to the number of days for decades average daily maximum temperature above 31℃, the Older Adults means to population ages 65 and above, furthermore, the Economic Disadvantage means to the population of Basic Livelihood Security Recipients(BLSR), the Accessibility of Medical Services(AMS) means to 5 minutes away from emergency medical services. The results of the analysis are showed that the top-level of temperature vulnerability areas is Dong, the top-level of vulnerability OA areas is Eup, the top-level of AMS vulnerability is Eup. Moreover, the top-level of vulnerability ED area appears in the Eup and Dong. The result of analysing relative importance to each element, most of the Eup were vulnerable to heat. Since, there are many vulnerable groups such as Economic Disadvantage, Older Adults in the Eup. We can be figured out estimated the number of heat-related deaths was high in the Eup and Dong by the data of emergency activation in the Chungcheongnam-do Fire Department. Therefore, the result of this study could be reasonable.

The purpose of this study is to quantitatively analyze the effects of a restoration project on the decrease in the temperature in the surrounding areas. The thermal environment characteristics of the investigation area were analyzed using the meteorological data from the Busanjin Automatic Weather System which is closest to the target area. The terrain data of the modeling domain was constructed using a digital map and the urban spatial information data, and the numerical simulation of the meteorological changes before and after the restoration of the stream was performed using the Envi-met model. The average temperature of the target area in 2016 was 15.2℃ and was higher than that of the suburbs. The monthly mean temperature difference was the highest at 1.1℃ in November and the lowest in June, indicating that the temperatures in the urban areas were high in spring and winter. From the Envi-met modeling results, reductions in temperature due to stream restoration were up to 1.7℃ in winter, and decreased to 3.5℃ in summer. The effect of temperature reduction was seen in the entire region where streams are being restored.

Temporal and spatial variations in surface ozone concentrations in Busan were investigated by using observation data from urban air quality sites during 2001-2016. The annual ozone concentrations showed a significant increasing trend of +0.40 ppb yr-1 in this period, with a more rapid increase of +0.81 ppb yr-1 since 2010. For the monthly analysis, the increase in ozone concentration was the greatest in August (+0.68 ppb yr-1). These ozone trends were due mainly to rising temperature (+0.05℃ yr-1) and weak decreasing precipitation (－6.42 mm yr-1). However, the extreme weather events (heat wave, localized heavy rain, etc.) lead to an increase in short-term variability of ozone since 2010. The relatively low ozone concentrations in the downtown area were caused by high NOx emissions from mobile sources. The increases in ozone concentrations were observed at most of the air quality monitoring sites due to the reductions in anthropogenic emissions of NOx during 2001-2015. However, in the southern coastal area, lower rates of increase in ozone concentrations were observed by –0.10~0.25 ppb yr-1 due to the significant NOx emitted by ships in the Busan port and Busan new port.

The aerosol chemical components in PM2.5 in several regions (Seoul, Busan, Daejeon, and Jeju Island) were investigated with regard to their concentration characteristics and optical properties. The optical properties of the various aerosol components (e.g., water-soluble, insoluble, Black Carbon (BC), and sea-salt) were estimated using hourly and daily aerosol sampling data from the study area via a modeling approach. Overall, the water-soluble component was predominant over all other components in terms of concentration and impact on optical properties (except for the absorption coefficient of BC). The annual mean concentration and Aerosol Optical Ddepth (AOD) of the water-soluble component were highest in Seoul (at the Gwangjin site) (26 μg/m3 and 0.29 in 2013, respectively). Further, despite relatively moderate BC concentrations, the annual mean absorption coefficient of BC (21.7 Mm-1) was highest in Busan (at the Yeonsan site) in 2013, due to the strong light absorbing ability of BC. In addition, high AODs for the water-soluble component were observed most frequently in spring and/or winter at most of the study sites, while low values were noted in summer and/or early fall. The diurnal variation in the AOD of each component in Seoul (at the Gwangjin site) was slightly high in the morning and low in the afternoon during the study period; however, such distinctions were not apparent in Jeju Island (at the Aweol site), except for a slightly high AOD of the water-soluble component in the morning (08:00 LST). The monthly and diurnal differences in the AOD values for each component could be attributed to the differences in their mass concentrations and Relative Humidities (RH). In a sensitivity test, the AODs estimated under RH conditions of 80 and 90% were factors of 1.2 and 1.7 higher, respectively, than the values estimated using the observed RH.

This study aimed to assess the impact of livestock excreta discharged from an Intensive Livestock Farming Area (ILFA) on river water quality during a rainfall event. The Bangcho River, which is one of the 7 tributaries in the Cheongmi River watershed, was the study site. The Cheongmi River watershed is the second largest area for livestock excreta discharge in Korea. Our results clearly showed that, during the rainfall event, the water quality of the Bangcho River was severely deteriorated due to the COD, NH4-N, T-N, PO4-P, T-P, and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Mn) in the run-off from nearby farmlands, where the soil comprised composted manure and unmanaged livestock excreta. In addition, stable isotope analysis revealed that most of nitrogen (NH4-N and NO3-N) in the run-off was from the ammonium and nitrate in the livestock excreta. The values of δ15NNH4 and δ15NNO3 for the Bangcho River water sample, which was obtained from the downstream of mixing zone for run-off water, were lower than those for the run-off water. This indicates that there were other nitrogen sources upstream river in the river. It was assumed from δ15NNH4 and δ15NNO3 stable isotope analyses that these other nitrogen sources were naturally occurring soil nitrogen, nitrogen from chemical fertilizers, sewage, and livestock excreta. Therefore, the use of physicochemical characteristics and nitrogen stable isotopes in the water quality impact assessment enabled more effective analysis of nitrogen pollution from an ILFA during rainfall events.

이 글은 제주지역에 거주하는 여성결혼이민자를 대상으로 제주 방언으로 제작된 TV 드라마를 활용하여 제주 방언 교육과 문화 교육을 통합할 수 있는 방안을 살펴보고자 하였다. 드라마 ‘멩질 먹게 저 오라’는 모든 대사를 제주 방언으로 구사하고 있고, 등장인물은 여성결혼이민자가 늘상 만나는 친근한 인물들로 설정되었다. 이러한 설정은 여성결혼이민자가 드라마를 학습 도구로 활용할 때 큰 거부감이나 어려움 없이 드라마의 내용을 받아들이는 장치로 작용할 것이다. 이 드라마의 모든 대사에는 표준어 자막이 사용되었다. 이는 여성결혼이민자가 제주 방언을 제대로 알아듣지 못한다고 해도 드라마의 내용을 이해하는 데에 문제가 없다는 점을 내포한다. 오히려 이 자료로 교육이 제대로만 이루어진다면 표준어와 방언 교육의 효과를 동시에 거두고 아울러 제주 지역민의 사유 체계를 담아내는 문화까지 학습하여 일석삼조의 효과를 볼 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다. 드라마 ‘멩질 먹게 저 오라’로 여성결혼이민자의 표준어 교육과 동시에 제주 방언 교육이 이루어진다면 제주지역에 거주하고 있는 여성 결혼이민자들의 의사소통의 장애를 조금이나마 해결할 수 있을 것이 다. 또한 문화 교육의 측면에서도 제주만의 독특한 문화를 제대로 담아내고 있는 이 드라마를 자료로 활용한다면 여성결혼이민자가 제주 사회에서 하나의 구성원으로 적응하는 데에 도움이 되리라 판단하여 ‘멩질 먹게 저 오라’를 활용한 언어ㆍ문화 교육 방법을 모색해보았다.

Since climate change increases the risk of extreme rainfall events, concerns on flood management have also increased. In order to rapidly recover from flood damages and prevent secondary damages, fast collection and treatment of flood debris are necessary. Therefore, a quick and precise estimation of flood debris generation is a crucial procedure in disaster management. Despite the importance of debris estimation, methodologies have not been well established. Given the intrinsic heterogeneity of flood debris from local conditions, a regional-scale model can increase the accuracy of the estimation. The objectives of this study are 1) to identify significant damage variables to predict the flood debris generation, 2) to ascertain the difference in the coefficients, and 3) to evaluate the accuracy of the debris estimation model. The scope of this work is flood events in Ulsan city region during 2008-2016. According to the correlation test and multicollinearity test, the number of damaged buildings, area of damaged cropland, and length of damaged roads were derived as significant parameters. Key parameters seems to be strongly dependent on regional conditions and not only selected parameters but also coefficients in this study were different from those in previous studies. The debris estimation in this study has better accuracy than previous models in nationwide scale. It can be said that the development of a regional-scale flood debris estimation model will enhance the accuracy of the prediction.

본 연구는 미얀마 바간(Bagan)지역 전통 건축물의 벽체 보수에 사용되는 소석회에 대한 광물학적 특성을 분석하고 바간 지역 문화재 수리 현장과 동일한 방법으로 제조한 석회 플라스터의 물리적 특성을 파악하였다. 미얀마 소석회의 X-선 회절 분석과 열분석 결과 포틀랜다이트(Ca(OH)2)와 수활석(Mg(OH)2)이 주구성광물로 검출되었으며, 이를 통해 석회의 원석으로 백운석(CaMg(CO3)2) 광물의 함량이 높은 탄산염 암석이 사용됐을 것으로 추정된다. 주사전자현미경 분석 결과 미얀마 소석회는 0.5 μm 이상의 불규칙한 형상을 가진 결정들과 소량의 0.1 μm 크기의 판상형 결정들이 응집되어 있고 전체적으로 매끄러운 조직 형태를 관찰할 수 있었는데, 국내에서 건식 소화시킨 소석회와 비교했을 때 결정의 크기나 균일도가 다른 것은 소석회 간 구성광물의 차이와 미얀마 특유의 전통 습식 소화방법에 의한 영향으로 판단된다. 28일 동안 양생한 미얀마 석회 플라스터의 압축강도 값은 평균 1.13 N/mm2이며, bale (Aegle marmelos) 열매의 물 추출액을 첨가한 플라스터 시편의 압축강도 값은 평균 1.03 N/mm2로 측정되었다. 석회는 장기간 탄산화 과정을 거쳐 강도가 발현되는 기경성 재료이므로 향후 28일 이상 장기 양생을 통해 양생기간별 물리적 특성의 변화 양상을 파악할 필요가 있다.

In this study, uncertainty ranges for bias-corrected temperature and precipitation in seven metro-cities were estimated using nine GCM-RCM Matrix, and climate changes were predicted based on the corrected temperature and precipitation. During the present climate (1981-2005), both uncertainties for annual temperature and precipitation and differences in regional uncertainties were reduced by bias correction methods. Model’s systematic errors such as cold bias of surface air temperature and underestimated precipitation during the second-Changma period were improved by a bias correction method. Uncertainties of annual variations for bias corrected temperature and precipitation were also decrease. Furthermore, not only mean values but also extreme values were improved by bias correction methods. During the future climate (2021-2050), differences in temperature and precipitation between two RCP scenarios (RCP4.5/8.5) were not quite large. Temperature had an obvious increasing tendency, while future precipitation did not change significantly compared to present one in terms of mean values. Uncertainties for future biascorrected temperature and precipitation were also reduced. In mid-21st centuries, models prospected that mean temperature increased thus lower extremes associated with cold wave decreased and upper extremes associated with heat wave increased. Models also predicted that variations of future precipitation increased thus the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation increased.

This paper has identified detailed climate types and their geographical extents in the Republic of Korea using MK (Modified Korean)-PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model) 1×1km high-resolution grid climate data and Trewartha climate classification. When considering 60 ASOS (The Automated Synoptic Observing Systems) stations, only four climate types were identified over South Korea. Three climate types, Dca (52%), Doa (28%) and Cfa (18%), were prevalent while Dcb type was only located at Daegwallyeong. When based on a high-resolution grid climate data, six climate types were identified including Dob and E types which were not detected with ASOS stations. High-resolution grid climate data reflected better and detailed geographical characteristics. Areas occupied by Cfa climate types were located along the narrow southern and Jeju coastal areas, dedicating only 6.9% of South Korea. Trewartha climate classification was also applied to 1km×1km RCP scenarios. The most distinct feature of future climate changes based on RCPs was a larger expansion of Cfa and Doa types with a drastic reduction of Dca and Dcb, indicating that a warmer and wetter climate would be prevalent over South Korea in the latter period of this century. Even for RCP2.6, all the coastal areas, some of Seoul metropolitan area, a large part of Daegu and Gwangju metropolitan areas would be classified as Cfa. For RCP8.5, 51.5% of South Korea would be occupied by the Cfas and 25.1% by the Doas, leaving only 23.2% of Dcas.

본 연구의 목적은 동와 조휘진(1729-1797)의 생애와 활동을 밝히는 일이다. 일반적으로 正祖가 남명 조식에게 사제(賜祭)하였던 시기를 남명학 부흥의 시발점으로 일컫는데, 그는 이때 남명학파의 중심인 덕천서원을 대표하는 인물이었다. 따라서 각종 진주 관련 지리지에 그의 이름이 기재되어 있고, 출중한 인물로 많은 인물과 교유하고 있었음을 밝히고 있으나 자세한 연구가 이루어진 바가 아직 없다. 그의 집안은 대대로 함안에 세거하였다. 조선 건국 후 출사를 거부하고 함안에 은거하였던 趙悅, 단종 때의 생육신 가운데 한 사람이었던 趙旅, 임진왜란 때 순사한 趙宗道가 그의 선조이다. 그는 평소 효를 실천함과 동시에 선조의 忠을 드러낸 것 역시 효의 실천으로 보았다. 선조 열 명의 업적을 기록한 『趙氏十忠實錄』은 그 결과물이라 할 수 있다. 아울러 남명학의 전수자로서 덕천서원을 중심으로 유림을 규합하는 역할을 하였다. 그의 문집인 『東窩遺集』에 보이는 창화시 및 만사를 통해 그의 교유범위가 퇴계학파와 중앙의 남인까지 포괄하고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 기개와 절조를 숭상하고 處士的인 학풍을 견지하던 남명학파의 유풍을 그대로 견지하였던 인물이라 평가할 수 있다.

본 연구의 목적은 유아들의 생활에 기반이 되는 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동을 실시하고 유아와 교사에게 주는 의미를 분석하여 과학교육의 실천적 방향을 탐색해보는 것이다. 이를 위해 실행연구 방법을 활용하여 연구자와 교사가 협력하여 D시에 위치한 공립단설유치원 유아 28명을 대상으로 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동을 실시하고, 수업녹화영상, 수업일지, 연구일지, 교사 저널을 통해 그 의미를 분석해 보았다. 연구 결과, 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동의 의미는 다음과 같다. 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동이 유아에게 주는 의미는 ‘공동의 관심사 탄생’, ‘자연스럽게 이어지는 과학적 탐구’, ‘지켜주고 싶은 자연’으로 범주화 되었다. 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동이 교사에게 주는 의미는 ‘생활과 교육과정의 통합’, ‘지속적 탐구와 몰입을 이끄는 과학적 탐구과정’, ‘가정과의 연계를 통해 확장된 과학적 탐구’로 범주화 되었다. 결론적으로 유아의 생활을 기반으로 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동은 유아의 과학적 탐구와 지역 자연에 대한 긍정적 태도 형성에 도움이 되었으며, 이를 통해 교사는 의미 있는 과학교육의 실천을 경험하는 기회를 가질 수 있었다고 결론지을 수 있다.

다문화가정의 증가와 더불어 다문화학생이 밀집되는 학교가 생겨나게 되고, 이에 따라 학교의 교육과정도 변화가 필요하게 되었다. 이러한 시대적 흐름에 따라 경기도 교육청은 다문화학생이 밀집된 학교를 다문화국제혁신학교로 지정하였다. 본 연구는 다문화국제혁신 학교로 지정된 세 초등학교를 바탕으로 시대적·사회적 요구를 반영하여, 학습자 모두를 위한 교육과정 운영 방향을 탐색하고자 한다. 이를 위해 다문화국제혁신학교로 지정된 세 초등학교의 다문화교육과정을 분석하고, 운영 담당자를 대상으로 심층 면담을 진행하였다. 다문화교육과정 분석을 통해 세 학교 공통적인 내용 요소 및 운영 방법을 추출할 수 있었으며, 운영 담당자와의 심층 면담 자료를 바탕으로 질적연구를 수행하였다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 정규 교육과정운영이 어려운 다문화밀집지역 학교의 다문화교육과정 운영 방향에 대한 시사점이 아래와 같이 도출되었다. 첫째, 이중언어 수업 교실 운영이다. 한국어가 능숙하지 못한 다문화학생들은 모어를 통한 학습의 기회를 제공받고, 국제화시대에 외국어교육을 강화하기를 희망하는 일반 학생들은 그들의 능력을 신장할 수 있도록 교과를 이중언어로 배우는 것이다. 둘째, 학생 단계에 따른 맞춤형 국어 수업이다. 맞춤형 국어 수업은 다문화학생에게는 한국어를 수준에 맞게 배울 수 있는 기회를 제공하며, 일반학생들은 학력 향상을 도모할 수 있다는 효과를 기대 할 수 있다. 셋째, 다문화통합교육과정 개발 및 수업 자료 보급이다. 기존 교과서를 통합하여 연계성 있고 지속성 있는 다문화통합교육과정을 개발하여 문화이해 교육에서 벗어나 비판적 사고 및 사회 행동적 접근으로 나아갈 수 있도록 교육과정을 개발하는 것이 필요하다. 넷째, 다문화학생 적응 지원을 위한 디딤돌 교실 운영 및 상담 지원이 필요하다. 특별 학급 및 예비 학급에서 일반학급으로 넘어가는 중간 단계에서 다문화학생의 학교생활 적응을 위한 디딤돌 교실이 운영되어야 할 것이며, 한국어 부족 학생 상담을 위한 통역 동반 상담 지원 시스템이 구축되어야 할 것이다. 다섯째, 학생 및 교육과정 운영에 맞는 평가 도구를 개발해야 한다. 이중언어로 진행하는 교과 교육 및 맞춤형 국어 수업을 통한 교육과정 실행에 따른 적합한 평가 방법 및 도구 개발이 요구된다. 여섯째, 국가 및 지역 교육청의 다각적 지원이 요구된다. 본 연구는 다문화학생의 비율 증가로 정규 교육과정 운영이 어려운 다문화밀집지역의 학교에서 모든 학생의 성장을 위해 교육과정의 구조적 변화를 시도하고 그 방향성을 탐색하였다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다.

Numerical experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of data assimilation of observational data on weather and PM (particulate matter) prediction. Observational data applied to numerical experiment are aircraft observation, satellite observation, upper level observation, and AWS (automatic weather system) data. In the case of grid nudging, the prediction performance of the meteorological field is largely improved compared with the case without data assimilations because the overall pressure distribution can be changed. So grid nudging effect can be significant when synoptic weather pattern strongly affects Korean Peninsula. Predictability of meteorological factors can be expected to improve through a number of observational data assimilation, but data assimilation by single data often occurred to be less predictive than without data assimilation. Variation of air pressure due to observation nudging with high prediction efficiency can improve prediction accuracy of whole model domain. However, in areas with complex terrain such as the eastern part of the Korean peninsula, the improvement due to grid nudging were only limited. In such cases, it would be more effective to aggregate assimilated data.

In this study, we typified the project for revitalizing the rural area through text analysis using news data, and analyzed the main direction and characteristics of the project. In order to examine the factors emphasized among the issues related to the revitalization of rural areas, we used news data related to 'tourism' and 'livelihood', which are the main keyword of the project to promote rural areas. In the analysis, text mining techniques were used. Topic modeling was conducted on LDA techniques for major projects in 'tourism' and 'livelihood' keyword. Based on this, this study typified the projects that are carried out for the activation of rural areas by topic. As a result of the analysis, it was fount that the topics included in the project were distributed in 11 sub-types(Tourism Promotion, Regional Specialization, Local Festival, Development of Regional Scale, Urban and Rural Exchange, Agricultural Support, Community Forest Management, Improve the Settlement Environment, General Welfare Service, Low Class Support, Others). The characteristics of the rural revitalization projects were examined, and it was confirmed that domestic projects were carried out by tourism-oriented projects. To summarize, the government is making projects to revitalize rural areas through related ministries. Within the structure where the project is spreading to the region, a lot of projects are being carried out. It is understood that the tourism and welfare oriented projects are being carried out in the revitalization project of the domestic rural area. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of rural revitalization, it is believed that it will be effective to carry out a balanced project to improve the settlement environment of the residents.

The nonpoint pollution source (NPS) is irregular in the amount of generated and runoff. About 70% of the water pollution sources in Korea are NPS. Most of the rural areas are small towns with less than 50 families. This is where sewerage supply is poor. This is where the domestic swage of the house flows directly into the small stream. This study investigated the amount and concentration of domestic swage. And investigated NPS for public officials. We have suggested an improvement plan here. Local government officials lack the concept of NPS. Rural residents also do not know about NPS. Therefore, we proposed NPS public relations and education linked to public administration. This is an extension of the national budget and interest. The domestic swage is discharged at about 272 liters per day in a house. We proposed the introduction of small facilities. If the capacity remains, it is suggested to link to cattle shed, pigsty and so on. The BOD, COD, TN, TP, and SS concentrations were all high. This suggested a reduction in concentration in combination with natural water. Finally, NPS facilities were proposed to be put into rural areas. And it was determined that continuous monitoring was necessary. The results of this study were expected to be applied to NPS management.

This study analyzes the effect of the level of satisfaction with the living environment of rural people on migration. The analysis data were used by the Rural Development Administration for the survey of welfare systems for farmers and fishermen in 2017, and samples of 3,776 were used for the analysis. The analysis variables were divided into a group of migrants, a group of permanent residents, and a group of decision-keeping, and the level of satisfaction with the living environment of each of the 10 rural areas was used as an independent variable. According to the analysis results, the basic living base and safety of rural residents were having a positive effect. The results show that the projects for developing rural areas, which increase the basic living base, are making substantial contributions to preventing the breakaway of the rural population. Safety has been neglected in the area of rural planning, but if the level of discontent is not enough, it has had the greatest impact on the livelihoods of rural residents. Welfare and cultural leisure set the main demand level for welfare and cultural leisure to the elderly and vulnerable classes, and interpret it as a result of weakened defense against stress from relocation of residence, difficulty of migration due to low income levels, and migration. Therefore, the paradoxical analysis results could be interpreted as showing that measures to increase the satisfaction of the people on welfare and cultural leisure should be taken.