본 연구는 기존의 게임에 대한 전반적인 부정적 인식에서 벗어나 긍정적인 측면에서 스마트폰 게임을 살펴볼 필요성이 있다고 판단하여 심리적인 측면에서 스마트폰 게임 이용동기와 게임특성이 게임몰입에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 주요 결과를 제시하면, 스마트폰 게임 이용동기는 현실도피, 기분전환, 즐거움, 몰입, 성취 등으로 나타났고, 이 중 현실도피를 제외한 기분전환, 즐거움, 몰입, 성취가 스마트폰 게임몰입에 유의미한 정적 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 스마트폰 게임 이용자들이 기분전환, 즐거움, 몰입, 성취동기를 추구할수록 게임몰입도 높아지는 것으로 평가할 수 있다. 둘째, 스마트폰 게임특성 중 게임구성, 조작용이성을 제외하고 게임의 생동감은 게임몰입에 유의미한 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 스마트폰 이용자들이 게임을 통해 생동감을 높게 지각할수록 게임몰입이 높아지는 것으로 평가된다. 이상과 같은 결과를 통해 몰입 자체가 건전한 심리작용이고, 스트레스를 해소하거나 여가시간을 즐겁게 보내는데 일정 부분 기여함을 전제로 한다면, 스마트폰 게임 이용이 스트레스를 해소하고 여가시간을 보다 즐겁고 재미있게 보내는데 있어 긍정적으로 작용할 수 있을 것이다. 나아가 일정부분 여가문화 차원으로 활용할 수 있음을 시사한다.

본 논문은 디지털 케이블TV 전환과 수용에 영향을 미치는 결정요인에 대하여 실증적으로 분석하였다. 이론적 논의로는 확장된 기술수용모델(TAM2)을 활용하여 이용자 요인은 지각된 유용성과 지각된 용이성, 지각된 유희성이 투입되었고, 조절 변수는 강제성을 제시하였다. 특히 조절변수로 강제성을 제시하여 모델의 확장을 도모하였다. 방법론은 지방자치단체 중 지상파TV의 디지털 전환이 완료되었거나 예정인 3개권역의 아날로그 케이블TV 이용자 550명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 외부변인 중 ‘자기효능감’과 ‘기술적 요인’, ‘선택의 다양성’, ‘비용’ 등이 이용자들의 이용에 영향을 주는 요인으로 전체 혹은 부분적으로 긍정과 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있다는 점이 검증되었다. 그러나 지각된 용이성이 지각된 유용성과 지각된 유희성에 영향력을 미친다는 선행 연구결과와는 달리 부분적으로 유의미하지 않은 결과가 나타났다. 또한, 연구를 확장하여 검증된 지각된 유희성은 지각된 유용성과 함께 지각된 용이성에 유의미한 결과로 나타났다. 특히 케이블TV 이용의도에 영향을 미치는 요인들 가운데 지각된 유희성의 ‘오락성’이 지각된 유용성의 ‘정보성’과 ‘다양성’, 지각된 용이성의 ‘효율성’과 ‘편리성’들 보다 상대적으로 높은 영향관계를 보였고, 조절변수로 제시된 ‘강제성’은 효과가 미약했으며, 오히려 ‘이용경험’이 조절 효과를 나타냈다. 본 논문은 아날로그 케이블TV 이용자의 디지털 케이블TV 전환수용에 관한 수용결정요인을 확장된 기술수용모델을 활용하여 연구를 확장했으며, 실증적으로 검증했다는 데에 의의가 있다.

본 연구는 영화 마케팅에 있어서 영화포스터 타이틀 로고의 서체적합도와 수용자들의 영화 친숙도, 그리고 영화포스터에 대한 태도 및 영화에 대한 태도, 마지막으로 영화 관람의도의 다섯 가지 잠재요인이 서로 어떠한 영향관계에 있는지 분석하였다. 연구1과 연구2로 구분되어 있는 본 연구는 먼저 연구1로 실험 연구를 진행하였고 다음으로 본 논문에서 제시한 구조모형의 적합성과 각 요인 간 관계를 검증하는 연구2를 진행하였다. 연구1의 결과, 실험 집단 간 차이는 발견하지 못하였다. 하지만 연구2의 구조모형의 경우 영화포스터 타이틀 로고의 서체적합도는 영화포스터에 대한 태도와 영화 관람의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 영화 친숙도의 경우 영화포스터에 대한 태도에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 영화포스터에 대한 태도와 영화 자체에 대한 태도, 영화 관람의도 사이에도 서로 긍정적인 영향력을 가지는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과는 다섯 가지 요인을 이용한 구조모형의 유의미함을 통해 향후 영화 마케팅에서 각각의 요인의 전략적 활용에 대한 시사점을 제공하고 있다.

The versions of the Oswestry disability questionnaire (ODQ) is regarded as one of the most extensively used condition-specific instruments measuring disability resulting from low back pain. It has been shown to have adequate psychometrics, reliability, validity, and responsiveness as a whole, yet the summated total score of the instrument often provide little information to rehabilitation clinicians. A keyform analysis based on Rasch measurement model is an innovative way of illustrating the specific test items that an individual may or may not perform. By applying the keyform of the Rasch measurement model to the ODQ, rehabilitation clinicians may able to select more challenging ODQ items matching an individual’s ability and document them as attainable treatment goals. The results demonstrated how a keyform analysis assist to setting possible goals for the treatment of individuals with low back pain. Forty-two individuals with low back pain were recruited from rehabilitation clinics in Gainesville, Florida. A series of Rasch analyses on the 10 items of the ODQ were performed using Winsteps software. The performance of two individuals on those 10 items was illustrated on the keyform. The keyform analysis of the Rasch measurement model may be translated into a useful tool for making clinical judgements.

The aim of this study was to compare the activity of the upper trapezius (UT) and serratus anterior (SA) and ratio of UT to SA during shoulder elevations. Ten subjects with UT pain (UTP) and 13 subjects without UTP participated in this study. Subjects with a UTP of over five in a pain intensity visual analogue scale (0-10 ㎝) for more than 2 months and latent myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in the UT muscle were included in the UTP group. Electromyography (EMG) data of UT and SA at 1st and 10th elevations were analyzed. Two-way repeated analyses of variance were used to compare the EMG activity of UT and SA and the ratio of UT to SA during shoulder elevations between groups with and without UTP. There was a significant increase in UT/SA ratio in the group with UTP compared to the group without UTP (p=.01). The activity of UT and SA measured at the 10th elevation was significantly greater than that in the first elevation (p<.05). The activity of SA was significantly greater in the group without UTP than the group with UTP (p=.03). However, there was no significant difference between groups with and without UTP in terms of UT activity (p=.28). These results indicate that UTP may have relevance to the increased muscle activity ratio of UT to SA during shoulder elevations.

The objective of this study was to determine the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility gained in young adults with calf muscle tightness, as measured by increases in ankle active and passive dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) after three stretching interventions. Twenty subjects (5 men and 15 women) with calf muscle tightness received the following three stretching interventions in one leg (assigned at random): static stretching (SS), eccentric training on stable surface (ETS), and eccentric training on unstable surfaces (ETU). The subjects received all three interventions to the same leg, applied in a random order. Each intervention had a break of at least 24 h in-between, in order to minimize any carryover effect. Each intervention used two types of stretching: with the calf muscle stretched and both knees straight, and with the knee slightly bent in order to maximize the activation of the soleus muscle. All three interventions were performed for 200 seconds. We measured the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility through active and passive ankle DFROM before intervention, immediately after intervention (time 0), and then 3, 6, 9, 15, and 30 min after intervention. We found a difference in the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility between the three interventions. In the ETS and ETU interventions, a significant improvement in calf muscle flexibility, both ankle active and passive dorsiflexion ranges of motion (ADFROM and PDFROM), was maintained for 30 min. In the SS intervention, however, ADFROM before 9 min and PDFROM before 6 min were statistically different from the baseline. Our results suggest that ETS and ETU may be more effective than SS for maintaining calfmuscle flexibility in young adults.

The aim of this study to investigate the effects of craniocervical flexion on muscle activities of scapular upward rotators during push-up plus exercise in subjects with winging scapula. Eighteen males with scapular winging were recruited, and each subject performed knee push-up plus and other exercises, in two conditions (craniocervical flexion vs. natural head positions). A surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure upper trapezius (UT), serratus anterior (SA), and lower trapezius (LT) muscle activity. A paired t-test was used to determine the statistical significance between the different condition with/without applying of craniocervical flexion. UT EMG activity significantly decreased and SA EMG activity significantly increased during knee push-up plus involving the craniocervical flexion compared to the natural head position. However, no significant differences (p>.05) were found in the activity of the LT muscle. The UT/SA ratios with and without craniocervical flexion showed a significant difference (p<.05). These results showed that the knee push-up plus other exercises performed with craniocervical flexion could strengthen the serratus anterior muscle and minimize the activity of the UT muscle.

Falls are common after stroke and most frequently related to loss of balance while walking. Consequently, preventing falls is one of the goals of acute, rehabilitative, and chronic stroke care. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors of falls and to determine how well the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) could distinguish between fallers and non-fallers among stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation. One hundred and fifteen participants with at least 3 months post-stroke and able to walk at least 3 m with or without a mono cane participated in this study. Fifty-four (47%) participants reported falling, and 15(27.8%) had a recurrent fall. Logistic regression analysis for predicting falls showed that left hemiplegia [odds ratio (OR)=4.68] and fear of falling (OR=5.99) were strong risk factors for falls. Fallers performed worse than non-fallers on the FES, TUG, and BBS (p<.05, p<.01, respectively). In the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, the TUG demonstrated the best discriminating ability among the three assessment tools. The cut-off score was 22 seconds on the TUG for discriminating fallers from non-fallers (sensitivity=88.9%, specificity=45.9%) and 27 seconds for discriminating recurrent fallers from single fallers and non-fallers (sensitivity=71.4%, specificity=40.2%). Results suggest that there is a need for providing fall prevention and injury minimization programs for stroke patients who record over 22 seconds on the TUG.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the trunk and the lower limb muscles during quiet standing on an unstable surface while wearing low-heeled shoes (3 ㎝), high-heeled shoes (7 ㎝) and without footwear (0 ㎝) in 20 young healthy women. The subjects stood on an unstable surface for 30 seconds. We examined the differences in the EMG data of the erector spinae, rectus abdominis, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and the gastrocnemius medialis muscle. A one-way repeated analysis of variance was used to compare the effects of shoe heel height on the EMG activity with the level of significance set at α=.05. The EMG activity of the erector spinae and the rectus femoris were significantly increased (p<.05) in the subjects who wore elevated heel height, while the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius medialis were significantly decreased (p<.05). However, the rectus abdominis and the biceps femoris exhibited no significant difference among the three conditions. The above results indicate that wearing high-heeled shoes may change the postural strategy. The findings of this study suggest that excessive heel height could contribute to an increased fall risk during quiet standing.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dual-task training (cognitive and exercise tasks) on the balance and gait performance of chronic stroke patients. Eighteen subjects with chronic stroke were divided equally into two groups, an experimental group and a control group. Subjects in both groups participated in an exercise program, performing the same tasks, for 45 minutes per day, three times per week for four weeks. The experimental group also performed additional cognitive task. The experimental group showed a more significant improvement than the control group on the Berg Balance Scale, the Timed Up and Go Test, the Korean Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, and the Functional Gait Assessment (p<.05). The cognitive task error rates in the final week were significantly less than in the first week in the experimental group (p<.01). These results suggest that dual-task training for chronic stroke patients is effective in improving balance, gait, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hip joint mobilization (HJM) on walking ability, balance ability, and the joint range of motion in stroke patients to minimize the problems of the musculoskeletal system in patients with central nervous system diseases. All volunteers were randomly assigned to the HJM group (n1=14) and the general neurodevelopment therapy (NDT) group (n2=16). The HJM procedure involved applying Maitland mobilization techniques (distraction, lateral gliding, inferior gliding, and anterior gliding) by grade 3 to both hip joint. The mobilization process included mobilization and NDT for 15 min/day, 3 days a week for 4 weeks. The outcome measures were evaluated, including the hip joint passive range of motion (ROM) test and femur head anterior glide test (FHAG) using prone figure four test, dynamic and static balance abilities [timed up and go (TUG) test and center of pressure (COP) analysis], and walking ability [10-meter walking test (10MWT) and 6-min walking test (6MWT)]. Both the groups showed significant post-training differences in the hip joint ROM (FHAG and degree of hip extension) and 10MWT. The post-training improvements in the TUG test were significantly greater in patients of the HJM group than in the NDT group; however, there were no post-training improvements in COP in both groups. Patients in the HJM group showed post-training improvement in the 6MWT; however, statistically significant differences were not observed. Patients in the NDT group showed post-training improvements in the 6MWT. These results suggest that HJM improves hip joint ROM, dynamic balance ability, and walking speed in stroke patients. However, further studies are required to evaluate the long-term therapeutic efficacy of HJM in stroke patients.

Lumbopelvic stabilization exercise has become the most popular treatment method in lumbar rehabilitation since its effectiveness was shown in some aspects of pain and disability. The abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) has been extensively implemented to promote lumbopelvic stability. However, performing ADIM correctly is difficult even for healthy subjects, and it is time consuming to train people in ADIM. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare abdominal muscle [rectus abdominalis (RA), external oblique (EO), and transverse abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO)] activity during lumbopelvic stabilization exercises (ADIM only, ADIM with a ball, maximum exhalation only, and maximum exhalation with a ball) performed in a supine position with feet against a wall. Fifteen healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Surface electromyography was used to measure abdominal muscle activity during lumbopelvic stabilization exercises. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance of RA, EO, and TrA/IO muscle activity during four lumbopelvic stabilization exercises. Both-side TrA/IO muscle activity was significantly greater with maximum exhalation with a ball than with ADIM only or ADIM with a ball (p<.008). The results of this study suggest that maximum exhalation with a ball can be used as an effective lumbopelvic stabilization exercise to increase TrA/IO muscle activity in healthy subjects.

In this research, a precipitation method was used to synthesize β-Ga2O3 powders with various particle morphologies and sizes under varying precipitation conditions, such as gallium nitrate concentration, pH, and aging temperature, using ammonium hydroxide and ammonium carbonate as precipitants. The obtained powders were characterized in detail by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, and TG-DSC. From the TG-DSC result, GaOOH phase was transformed to β-Ga2O3 at around 742˚C, and weight loss percent was about 14 % when NH4OH was used as a precipitant. Also, β-Ga2O3 formed at 749˚C and weight loss percent was about 15 % when (NH)2CO3 was used as a precipitant. XRD results showed that the obtained Ga2O3 had pure monoclinic phase in both cases. When (NH)2CO3 was used as a precipitant, the particle shape changed and became irregular. The range of particle size was about 500nm-4μm based on various concentrations of gallium nitrate solution with NH4OH. The particle size was increased from 1-2μm to 3-4μm and particle shape was changed from spherical to bar type by increasing aging temperature over 80˚C.

Flexible BaTiO3 films as dielectric materials for high energy density capacitors were deposited on polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) substrates by r.f. magnetron sputtering. The growth behavior, microstructure and electrical properties of theflexible BaTiO3 films were dependent on the sputtering pressure during sputtering. The RMS roughness and crystallite size ofthe BaTiO3 increased with increasing sputtering pressure. All BaTiO3 films had an amorphous structure, regardless of thesputtering pressures, due to the low PET substrate temperature. The composition of films showed an atomic ratio (Ba:Ti:O)of 0.9:1.1:3. The electrical properties of the BaTiO3 films were affected by the microstructure and roughness. The BaTiO3 filmsprepared at 100mTorr exhibited a dielectric constant of ~80 at 1kHz and a leakage current of 10−8A at 400kV/cm. Also, filmsshowed polarization of 8µC/cm2 at 100kV/cm and remnant polarization (Pr) of 2µC/cm2. This suggests that sputter depositedflexible BaTiO3 films are a promising dielectric that can be used in high energy density capacitors owing to their high dielectricconstant, low leakage current and stable preparation by sputtering.

TiC-21mol% Mo solid solution (δ-phase) and TiC-99 mol% Mo solid solution (β-phase), and TiC-(80~90)mol%Mo hypo-eutectic composite were deformed by compression in a temperature range from room to 2300 K and in a strain raterange from 4.9×10−5 to 6.9×10−3/s. The deformation behaviors of the composites were analyzed from the strengths of theδ- and β-phases. It was found that the high strength of the eutectic composite is due primarily to solution hardening of TiCby Mo, and that the δ-phase undergoes an appreciable plastic deformation at and above 1420 K even at 0.2% plastic strainof the composite. The yield strength of the three kinds of phase up to 1420 K is quantitatively explained by the rule of mixture,where internal stresses introduced by plastic deformation are taken into account. Above 1420 K, however, the calculated yieldstrength was considerably larger than the measured strength. The yield stress of β-phase was much larger than that of pure TiC.A good linear relationship was held between the yield stress and the plastic strain rate in a double-logarithmic plot. Thedeformation behavior in δ-phase was different among the three temperature ranges tested, i.e., low, intermediate and high. Atan intermediate temperature, no yield drop occurred, and from the beginning the work hardening level was high. At the testedtemperature, a good linear relationship was held in the double logarithmic plot of the yield stress against the plastic strain rate.The strain rate dependence of the yield stress was very weak up to 1273 K in the hypo-eutectic composite, but it becamestronger as the temperature rose.

Metallic Cr film coatings of 1.2μm thickness were prepared by DC magnetron sputter deposition method on c-plane sapphire substrates. The thin Cr films were ammoniated during horizontal furnace thermal annealing for 10-240 min in NH3 gas flow conditions between 400 and 900˚C. After annealing, changes in the crystal phase and chemical constituents of the films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis. Nitridation of the metallic Cr films begins at 500˚C and with further increases in annealing temperature not only chromium nitrides (Cr2N and CrN) but also chromium oxide (Cr2O3) was detected. The oxygen in the films originated from contamination during the film formation. With further increase of temperature above 800˚C, the nitrogen species were sufficiently supplied to the film's surface and transformed to the single-phase of CrN. However, the CrN phase was only available in a very small process window owing to the oxygen contamination during the sputter deposition. From the XPS analysis, the atomic concentration of oxygen in the as-deposited film was about 40 at% and decreased to the value of 15 at% with increase in annealing temperature up to 900˚C, while the nitrogen concentration was increased to 42 at%.

A thin Cu seed layer for electroplating has been employed for decades in the miniaturization and integration of printed circuit board (PCB), however many problems are still caused by the thin Cu seed layer, e.g., open circuit faults in PCB, dimple defects, low conductivity, and etc. Here, we studied the effect of heat treatment of the thin Cu seed layer on the deposition rate of electroplated Cu. We investigated the heat-treatment effect on the crystallite size, morphology, electrical properties, and electrodeposition thickness by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), four point probe (FPP), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements, respectively. The results showed that post heat treatment of the thin Cu seed layer could improve surface roughness as well as electrical conductivity. Moreover, the deposition rate of electroplated Cu was improved about 148% by heat treatment of the Cu seed layer, indicating that the enhanced electrical conductivity and surface roughness accelerated the formation of Cu nuclei during electroplating. We also confirmed that the electrodeposition rate in the via filling process was also accelerated by heat-treating the Cu seed layer.

The current concern about these materials (MoSi2 and NbSi2) focuses on their low fracture toughness below theductile-brittle transition temperature. To improve the mechanical properties of these materials, the fabrication of nanostructuredand composite materials has been found to be effective. Nanomaterials frequently possess high strength, high hardness, excellentductility and toughness, and more attention is being paid to their potential application. In this study, nanopowders of Mo, Nb,and Si were fabricated by high-energy ball milling. A dense nanostructured MoSi2-NbSi2 composite was simultaneouslysynthesized and sintered within two minutes by high-frequency induction heating method using mechanically activated powdersof Mo, Nb, and Si. The high-density MoSi2-NbSi2 composite was produced under simultaneous application of 80MPa pressureand an induced current. The sintering behavior, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the composite were investigated.The average hardness and fracture toughness values obtained were 1180kg/mm2 and 3MPa·m1/2, respectively. These fracturetoughness and hardness values of the nanostructured MoSi2-NbSi2 composite are higher than those of monolithic MoSi2 orNbSi2.

Ti and Ti alloys have been extensively used in the medical and dental fields because of their good corrosion resistance, high strength to density ratio and especially, their low elastic modulus compared to other metallic materials. Recent trends in biomaterials research have focused on development of metallic alloys with elastic modulus similar to natural bone, however, many candidate materials also contain toxic elements that would be biologically harmful. In this study, new Ti based alloys which do not contain the toxic metallic components were developed using a theoretical method (DV-Xα). In addition, alloys were developed with improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Ternary Ti-Ag-Zr alloys consisting of biocompatible alloying elements were produced to investigate the alloying effect on microstructure, corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The effects of various contents of Zr on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility were compared. The alloys exhibited higher strength and corrosion resistance than pure Ti, had antibacterial properties, and were not observed to be cytotoxic. Of the designed alloys' mechanical properties and biocompatibility, the Ti-3Ag-0.5Zr alloy had the best results.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of swiss ball program training on lower extremity function of old elderly with mild cognitive impairment. The subjects were 30 mild cognitive impairment eldrly people aged between 65 and 80, who were divided into the swiss ball program training group(n=15) and the control group(n=15). The swiss ball program training group engaged in a 50-minute exercise session using. Lower extremity function scale of the two groups were measured before and after the intervention. The results are as follows. According to the swiss ball program training conducted to examine the effects of the training on lower extremity function, Moreover, the two groups showed significant differences in lower extremity function. These results indicate that virtual reality training is effective in improving lower extremity function. To conclusion, swiss ball program was found to have a positive effect on elderly lower extremity function. Swiss ball program training can be proposed as a form of fall prevention exercise for the mild cognitive impairment. Swiss ball program may be helpful to reduce the incidence of dementia and behavioral complications.