형사사법제도란 일종의 전문화된 국가사법기관의 제도로써 형사소송상의 임무를 맡고 있는 조직과 기능에 관한 제도를 의미한다. 어느 국가를 막론하고 범죄문제가 날로 증가추세에 있는 상황에서 범죄의 예방과 그 척결은 형사사법제도의 사회적 역할과 그 기능의 효과성여부에 달려있다고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 역사적으로나 문화적으로나 정치사회적 환경이 유사한 한국과 중국의 형사사법제도를 비교분석하여 보는 것은 향후 양국의 형사사법제도의 발전방향을 모색하는데 큰 의의가 있다고 하겠다. 대표적인 형사사법기관인 경찰검찰법원교정기관을 중심으로 한 한중 양국가의 형사사법제도의 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중국의 경찰에 해당하는 공안부는 한국의 일부 법무부의 기능까지도 포함한 막강한 권력기관이라는 사실이며 둘째, 중국의 검찰조직은 한국처럼 법무부 산하조직이 아니라 헌법상의 독립적인 기관이나 한국의 검찰처럼 수사권을 독점하고 있는 명실상부한 권력을 행사하는 기관은 아니라는 것이다. 셋째, 법원제도는 중국은 2심종심제이며, 한국과는 달리 중대한 재판인 경우에는 재판위원회에서 특정사건의 처리를 토론하고 결정한다는 것이다. 넷째, 교정제도의 경우에는 중국은 기결수만을 교정당국에서 관리하고 있고 미결수는 공안당국에서 관리하며, 의료처우나 재소자 수용밀도가 한국보다는 훨씬 양호하다는 점을 그 특색으로 열거할 수 있다. 한중 양국가의 형사사법제도를 비교분석한 결과 양국은 우선적으로 제도의 운영에 있어서 국민참여제도의 활성화가 중요한 과제라는 것이다.

Living in a world governed almost entirely by the exercise of the discretion naturally generates a wide range of grievances. Accordingly it is essential that prisoners have a number of avenue of redress open to them whereby the illegal exercise of power maybe challenged, and by which compensation can be recovered for the infringement of such rights as survive in all prisoners notwithstanding there infringement. Under the Prison Act, prisoners have the right to pursue a request or complaint connected to or arising from there imprisonment with the governor of the prison. And it has long been accepted that prisoners also have the right to complaint to or petition the Minister with overall responsibility for the Prison Service and the care of prisoners. But the previous scheme was generally regarded as unsatisfactory for a number of reasons. It was inefficient, slow and lacking in coherence. The Ministry of Justice embarked upon a process of revising the Criminal Administration Act in 2004, and submitted the Revision Bill to the national Assembly on April 26. 2006. In this Bill a new system to enhance the efficiency and transparency of the correction adminstration, such as mandatory institutionalization of the corrections committee for consultation and legalization of the interview system with the governor of the prison. The new system is better than before, but still have major defects to dispel the culture of defensiveness surrounding the issue of complaints or requests. After the Seoul-Jail case in 2006 the Ministry of Justice introduced new systems, such as Sexual Assault Watch, Prison Ombudsman, and Advisory Council on Correction Affairs, to ensure consistency in monitoring human rights policies while accommodating public opinion about rights improvements and expanding popular participation in justice affairs administration in 2006. This article, therefore, reviews the new systems and suggests that these should be accepted in the Bill which is submitted to the national Assembly.

A criminal profiling is an attempt to provide some personality and behavioral clues about an offender based on the presentation of their behavior and the evidence they leave. The aim of criminal profiling is providing the client agency with the characteristics and traits of an unidentified offender that differentiate him from the general population. The methods of criminal profiling are criminal investigative analysis, investigative psychology, geographic profiling, behavioral evidence analysis. Criminal investigative analysis and investigative psychology is inductive argument. But behavioral evidence analysis is primarily deductive method. The definition of serial rape is two or more offenses committed by the same offender with a cooling-off period between offenses. How should the investigator approach a series of sex-related crimes with criminal profiling? In the proposed model the preliminary investigation would include the crime scene stage and the initial stage. The follow-up investigation would consist of the investigation stage, target stage, and arrest stage. Specially, crime stage prime importance to criminal profiling. The initial preservation, collection, and recording of physical evidence are important to the success of serial rapist profiling. NSA focuses on developing new and innovative profiling approaches and techniques to the solution of serial rape crime by researching the serial rapists and behavior and motivation.

현재 게임제공업체들은 게임 아이템의 현금거래를 금지하는 한편 이를 무효화하는 약관을 두고 있다. 그러나 현실적으로 인터넷상에 기업형 게임머니 판매상들과 게임아이템 판매를 중개하는 전문 사이트가 수백개에 달하고 있으며, 2005년도 게임아이템 거래규모는 약 1조원 상당에 이르고 있다. 기업형 게임머니 판매업자들은 국내 및 중국에 게임 아이템을 만들기 위한 작업장을 설치한 후 해킹, 개인정보 유출, 악성프로그램 사용 등의 범죄행위를 통해 대규모로 게임아이템을 생성, 판매하면서 국민들에게 사행심을 조장하고 있고 심지어 게임아이템 판매대금을 중국의 작업장으로 몰래 유출하는 등 심각한 사회 문제를 야기하고 있다. 형사법적으로 게임아이템 거래 자체와 관련하여 게임아이템을 거래한 자들에 대하여 업무방해(컴퓨터등 장애업무방해)죄와 정보통신망이용촉진 및 정보보호등에 관한 법률위반(타인의 정보훼손)죄로 처벌가능한지 여부가 실무상 주로 문제된다. 서울지방법원 2001 고단 10486 판결(업무방해), 전주지방법원 2005 고단 904 판결(컴퓨터등장애업무방해)은 게임아이템 거래자체와 관련해 업무방해죄를 적용하여 유죄를 선고하였다. 그리고 서울지방법원 2001노 7858 판결 및 2003노 436 판결은 게임머니를 환전해주는 인터넷 게임사이트 운영자에 대하여 도박개장죄의 성립을 인정하였다. 아이템 거래 행위를 금지하고 현행법으로 처벌해야 한다는 주장의 가장 중요한 논거는 아이템 거래 행위가 국민들과 청소년들에게 사행성을 조장한다는 것이다.

범죄자의 행동통제를 통한 사회공공의 안녕유지는 경찰과 교정기관의 공동목표이다. 이를 달성하기 위한 협력은 상호 시간과 노력을 절약할 수 있다는 데 그 이점이 있다. 범죄프로파일링이라는 한정된 범위에서 성공적인 협력을 실현하기 위해서는 협력 가능한 분야의 확정이 매우 중요하다. 미연방수사국의 범죄자 행동분석프로세스는 프로파일링에 필요한 데이터 수집단계, 수집된 정보를 선별하여 의미 있는 유형을 조작하는 판단단계, 범행을 재구성하는 등의 평가단계, 인구통계학적 특성 및 범행전후의 행동분석을 통한 범인상 추정 단계, 수사단계, 체포단계로 나뉜다. 만약 경찰의 범죄분석관이 교정기관과 협력한다면 데이터 수집단계와 범행의 유형화단계 및 인구통계학적 특성 등을 통한 범인상 추정단계, 수사단계에서 협조가 가능하다. 가능한 협력내용으로는 첫째, 인구사회학적 가설과 신체적 특징의 가설 수립에 도움이 될 수 있는 교정기관 데이터들의 활용이 있다. 둘째, 범죄자 행동특성과 인격평가에 도움이 될 수 있는 교정기관 데이터들의 활용이 가능하다. 셋째, 범행지역과 범행지점의 공간적 정보로부터 범인의 주거지 및 근무처 등 활동거점, 범행현장 이동수단과 경로 등을 추론하는 지리적 프로파일링에 있어 협력가능하다. 마지막으로 분석기법 응용이 있다. 범죄분석관은 새로운 범행분석 기법의 도입을 위해서 경찰 이외의 행동과학에 기초한 연구방법들을 응용할 필요가 있다.

The direction of revising the Law of Criminal Punishment Execution should consider the very idea of the Constitution. In concrete, the rights of the convicted criminals should be protected in the name of their basic rights which are guaranteed in the Constitution. Many revisions have been done in the law of criminal punishment execution in a way that the law protected inmates' basic rights but still many things left untouched. Basically it is true that correctional laws tend to permit inclusive discretionary power of authorities in order to control and supervise troublesome criminals. In turn, the inclusive discretionary power gives room for authorities to overuse the power and results in the violation of constitutional rights of inmates. To resolve the conflicts between the idea that inmates have their consitutional rights and it should be protected in the one hand, and the reality that basic rights of inmates could be confined as necessary on the other hand, we should discuss more concretely about the scopes and ranges of inmates' rights and the valid criteria for limiting their rights. and the execution law should reflect this efforts.

This study is designed to introduce perspectives of sociological understanding for criminal punishment. The basic stance of sociology of punishment is that we should consider social contexts under which penal policy and criminal justice activities are constructed and processed. This notion is quite different from the existing penological approach to the enterprise of crime control : it focuses on finding the best way to deter criminals from committing crimes and evaluating the most effective correctional programs and punishment devices. On the contrary, the sociology of punishment seeks to understand punishment within the broader social environments such as economic and political contexts. According to the sociological account of the function of punishment, a main role of punishment is not confined in its instrumental purposes. It also serves as an indicator to represent the society itself. Based on this line of understanding, this article first clarifies the concept and functions of punishment in sociological terms and then introduces explanations for changes in forms of punishment suggested by Durkheim, Marxist penal sociologists and Foucault. Next, it reviews many empirical studies that consider social, economic, political contexts for explaining crime control practices such as imprisonment. In conclusion, this study encourages further research adopting the sociological lenses in exploring criminal justice practices.

Japan's prisons were run according to the Prison Law of 1908, the product of an age in which the Emperor was sovereign, and the administrative directives whose primary intent was disciplinary. in 1982, the japanese government embarked upon a process of revising the Prison Law according to a self-declared policy of "codification, modernization and internationalization," A Penal Facility Bill was submitted to the national Diet(parliament). But this bill was entirely unacceptable because not only does it perpetuate the present rules and policies presently in force in prisons but has been presented as a package with a Police Detention Facility Bill which perpetuates the infamous Daiyo-kangoku, that is police station cells used as substitute prisons. The Japan Federation of Bar Associations(JFBA) had strongly opposed the two detention facility bills on the ground that they institutionalize the already prevailing order in Japan's penal institutions, and they are not in keeping with principles of codification, modernization and internationalization. Thus far, the legislation package had been presented unsuccessfully three times to the Diet. After the Nagoya-Prison case in 2003 the Ministry of Justice has been working to revise the Prison Law and submitted a bill on criminal institutes and the treatment of convicted inmates, which was designed to replace a part of the Prison Law, to the Diet on March 14, 2005. And the Bill finally cleared the Upper House on May 18, 2005. This act excluded the provisions pertaining to unconvicted inmates as the JFBA had been strongly urged. In addition, recommendations by the Administrative Reform Council were well reflected in the bill, even though there were several points remained to be improved. And during the deliberation in the Lower House, 4 items were modified, including that the new law should be reviewed in 5 years. With respect to the provisions of the Prison Law relating to unconvicted inmates including use of Daiyo-Kangoku, they remain as a law on the detention of crime suspects in criminal institutes until they are revised at next legislation. In this regard, the JFBA, the Ministry of Justice, and the National Police Agency are going to hold joint meetings.

해양사고가 발생하게 되면 총론적으로는 해원의 형사책임은 자기부죄의 원칙상 해원이 직접 부담하지 아니할 수 없다. 그러므로 해원의 형사책임에 대한 대책은 형사상의 절차(영장실질심사제도, 구속적부심제도 등)를 최대한 이용하여 자신의 형사책임을 줄이는 방법 밖에는 없을 것이다. 기존법률의 개정을 통해 형벌을 낮추는 것도 하나의 방법이 될 것이다. 각론적으로 벌금 관련한 예로서 현행 해양오염방지법상의 과실로 인한 기름유출사고의 벌금인 3천만원은 유출량에 관계없이 최고액수가 벌금으로 나오는 경향이 있으므로 이를 유출량에 따라 차등화 시키는 것도 고려해볼 가치가 있을 것으로 판단된다. P&I의 벌금납부는 일반의 인식과는 달리 P&I가 법적의무를 부담하거나 P&I납부를 인정하는 경우에만 전보가 가능하다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 새로운 집단적 보험이나 공제제도를 신설하는 것도 하나의 대안이 될 것이다. 또한 해원들은 법률적인 문제에 대하여 전문가가 아니므로 법률적인 문제에 연루되게 되면 변호사 등 법률전문가의 조력을 체계적으로 받을 수 있도록 선주협회나 해기사협회 등에서 대안을 마련할 필요가 있다. (예 농어민무료법률구조지원사업 등). 끝으로 별도의 법률을 제정하든지 그렇지 않으면 기존의 교통사고처리특례법을 개정하여 해양사고부분을 삽입하는 것도 대안일 수 있을 것이다.

The criminal justice system is a general term, which means the national organization and system which take charge of investigation of criminal offense, institution of public prosecution, sustainment of public prosecution, trial process, enforcement of the adjudication and enforcement of the punishment. That is the system and function of the police, the prosecutory function, the court and the correction. Generally speaking, the main object of criminal justice organization is the social protection, social defense from the criminal. Also it plays a role not only the social defense but also the ultimate object of criminal actions for criminals' resocialization. Conclusively, the main function of criminal justice system is the criminal protection, punishment and criminals' resocialization. On the premise that, by comparing China and Japan in a similar cultural area, this treatise explores ways toward better Korean criminal justice system.

To the general public, the term 'corrections' is unerstood as synonymous with punishment. In our country, it was not until 1961 that the name 'prison' was changed to the 'corrections center' and 'prison officer' to the 'correctional officer'. Corrections is the portion of the criminal justice system which should be charged with carrying out the sentences of the courts, especially specifying the contents of punishments and probation services, community services, day reporting centers, electronic monitoring programs, intensive supervision programs, jails, parole services, and half way houses. Furthermore, specific elemennts of corrections are designed to handle juvenile offenders only. The primary purpose of corrections are retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation. Which of these purposes is emphasized and accepted is dependent of the attitute of the scholar. With the complexity of corrections, there are four correctional ideologies that influence and guide the our correctional services : punishment, control, treatment and prevention. Punishment is associated with the justice model, control is associated with the custodial model, treatment is associated with the medical model, and prevention model is associated with the reintegration model. These diverse models have been reflections of the viewpoint of social solidarity, class interest, moralizing social institution in a given age and country. Criminology that contributes to society in a variety of ways, commenting three aspects ａ) a knowledge base from which to debunk crime myths, ｂ) the advancement of policy recommendations, ｃ) evaluation research, must give root and materials of those models positively and adequately. And then a given model should not be undisputed. Criminal policy is deeply interconnected with the interdependence of corrections and criminology.

This article traced modern trends of penological ideas in terms of the origin and development for each ideas. It is followed by classifying them as three distinct types: correctional treatment, legal treatment and community-based treatment for criminals, and discussing the similarities and differences between them. Finally, it concluded with the discussion of prospective global cooperation among correctional authorities.

이 연구에서는 현재 우리 교정당국이 당면하고 있는 심각한 문제 중의 하나인 過密收容의 原因分析과 刑事司法的 對應方案을 제시하는데 그 목적을 둔다. 과밀수용의 개념과 수용실태에서는 과밀수용 개념을 정의하는 방법 중 形式的 接近方法과 實質的 接近方法에 의거하여 과밀수용의 개념을 설명하고, 수용실태를 통하여 현재 우리 교정당국이 처해 있는 과밀정도, 즉 연중 최대수용시점을 기준으로 수용자 한 명당 0.5평도 되지 않는 작은 공간에서 생활하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 과밀수용의 원인분석에서는 人口增加, 景氣變動, 刑事司法機關의 犯罪에 대한 對應方法으로 나누어 분석하였는데, 가장 직접적이고 영향을 많이 미치고 있는 것은 刑事司法機關의 犯罪에 대한 對應方法에 있음을 알 수가 있었다. 이에 과밀수용에 대한 대응방안으로는 ‘인구증가’와 ‘경기변동’은 형사사법 외적 요인으로 보다 거시적인 사회(경제)정책에 의존할 수밖에 없으므로, 여기에서는 不拘束 搜査擴大로 未決拘禁의 最小化, ‘罰金刑의 積極 活用’, ‘假釋放制度의 積極活用’, ‘短期自由刑에 대한 電子監視의 代替’, ‘民營矯導所의 活用’ 등 형사사법 내적 요인인 형사사법기관의 범죄에 대한 대응방법을 중심으로 살펴보았다.

범죄행동으로 지적된 여러 가지 변인들 중에서 유전적 소인을 제외한 다른 것들은 돈과 폭력이라는 두 변인에 포함된다. 실제로 이 두 변인을 제외한 범죄를 찾기는 어렵다. 물론 성욕이 범죄를 야기 시키는 큰 몫을 담당하고 있지만, 이것 역시 폭력을 뒤로하고 범죄행동을 보이기 어렵다. 범죄행동의 거의 대부분을 차지하는 돈과 폭력의 욕구로 인한 행동형성은 뚜렷한 차이를 갖는다. 전자는 한번시도로 그리고 후자는 여러 번 반복해서 형성된다. 또한 상당수의 범죄가 이들 두 변인의 복합적 관계에서 발생된다. 이러한 이유에서 두 변인 중 어느 하나의 통제는 범죄예방을 의미한다. 그러므로 범죄를 예방하는 길은 돈과 폭력에 대한 욕구의 형성을 이해하는 것이다. 즉, 돈이란 땀을 흘리며 어렵게 벌어야 한다는 것을 가르치고 그리고 폭력의 행사는 처음부터 막아야 한다. 이러한 가르침은 우리들이 처한 조건이 각양각색이라도 가능하기에 범죄예방에 큰 도움을 줄 것이다.

The Public preservation measure is a Kind of legal sanctions other than criminal punishments, which is to be imposed on a person who should be protected, because of his (her) future risk on the ground of his(her) behaviors open to the public, for the main purpose of giving medical treatment or educating or reinstating. Therefore in the view of a possibility of risk according to the responsibility, generally a criminal punishment has been understood as a treasure of peace preservation. That is to say that a criminal punishment is a retributive justice to a crime based on the responsibility, on the other hand the public preservation measure is a legal sanction for the social protection as well as his(her) correction and education related with social danger. A sharp line between the two legal viewpoints mentioned has been drawn. Accordingly as mentioned above judging from this point of view of distinction between a criminal punishment and the public preservation measure, the responsibility system is to be linked with a criminal punishment, but is not to be linked with the public preservation measure. For all that recently a view that the public preservation measure is able to be imposed even to the matter of responsibility has been on the rise. So the purpose of this study consists in the matter of the theory that the enforcement of preservation measure even to the responsibility is possible or not. In other words, it's a question that whether the responsibility system and the public preservation measure can be linked, if possible, how is it coming along with each other and if not possible, for what reason is it? On such problems a study has been pursued from the point of view of the criminal policy.

The Customs Act provides for a general rule all goods entering Korea shall be subject to customs duties as set in the customs tariff schedules as other fees and taxes determined except those excluded by virtue of the Customs Act or intentional agreements. Importation begins from the time carrying vessel or aircraft enters Korea territorial jurisdiction with the intention to unload the same until the time the goods are released or withdrawn from the customhouse upon payment of the appropriate duties. Imported articles may be categorized into prohibited importations, dutiable importations and conditionally free importation. Some other articles are qualifiedly prohibited, meaning they can enter the country after compliance with certain conditions. If there is any conduct violating these act, criminal sanctions may be imposed for the prevention and suppression of smuggling and other frauds, and the enforcement of tariff and customs act. As a result importers who intentionally violates Korea Customs Act may be subject to criminal prosecution. Many major provisions of customs act have imposed severe sanctions for customs crimes in comparison with other crimes due to general rule of criminal law. There is a great deal of activity in Pusan area relating to smuggling of narcotics and prohibited drugs, obscene articles and weapons. On one side, criminals who seek to profit by narcotics or drug threaten public health and human environment, On other side, weapon smuggling is a significant threat to our national security. However the studies on customs crime and customs act have not been viewed. Thus this Article overviews especially the customs crime and criminal sanction focused on domestic customs act.