Daecheong Reservoir has suffered eutrophication and water-blooms by blue-green algae from initial impoundment, and algae alert system (AAS) was introduced in 1997. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rainfall and hydrological factors in increase or decrease variability of green-tide and prolonged AAS, studied and analyzed the current situation of AAS has been operating for 19 years(1997~2015) in Daecheong Reservoir. The total issued number of AAS was 46 times, the most frequent period in August and September were 22 times (752 days) and 16 times (431 days), respectively, it accounted for 82.6%. Many number and frequency during this period were significantly associated with rainfall, various discharge and water level. Rainfall and hydrological events are associated with the rainy season of monsoon-Changma and the typhoon, it was concentrated in June~September, total rainfall in this period accounted for 69.9% of the annual rainfall. An increase in inflows was dependent on the intensity, frequency and the amount of rainfall. Accounted for 68.4% of the total annual inflow, it was a time when the most rapidly changing hydrological variability in the reservoir. The total outflow was closely related to rainfall, and compared the distinctive characteristics of hydropower generation and watergate-spillway discharge. In addition, the upreservoir zone of Daecheong Reservoir could be vulnerable to green-tide by regulating discharge of the upstream dam. The issue of AAS was strongly related to the with and without of watergate-spillway discharge. The watergate-spillway discharge had a total of 25 times, it was maximum 17 days from July to September in the year. And the opening times and each duration of the watergate were 1~4 times and the range of 3~37 days, respectively. When the watergate opened, the issue of AAS was maintained to 13 years and the movement of water bodies and green-tide was great about five times than that of non-open, had a profound effect on prolonged AAS within reservoir. In Daecheong Reservoir, Chusori (CHU) area of the So-ok Stream was still showing serious symptoms green-tide levels in the summer, but Janggye (JAN) waters of the main reservoir was pointed out that more important. AAS will be operated by an absolutely consider the rainfall and hydrological effects around the watergate-spillway discharge. The measures of green-tide will be included in the limnological studies more suited to the characteristics of the watershed and reservoir of the our country. Finally, from now on, we will prepare the systematic management and guidelines for vulnerable zone water-blooms that are the source within the reservoir before the monsoon rather than waiting for the arrival of green-tide on the operating stations of AAS.

Green products are often afflicted with a perceived performance liability, presenting marketing managers with a dilemma of how to motivate consumers to alter their consumption behavior, while acknowledging their negative inferences about green product performance. To address this problem, we develop green emphasis, defined as the prominence given to a firms’ environmental initiative in a green product communication appeal. By employing a green emphasis strategy, a firm makes prominent in a communication message either environmental attributes (Study 1 and 3), or uses assertive terminology (Study 2) to heighten issue importance. When a green emphasis strategy is used, the lack of performance-related extrinsic cues may reduce an individuals’ evaluation of a product’s performance ability. This relationship is mediated by autonomous motivation, which may be enhanced through the provision of information that is of interest and value to an individual (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Next, the moderating variable of performance criticality is examined, whereby the importance of the products’ performance ability is based on its associated category (Study 1) or purchase situation (Study 2). When a product belongs to a performance-critical category, or if situational involvement is heightened, the incongruent product information may heighten the negative impact of green emphasis. Finally, environmental attribute optionality (Study 3) is examined. When optional, the attribute is non-fundamental to the functioning of the base product (Ma, Gill, & Jiang, 2015). By making the environmental attribute an option, it is supposed that the incongruity between the attribute and perceived product performance is mitigated and localized, overcoming the negative effect of green emphasis.

The purpose of this research is to examine the factors that contribute to tourists’ intention to staying in green hotels when traveling. After examining 208 Taiwanese tourists’ responses, the results show that green label credibility and environmental concern can both affect tourists’ green hotel staying intentions.

The market for environmentally friendly or ‘green’ products has increased substantially over the last ten years (Willer and Kilcher, 2010). Both brand manufacturers and retailers are increasingly, and successfully, incorporating environmental and social issues in their brands (Aouina Mejri and Bhatli, 2014; Chkanikova and Lehner, in press; Gleim et al., 2013). Given the increasing importance of ‘green’ branding, the current study examines the role of key drivers (i.e., brand equity, store image and product familiarity) in the consumption of green brands. Moreover, since previous studies found that positive evaluations of a specific brand led to more positive buying behavior for the green product concept in general (Bartels and Hoogendam, 2011), in the current study we also assess the impact of these key drivers on green consumption in general. Finally, by explicitly distinguishing between store brands and national brands, we try to determine whether these relationships differ between these two types of brands in a green context. To test these effects, we used a panel study among consumers in Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, and the U.S.. For each country, we used one national brand and one or two store brands. Respondents randomly received one of these brands to evaluate. This process resulted in 404 respondents for store brands and 302 respondents for national brands. Results show that store image and brand equity have a direct effect on the consumption of green store brands and green national brands. In addition, we found that for both store and national brands, the relationship between brand equity and green brand consumption is partially mediated by the perceived image of the store where that brand is sold. Furthermore, for national brands, a positive store image also leads to an increase in green consumption behavior in general, which is not the case for store brands. Finally, for national brands, there is a clear relationship between product familiarity and brand consumption, whereas this is not the case for store brands.

Deregulation of electricity market has brought new business opportunities for electricity suppliers. As of 2011, there are around 60 electricity retailers in the Danish market competing against each other (Yang, 2013). Thus, Danish households have the opportunities to choose different electricity services, green electricity services vs. the conventional brown electricity (generated from fossil fuels) service. However, statistics have indicated that the movement of electricity market deregulation has produced little effect on Danish consumers in terms of switching among suppliers or renegotiating an existing service contract (Yang, 2014). Unfortunately, evidences from the actual market show that the penetration of green electricity remains very low (Yang, 2013). This is bad, because Denmark’s long-term energy goal is to become a fossil fuel independent nation by 2050. The study divided a sample 1022 respondents into two nearly equal sized sub-samples chosen from an Internet Panel administrated by a commercial marketing research firm. One subsample received a positive frame version of the questionnaire regarding subscribing to a green electricity contract, and the other subsample received a negative frame version of the questionnaire. The selected sample reflects the Danish population structure in terms of the major socio-economic variables such as gender and age. Contingent valuation (CV) method was used to value the households’ willingness to subscribe a green electricity service contract (Alberini & Kahn, 2006). As expected, consumers displayed stronger intention to buy green electricity when the situation was framed in a positive maner (i.e., most Danish households have already bought it), as compared to the situation was framed in a negative manaer. The theoretical explaning can be formulated in terms of the theory of social norms. The framing effect also signals the public good side of green electricity in that there seems to be a free rider problem. The relatively low intention to buy green electricity in the negative frame manner (i.e., a few Danish household has bought green electricity) indicates that the free-rider incentive is particularly powerful in large group, where an indivudal may percived that her or his behavior will have only little influence on the collective outcome (Olsen, 1970). The results confimrs the finding from (Ek & Söderholm, 2008).

Consumers now-a-days are more inclined to buy green products (Mosgaard, 2015; Kammer, 2009). They are concerned about the negative environmental impact of the existing pattern of production and consumption systems on their quality of life (QoL) (Alfredsson, 2004). Consequently, large body of literature on factors influencing green consumption and/or purchase behaviour, among which ‘greenness’ of the product (Gershoffs & Frels, 2015), value of the green product (Olsen et al., 2014), attitude of the consumers towards environmental protection and available knowledge, and perceived time barriers (Tanner & Kast, 2003) are noteworthy among others. Although there is an abundance of research on green consumption, little is known about the habitual purchase of green products and how it contributes to the quality of life of the consumers. Habitual purchase refers to regular and automatic purchase of a product without any cognitive thought or evaluation (Verplanken & Melkevik, 2008). Thus it is distinct from conventionally used constructs such as purchase intention. This study addresses this research gap and aims to explore the effects of different types of green values (such as ecological, functional, economical, emotional and social value) and green satisfaction on the habitual purchase of green products and thus examine their effects on quality of life (QoL) of the consumers.

There may be not direct path from the psychological selection by the customers to the green behavior owing to the complexity of the green consumption. The specific mode of action still needs being further researched. This paper will research the specific path and mechanism of customer’s green consumption based on VBN theory. Based on a survey of Chinese respondents, environment values bring indirect influence to green customer behavior through individual belief or subjective norm intermediately. However, there are different paths from value to behavior. One path is that egoistic value-subjective norm-green customer behavior while another path is that altruistic value-environment beliefs-subjective norm-green customer behavior which really fits into previous research of VBN theory.

The previous social welfare system medical treatment, economy, society, etc, failed to guarantee “quality of life,” in various respects. In such a situation, green areas can be devised as an alternative means of directly improving the quality of life. Furthermore, natural resources and ecosystem services are essential elements of environmental welfare that have the purpose of supporting health and quality of life. However, despite the importance of such green space, it is often unavailable and there is a great disparity in its distribution among different regions in urbanized areas where residents are intensively dispersed. Therefore, the present study suggests a plan for reducing the regional imbalances in the green environment by using distributive equality and visual access as indexes, and Dalseo-gu, Daegu Metropolitan City as the subject; the research results are deemed to be sufficient for carrying out the important role of providing the basic data necessary for establishing future environmental welfare policy. An examination of the analysis results are as follows. First, Gamsam-dong was revealed to need additional green areas; out of the 167 spaces that were regarded as possible for green biotope construction, 48 spaces appeared possible for additional green biotope construction. However, only 10 spaces were assessed as having the potential for actual green biotope construction, excluding the spaces affected by local green environments. Moreover, given a concern with green equality, a final two were deducted as additional green spaces. The present study is significant in that it accomplishes visual accessibility analysis in terms of visual quality, including the effects of aesthetic enjoyment along with distributive equality from green biotopes; the relevant subfactors include green area supply and demand when constructing additional green biotopes to realize a city with improved environmental welfare. However, the present study is limited in terms of failing to consider the green biotope of local administrative districts affecting the target area of the study because it analyzes equality and disconnected green areas for selecting additional green biotope spaces using Dalseo-gu Daegu as its subject.

The purpose of this study was to analyze physiological reactions and visual preferences for lawn and flowerbed preferred by mental patients, and green space which is highly related with healing effects. Subjects were 25 mild cases of schizophrenia, who on the recommendation of their doctor, resided in psychiatric hospitals located in Jeollabuk-do, Korea. The survey was carried out in August 2010. The subjects were shown computer graphic simulations by a beam projector, and then brain wave and preferences were measured. In regards to physiological responses, the separate arrangement of tree cluster promoted a sense of stability and vitality, simultaneously. In the aspect of visual preferences, just one mass was preferred. The natural landscape planting pattern was visually preferred. There was a difference in preferences for the planting proportion of evergreen and deciduous trees in the leaf-fall and leaf-color seasons, but when both of them are taken into consideration, it is advisable that 75% of trees planted be occupied by evergreens to encourage emotional stability. The higher the ratio of tree to a lawn, the higher the visual preference. The ratio of 1:1 or 1:0.5 between a lawn and trees is advisable if the physiological effect is considered, but creating a lawn alone should be avoided. With regard to color preferences for the flower bed, orange was visually preferred. Pink was desirable to create a sense of emotional stability, and red to physiologically revitalize the subjects.

경남농업기술원 화훼연구소에서 2010년에 육성한 스프레이 국화 ‘Eye Green’ 품종은 2006년도에 녹색 폼폰형인 산티니계 스프레이 국화 ‘Froggy’를 모본, 성장세가 좋은 백색 폼폰형 스프레이 국화 우수계통 ‘S05-524’를 부본으로 교배하여 육성 하였다. 2007년 실생 집단으로부터 개화가 균일하고 성장세가 우수한 개체를 선발하여 ‘FS07-175’로 계통명을 부여하였고, 2008년부터 2010년까지 3년간에 걸쳐 춘계 억제재배와 하계 촉성재배를 포함하는 특성검정을 통해 최종적으로 ‘Eye Green’을 육성하였다. ‘Eye Green’의 자연개화기는 10월 하순이며, 전조와 차광처리에 의한 일장조절에 의해 연중생산이 가능하 다. 이 품종은 연녹색(YG145D) 꽃잎을 가진 폼폰형으로 성장 세가 강하고 하계 고온기 재배에서도 화색이 안정적이다. 가 을재배에 있어서 화경은 4.5cm, 본당 착화수가 14.1개이고, 절화수명은 25.4일이었다. 춘계 차광재배에서의 단일처리 후 개화소요일수가 46일이었다. 이 품종은 흰녹병에 중도저항성 을 나타내고 있으며, 대조품종에 비해 기호도도 높았다. ‘Eye Green’은 2012년 국립종자원에 품종보호권등록(품종보호 제 4202) 되었다.

한국교회는 그동안 목회자에 리더십의 영향으로 교회성장의 중심은 양적인 측면에 집중되어 있 었다. 그 결과 질적인 성장의 영향력을 제고하는데 역부족인 현상을 드러냈다. 양적 성장을 위한 프로그램은 준비하면서 질적인 성장을 위한 준비는 소홀한 결과가 정체 또는 쇠퇴 뿐 아니라 한국 목회자의 목회건강 상태가 교회에 영향을 미치고 있다. 그래서 본 연구는 그린오션 이론을 중심으 로 현재 한국 장로교단 중 중소 교단에 속하는 H교단의 교역자 70명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 방법은 구조화된 설문지로 설문조사를 실시한 양적조사이다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 21.0 for windows 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계 분석, 빈도 분석, 일원변량 분산 분석(ANOVA), 상관관계 분석, 다중회귀 분석 등을 통해 분석하였다. 연구결과를 토대로 하여 제언을 하면 다음 과 같다. 첫째, 영성과 비전을 확고히 할 수 있는 체계적이고 지속적인 훈련이 필요하다. 목회자의 목회건강 수준에서 높게 나타난 하나님의 은혜체험과 비전의 소유 등 강점을 향상시 키기 위해 영성훈련이나 비전 트레이닝의 체계적인 훈련이 필요하다. 둘째, 목회 전략과 지역주민과의 관계 개발이 필요하다. 목회자의 목회건강 수준에서 낮게 나타난 시스템 디자인 및 전략과 지역주민 이해 및 인간관계 등 목회를 방해하는 약점을 보완하기 위한 노력이 필요하다. 셋째, 목회리더십 개발을 위한 리더십교육과 훈련이 필요하다. 목회리더십 건강상태는 목회건강의 인격 및 영성, 핵심역량 및 리더십, 비전 및 핵심가치, 지역 주민 이해 및 인간관계 등 8가지 대주제에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. 이에 목회자 의 리더십을 개발하여 목회건강의 강점이 되도록 하여야 하겠다. 넷째, 정기적인 목회건강 진단이 필요하다. 본 연구의 목회자의 목회건강상태는 그린오션전략팀의 연구의 목회자들의 불건강한(레드오션 교회) 목회자보다는 높지만 건강한(블루오션 교회) 목회자보다 조금 낮다. 이에 정기적인 목회 건 강 진단을 실시하여 강점을 활성화시키고 약점을 보완함으로써 건강이 보증된(그린오션 교회) 목 회자로서 목회를 할 수 있어야 하겠다.

차나무 표준수확량을 산출하기 위해 하동 차나무재배 지역별 재배방법 및 환경적 요인에 따른 고급수 제차 생산량 변화를 조사하였다. 고급수제차 생산시기별 생산량을 조사하여 차나무 표준수확량을 산출 하기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였다. 조사지역은 고급수제차 재배지역(정금리, 입석리)과 티백 혼용 재배지 역(부춘리)을 선정 후 생육특성 및 수확량을 조사하였다. 그 결과 고급수제차 수확 위주의 차밭 지역인 정금리와 입석리에서 신초장, 엽장, 엽폭 그리고 수확량이 높은 편이었다. 3개 지점의 수확량을 조사한 결과, 정금리 지역(2,408.3kg/1ha), 부춘리 지역(752.2kg/1ha) 그리고, 입석리 지역(1,224.1kg/1ha) 순 으로 수확량이 높게 나타났다. 이 결과들은 고급 수제차 생산을 위한 차밭 중에서도 비배관리와 수형관 리를 주기적으로 이루어지고 있는 차밭의 경우 관리가 이뤄지지 않는 차밭과 비교 하였을 때 수확량에 서 차이가 나는 것으로 보인다. 특히, 초기 우전 채엽시기 보다 세작 채엽시기에 생산량에서 차이가 많 이 나타나는 것으로 관찰되었다. 전체적으로 관리작업이 잘 이루어진 정금리 차밭이 입석리 차밭보다 고급수제차 수확량이 약 1.5배 높게 나타났으며, 티백 원료생산 목적의 부춘리보다 2배로 높게 나타났 다. 2014년 3지역의 차나무 수확량은 1,461.6kg/1ha으로 산출되었다. 본 연구결과들을 통해 차나무 재 배지역의 재배방법 및 환경적 요인에 따라 고급수제차 생산에 차이가 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다.

The cultivation of green manure crops provide various beneficial influences on agricultural systems. However, there have been few studies on the use of green manure crops on upland field in Korea. The purpose of this study is the selection of green manure crop species suitable for subsequent upland crops. For this study, two leguminous green manure crops and four graminaceous crops were used as following: (1) hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), (2) crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), (3) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), (4) rye (Secale cereale L.), (5) triticale (Triticosecale wittmack), (6) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant-available nitrogen (PAN) release from each green manure crops was estimated using PAN prediction equation. Graminaceous green manure crops produced more biomass (dry plant matter) up to 1.5 times than leguminous crops. However, PAN % was much higher in leguminous crops due to their high nitrogen content (2.4 ～ 4.4%). In late may, hairy vetch was estimated to provide PAN as much as 11kg/10a which meet nitrogen need for nearly all (except waxy corn) upland crops used in this study. However, PAN from crimson clover and graminaceous green manure crops was much lower mainly due to low biomass production and low nitrogen content, respectively. Overall, hairy vetch could be most appropriate green manure crop for upland crop cultivation in Korea.

이 연구에서는 계면활성제에 작용기를 첨가하여 유화제 뿐만 아니라 합성에서의 모노머로 작 용할 수 있는 반응성 계면활성제를 합성하였다. 반응성 계면 활성제는 메타아크릴 산, 아크릴산과 비이 온성 계면 활성제인 폴리 옥시 에틸렌 라우릴 에테르 (POE 23)를 사용하여 합성되었으며 벤젠을 용매 로서 사용하였고, P-TsOH를 촉매로서 사용 하였다. 합성된 계면 활성제는 FT-IR, 1H-NMR 스펙트 럼, 원소 분석을 하였다. 물성 평가는 HLB, Cloud point, 표면 장력, 임계 미셀 농도를 측정 하였다. HLB 값은 11.62∼12.09 범위로 평가 하였다. cmc 값은 표면 장력 법으로 측정하였을 때 1×10-4~5×10-4 의 값을 가졌다. 실험을 통해 측정된 Cloud point은 35, 39℃ 이었다. 합성 계면 활성 제의 유화 특성은 polyoxyethylene lauryl ether보다 낮았다. 또한, 유화력은 벤젠에서 보다 대두유에서 더 좋았다. 실험결과 합성 수율은 93.27 ∼ 94.49%로 확인되었다.

본 연구의 목적은 NIH3T3와 HepG2 세포에서 에탄올유도 세포독성 및 유전독성에 대하여 녹차엑기스(GTE)와 epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)의 보호작용을 평가하는데 있다. 세포생존율은 MTT assay를 실시하였으며 DNA 손상도는 Comet assay로 실시한 결과 에탄올은 농도의존적인 세포독성과 유전독성을 나타내었다. 한편 GTE와 EGCG는 에탄올 유도 세포독성 및 DNA 손상에 대하여 유의성 있는 억제효과를 나타내었으며 DPPH시험과 LDL oxidation 및 8OH-2``dG 생성시험에서 항산화효과를 나타내었다. 한편 녹차성분 함유 시판 리큐르주도 순수 에탄올에 비하여 세포독성억제 및 DNA 손상억제효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 시험결과 GTE와 함유 EGCG는 항산화성 유전독성억제기전을 통한 에탄올독성저감 물질로 판단된다.

LC-MS/MS를 이용한 말라카이트 그린 유효성 검증결과 결정계수(R2)가 0.9996이상으로 높은 직선성을 보여주었으며 회수율은 어종에 따라 69.8%에서 93.9%범위를 보였다. 검출한계는 0.013 μg/kg, 정량한계는 0.038 μg/kg으로 CODEX의 가이드라인을 만족하였다. 수거된 어류 200건에서 말라카이트 그린을 분석한 결과, HPLC-DAD로는 1건이 검출되었으나, LC-MS/MS로 분석시 검출률은 18.5%였다. 본연구 결과, LC-MS/MS를 이용한 말라카이트 그린 분석법이 우리나라에서 많이 소비되는 담수어종에서 분석에 적합하며, 1건을 제외한 모든 시료에서 식품공전의 잔류허용기준 이하로 말라카이트 그린이 검출되어서 안전한 것으로 나타났다. 다만 식품공전의 검출한계 이하로 말라카이트 그린이 검출되는 빈도가 18.5%임을 볼 때, 지속적으로 감시하고 모니터링 할 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

To enhance the physiological activities of roasted coffee (RC), 30 kinds of green coffee beans (GCB) with different cultivating areas and varieties were fermented with Monascus ruber mycelium (MR) by solid-state culture. After the dried MR-fermented GCB was subjected medium roasting, each RC was extracted with hot-water. Among the hot-water extracts, the highest yield was the hot-water extract of RC from MR-fermented Indonesia Mandheling GCB (15.5%). However, the hot-water extract of RC from MR-fermented Ethiopia Sidamo GCB showed significantly higher polyphenolic contents (3.08 mg GAE/100 mg) and ABTS free radical scavenging activity (25.41 mg AEAC/100 mg). Meanwhile, the hot-water extract of RC from MR-fermented Vietnam Robusta GCB showed not only the effective inhibition of TNF-α level (73.7% inhibition of LPS-stimulated control) from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells but also significant inhibition of lipogenesis (63.5% inhibition of lipid differentiation control) in 3T3-L1 pre-adipose cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that roasted coffees from Ethiopia Sidamo and Vietnam Robusta green coffee beans fermented with Monascus ruber mycelium using solid-state culture could have industrial applications as functional coffee beverages.

This study aims to estimate the Green-House-Gas emissions from domestic farmed flounder in the southern sea and Jeju-Do, where is mainly produced, by the assessment of energy consumptions and GHG emissions from domestic fish farms for establishing reduce standards of greenhouse gas from a sustainable perspective. It needs to analyze such GHG emission components as feed, electricity, fuel, fixed capital, fish respiration, and liquid oxygen in two locations by 4 stage running water type farm size of small, small and medium, large and medium, large scale. The result showed that the mean GHG emissions were 36.83 kg·CO2/year in the southern sea and 24.33 kg·CO2/year in Jeju-Do, respectively, in the stage of production per fish 1kg at 2 locations and farm size from domestic farmed flounders, and it will give to be useful for policy, planning, and regulation of aquaculture development with establishing GHG reduction standards.