A four-year-old thoroughbred male horse (450 kg) who behaved in an aggressive manner toward people and other horses was referred to undergo castration surgery at the Equine Hospital, Jangsu Stud Farm and Training Center, Korea Racing Authority. Castration was performed by a closed technique using sedation (detomidine 10 mg IV) and regional anaesthesia (lidocaine) on a line 1 cm from the median raphe while the horse was standing. Incisions were made through the scrotal skin, tunica dartos, and scrotal fascia for each testis parallel to the median raphe, which was approximately 10 cm long. The testis, still capsulated by the parietal vaginal tunic, was grasped and the scrotal fascia was stripped upward from the parietal vaginal tunic using dry gauze. Then the parietal vaginal tunic, cremaster muscle, and spermatic cord were emasculated. The surgical area was disinfected without suturing. An anti-inflammatory drug (phenylbutazone) and antibiotics (benzylpenicillin + dihydrostreptomycin) were prescribed for seven days following surgery. Mild swelling and hemorrhage were observed around the region of surgery on the first day following the operation. Seven days later, no swelling or hemorrhage was observed, while formation of granulation tissue was observed in the scrotum, indicating a normal healing process.

Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma (MCT) is rare. Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a neoplasm comprising malignant mesenchymal cells and a conventional carcinomatous area. Here, we report on a case of sarcomatoid carcinoma arising from an MCT in the left ovary of a 45-year-old female. A unilocular cyst consistent with MCT was observed; however, a nodule within the cyst was confirmed from the resected ovary. Microscopically, the nodule showed both squamous cell carcinoma and pleomorphic sarcomatous components admixing with each other. Lining epithelial cells at the periphery of the main tumor showed squamous metaplasia. When a sarcomatous component is observed in the ovary tumor, it is important to find a squamous cell component, either benign or malignant.

일본의 근대 ‘천황제’ 국가는 ‘천황제’ 이데올로기에 의해 형성된 절대군주제 국가였다. 이 ‘천황제’ 이데올로기는 일본의 고래의 신도사상(神道思想)과 충효의 윤리를 바탕으로 한 전제적이고 가부장적인 유교사상을 근간으로 하여 ‘천황’의 권위를 신성시하고 절대시함으로써 국민의 일상은 물론 정신세계까지 지배하여 국가 권력에 대한 국민들의 절대적인 복종과 충성을 얻어내려는 것이었다. 그리고 거기에는 종교적, 반민중적, 반이성적 성격이 들어있었다. 일본 메이지시대 전반기에 형성된 이러한 ‘천황제’ 이데올로기는 의무화된 근대교육 기관과 군대, 교화기구를 통해서 자국민에게 체계적으로 주입되었으며, 청일전쟁, 러일전쟁 등 침략전쟁을 통해서 해외 식민지를 강점․지배하면서 더욱 강화되고 정교화되어, 지배이데올로기로 활용되었다. 일본의 종교정책은 메이지유신기에 형성되었는데 그 기조는 국가신도 내지 신사신도(神社神道)를 정점으로 하여, 그 하위에 교파신도와 불교, 기독교를 국가의 공인종교로 삼고 국가 시책에 충실히 따르도록 통제․이용하면서, 그 외의 종교는 ‘유사종교단체’라 하여 불법화하고 경찰력을 동원하여 통제․탄압하는 것이었다. 일본에서 기독교는 전래 초기부터 사회적인 비난과 배척을 받아 교세가 크게 발전하지 못했으며, 국가와의 관계에 자신을 적응하여 자신의 유용성을 변증하고자 하였다. 일본 기독교는 초기부터 국가의 종교정책에 저항하기보다는 순응하고 협력하는 길을 선택하였던 것이다. 일본 기독교는 천황숭배와 신사참배를 인정하고, 침략전쟁에 협력하였으며, 대륙침략을 재개한 1930년대 이후에는 일본적 기독교라고 하여 교리와 신앙의 본질적인 부분까지 변질시켰다. 1939년 4월 종교단체법이 공포된 이후에는 개신교 교파들이 통폐합하여 일본기독교단을 만들고, 적극적으로 침략 전쟁에 협력함으로써 국가의 교화단체의 하나로 전락하고 말았다.

A series of novel diaryl ether analogs possessing gallate moiety were synthesized and NF-κB inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated. NF-κB luciferase activities in prostate LNCaP and colon cancer HCT116 cells showed that 2a, 2c, 2d, 2g, and 2i had potent to moderate inhibitory activities. In addition, 2a exerted more potent cytotoxicity than the reference compound, obovatol, against prostate (LNCaP and PC-3) and colon cancer (HCT116 and SW620) cells.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of Acer tegmentosum Maxim. extract (ATE) in prevention of liver injury. After oral administration of ATE to SD rats, liver injuries were induced by treatment with CCl₄, galactosamine, or ethionine. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride, and cholesterols in blood were used as indicators of liver damage. When acute hepatitis was induced by CCl₄ or galactosamine, ATE-fed rats showed a lower level of AST and ALT in plasma than ATE-unfed rats. In the case of ethionine-induced fatty liver, triglyceride levels in plasma were reduced in ATE-fed rats, compared with ATE-unfed rats. These results indicate that Acer tegmentosum Maxim. extract protected against hepatic failure.

Human natural killer (NK) cells are major players in innate immune response. The functions of these cells as a scavenger of cancer cells are enhanced by cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), which play an important role in immune response in both tumors and virally infected cells. Liver cancer has a high incidence rate and is a major cause of death in Korea. We provide evidence that human NK cells inhibit tumor growth of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SNU-354. NK cells were cultured with human IL-2 for 14 days, yielding an enriched NK cell population containing 35% CD8+ cells, 6% CD4+ cells, and 51% CD16+ /CD56+ cells. Intravenous injection of NK cells at doses from 2.5 to 10 million cells/mouse was administered once per week in a nude mouse model that retains human liver tumor induced by implantation of SNU-354 cells. The results showed that human NK cells were recruited within tumor tissue and inhibited SNU-354 tumor growth by 32%, 58%, and 65%. The current data suggest the potential for use of NK cell-based immunotherapy for treatment of human liver cancer.

The influenza virus is an important respiratory risk affecting humans, and effective treatments are needed. Some oriental medicines are currently applied for treatment of common colds as well as influenza infection. Previous studies have reported that the therapeutic properties of MA-128 are effective for treatment of psoriasis antiasthmatic and atopic dermatitis. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic properties of the novel herbal medicine, MA-128, for treatment of influenza virus infection by oral administration. MA-128 is an active natural biological compound from herbal-marine origin. The results showed that oral administration of MA-128 in mice could confer a survival benefit against Type A influenza virus infection. Daily oral administration of MA-128 resulted in delayed death in infected mice for three days against mouse adapted H3N2 (A/Philippines/2/82). However, it protected more than 60% of mice from lethal infection of 2009 pandemic H1N1 (A/Korea/CJ01/2009) influenza virus. In addition, lung viral titers were significantly reduced at seven days post infection (~100 times) compared with mock-treated mice and viruses were cleared at 9 dpi only in the MA-128 treated groups. This study demonstrated the potential of the novel herbal medicine, MA-128, as an herbal remedy against influenza A viruses.

이 논문은 아시아뿐만 아니라 세계적으로도 유행이 된 한류현상을 비판철학적인 관점에서 분석하고 한류문화가 세계적인 문화로 거듭날 수 있기 위해 필요한 인문학적인 성찰이 무엇인지를 제시하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 한류의 기원과 정체성, 한류에 대한 긍정적 평가와 부정적 평가, 그리고 한류문화담론 및 호르크하이머와 아도르노 등의 비판철학적 시각을 제시하였다.한류(韓流, Hallyou, Korean Wave)는 ‘한국의 TV드라마, 음악, 영화 등 대중문화 콘텐츠가 동아시아를 비롯하여 세계 각지에서 유행해 라이프 스타일에 영향을 미치는 사회문화적 현상을 말한다. 한류는 가족윤리를 중시하는 전통적 가치와 개인의 행복을 중시하는 현대적 가치가 융합된 세계적인 문화라는 긍정적인 평가와 함께 서구의 대중문화가 아시아적 가치에 적합하게 필터링된 모방문화에 지나지 않는다는 부정적인 평가가 있다.비판이론가의 문화산업이론에 따르면, 대중문화는 ‘동질성’과 ‘예측가능성’ 때문에 대중들의 허위의식을 조장하여 비판의식을 상실하게 한다. 한류문화가 지역적인 것과 세계적인 것의 변증법적 종합을 통해 세계적인 문화로 거듭나기 위해서는 서구문화의 부정적인 측면에 대한 비판적 태도가 필요하며, 한국의 전통문화에 내재된 비판정신이 회복되어야 하며, 미디어 교육 등이 필요하다. 이러한 전통과 현대의 변증법적 교섭과 실천을 통해 한류문화는 세계적인 문화로 거듭날 수 있을 것이다.

To identify subspecies and stocks of minke whale meats purchased from Korean markets during 2005-2007, we first obtained their complete sequences of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b and control region sequences, and compared these sequences to the corresponding sequences of the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), obtained from GenBank. From analyses with partial cytochrome b sequences (383 bp) and non-coding, partial control region sequences (463 bp), Korean mink whale meats are identified as products from the North Pacific minke whale (B. a. scammoni). In addition, the sequences of the partial control region from these meats showed G at site no. 298 and G or A at site no. 463, and the meats appeared to originate from the J stock within this subspecies. Thus, because the J stock has been protected since 1986, implementation of strict regulation measures to reduce their accidental fisheries by catch seems urgent. In addition, B. a. scammoni is distinct from B. a. acutorostrata, with an average Jukes-Cantor distance of 2.21% in the complete control region sequence analysis (935 bp) and 1.31% in the complete cytochrome b gene sequence analysis; the current results support the current subspecies classification, although further sequencing analyses with nuclear genes are necessary.

Antibiotic resistant salmonellosis has shown a recent increase, making treatment of patients with Salmonella infections difficult. This study analyzed changes in the species, serogroups, and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric pathogens isolated from stool specimens during a period of eight years from 2003 to 2010 in a tertiary hospital. In total, 237 pathogens (1.9%) were isolated from 12,289 stool specimens, comprising 50.6% NTS and 49% Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Serogroups D, B, and C Salmonella were isolated most frequently, in that order. Of the Salmonella, 49% of the isolates were ampicillin resistant and this rate for serogroups B, C, and D Salmonella was 56.8, 64.7, and 43.5%, respectively. Overall, the rates of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), chloramphenicol (CM), and ciprofloxacin resistance were 11.0, 22.0, and 0%, respectively. Two cefotaxime-resistant Salmonella were isolated in 2010. All of the V. parahaemolyticus were susceptible to SXT, CM, and tetracycline. In conclusion, NTS and V. parahaemolyticus were the major enteric pathogens isolated from stool during the eight years examined, and the rate of Salmonella resistance to antimicrobial agents showed a significant increase. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is mandatory for proper treatment of patients with Salmonella spp. infection.

언어 교육에서 오류 분석은 언어를 배우는 학습자들의 언어를 연구하거나, 효과적인 교수-학습 방안을 고안하는 데 있어 아주 중요한 방법론의 하나이다. 하기에 많은 학자들이 학습자들의 작문이나 발화에서 오류문을 추출하여 연구를 시도하고 있으며 또한 많은 연구 성과들이 나오고 있다.그럼에도 불구하고 학자들마다 오류에 대한 견해에서 서로 다른 의견들을 제기하고 있으며 그 판정에서 어려움을 시사하고 있다.본고에서는 학자들의 견해를 기초로 하여 한국어 교육에서 오류의 판정, 오류와 실수, 중간언어와의 관계에 관한 학자들의 견해를 종합해 보고 필자의 견해도 밝히고자 하였다. 그 견해를 요약하면 다음과 같다.1. 오류는 외국어 학습자 자신에게 있어서 필요 불가결이며 교사는 오류 분석과 오류 교정에 주목해야 한다.2. 오류 판정에서 문법성, 체계성, 반복성을 고려해야 할 뿐만 아니라 원인을 밝힐 수 있으면 오류로 보아야 한다.3. 오류는 학습자가 스스로 판단할 수 없고 교정할 수 없지만 실수는 학습자 스스로가 인식할 수 있고 교정할 수 있다.4. 오류는 중간언어에 포함되어 있으며 그 기원을 찾을 수 있고 원인을 밝힐 수 있다.

Iron is an essential trace element for normal functions of the body. Restriction of iron availability directly limits erythropoiesis. The objective of this experiment was to compare the bioavailability of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) with iron-microparticles (Fe-MPs) in anemic mice. There were four experimental groups, including the normal control group, iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) group, Fe-NPs group, and Fe-MPs group. Animals in the normal group fed on an adequate iron-containing diet (45 ppm Fe). Meanwhile, animals in the other three groups fed on a low Fe diet (4.5 ppm Fe) for seven weeks. Double deionized water was supplied as drinking water ad libitum. After feeding for three weeks with the low Fe diet, animals in the Fe-NPs and Fe-MPs groups received oral administration of Fe-NPs or Fe-MPs at a daily dose of 40 mg/kg for four weeks. The IDA group showed markedly decreased red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb) values compared with the normal group throughout the experimental periods. Treatments with Fe-NPs or Fe-MPs for four weeks resulted in restoration of the decreased RBC count and hematological values similar to normal values. The Fe-NPs group showed faster restoration in values than Fe-MPs with passage of time. The iron contents of the upper small intestine in the Fe-NPs and Fe-MPs groups were higher than in the normal group at weeks 2 and 4. Treatment with Fe-NPs and Fe-MPs resulted in a significant increase in hepatic iron contents and lipid peroxidation, compared with the IDA group with passage of time. The iron contents in liver and ferritin deposits in spleen were identified in the Fe-NPs and Fe-MPs groups, similar to the normal group. These results indicate that oral administration of both Fe-NPs and Fe-MPs can result in recovery from anemia and Fe-NPs is more absorbable and available in the body than Fe-MPs.

The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the therapeutic effect of dioctahedral smectite (smectite) against calf diarrhea caused by pathogenic E. coli and/or Salmonella typhimurium. In this study, 20 calves (aged 2~3 months) with diarrhea were used for evaluation of the efficacy of smectite on calf diarrhea with 20% smectite suspension in PBS. Calves received 10 ml smectite suspension three times per day after feeding, and fecal samples were collected at the gate of treatment and on the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth day after administration. On the fifth day after treatment with smectite suspension, the diarrhea index showed a significant decrease in the treated group, compared to the control group (P<0.001). The number of pathogenic E. coli in feces of the treated group was significantly decreased, compared to each control group from the second day after treatment (P<0.001), and that of Salmonella typhimurium was significantly decreased from the first day after treatment (P<0.05). According to the results of the current study, 20% smectite suspension had a therapeutic effect on diarrhea caused by E. coli and/or Salmonella in calves.

Lactose is a disaccharide consisting of a glucose and a galactose. Milk is a sole source of lactose in natural food. Lactase hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose, which are absorbed in the intestine and utilized by the body. After weaning, lactase activity declines. Therefore, the majority of adults have hypolactasia. The prevalence is above 50% in South America, Africa, and Asia. A significant amount of lactose is consumed as cow milk-based food products. However, it has no special nutritional importance for adults, and it is suspected as a dietary risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and ovarian cancer. The aim of this study is to review the evidence and to propose possible mechanisms regarding the relations between lactose intake and CHD and ovarian cancer. Epidemiological studies support the connection of lactose and CHD. Although several mechanisms for elucidation of this connection have been suggested, calcium theory is the most plausible. Galactose is known to be toxic to ovary. Galactose has been suggested to induce ovarian cancer through hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Some epidemiological data support this but others do not. Consumption of lactose or galactose can induce CHD and ovarian cancer; however, more research will be needed in order to determine the relation between lactose and these diseases.

본 연구는 <소나기>를 연구대상으로 발화행위 이론을 이용하여 다양한 언어 환경에서 나타내는 전형적인 언표내적 행위에 의해서 언표내적 행위의 목표, 지향성, 심리적 태도 이 세 가지 차원에서 소녀와 소년의 대화를 분석해, 소녀와 소년의 심리상태와 성격을 해석하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 제2장에서는 설의 이론을 대해 살펴볼 것이다. 설은 언표내적 행위의 목표, 심리적 태도, 지향성을 언표내적 행위의 분류하는 데에 중요한 기준으로 삼고 있다. 이 기준에 의하여 언표내적 행위를 진술 행위, 지시 행위, 언약 행위, 표출 행위, 선언 행위로 분류한다.제3장에서는 설의 언표내적 행위 분류 기준으로 <소나기>에서의 대화를 분석하고자 한다. 특정된 환경에서의 특정된 언표내적 행위 유형에 속하는 대화문을 분석함과 동시에 각 유형의 대화문수와 백분율을 통계해 보기로 한다.화용론적인 발화행위 분석을 통해서 소설의 주인공인 소년과 소녀의 성격 특징을 발견할 수 있는데 종합하면 다음과 같다.소녀의 지시 행위에 질문이 많고 금지의 심리적 태도를 나타내는 지시 행위도 있다. 표출 행위의 경우에는 소녀의 대화 비중이 소년보다 훨씬 더 높다. 따라서 <소나기>는 외향적이고 도전적이며 호기심이 많은 소녀를 기술하고 있다. 소년의 지시 행위에는 금지의 심리적 태도를 나타내는 것이 없다. 표출 행위의 경우에는 소년의 백분율이 소녀보다 훨씬 낮다. 따라서 <소나기>는 내성적이고 수동적이며 수줍음이 많은 소년을 기술하고 있다.

Since 2011, proficiency test for the air dilution olfactory method started in Korea for the evaluation of the authorized odor inspection agencies’ analysis skill. For this purpose, sulfur compounds of PTMs (proficiency test materials) were made and investigated for the application to the proficiency test as a complex malodor sample. Time stability and homogeneity between samples were analysed for the PTM which was made with 10 ppm of DMS and 10 ppm of DMDS. As the results, the stability of sample concentration with GC analysis was shown around 6%RSD through the time of 6~48 hr. In addition, dilution number during the same test period appeared almost stable, less than 6%RSD in air dilution olfactory method. The reproducibility results of four laboratories showed very similar results except one lab which was caused by the elder panel characteristics.

This study aims to evaluate the relationship with the concentration and dilution factor using the Air Dilution Olfactory Method, which is suggested in the Standard Method of Odor Compounds, by measuring dilution factor for 4 types of sulfur compounds, ammonia, and trimethylamine. For the measurement, 13 panelists were selected by several criteria through a panel test. Panelists chosen for their closely similar sensitiviyies provide more reproducible values. The estimation showed that the correlation of the concentration with dilution factor for the 6 compounds can be reasonably expressed by the equation logC=AfㆍlogD+F (Af: material costant, F: constant). The result of this study is suggested to be used as a base data for research on measures to improve the regulation standards for complex odor concentration on site boundary in operation, as well as a correlation between the concentration and dilution factor for the designated foul odor substances, and their characteristics.

A new method using anion generating paint was tested to decrease the concentration of volatile organic compound gas which is the main cause of sick house syndrome in living atmosphere. The method can be widely applied with low cost because the anion generating paint uses the cheap and abundant aluminosilicate mineral as raw materials and maintains the ability to remove the VOCs in dark condition, which was the main demerit of conventional method using TiO2 photo catalyst. The effect of raw mineral treatment on the efficiency of VOCs removal was studied by applying the prepared anion generating paint on specimen surface and monitoring the content of VOCs within controlled box for 24 hours. The content of formaldehyde and toluene was decreased by 88.9% and 72.2%, respectively. The result of field test done in actual living apartment showed the removal ability of 92.2% for formaldehyde, 10% for benzene, 95.9% for toluene, 74.4% for ethylbenzen, 73.8% for p-xylen, and 83.7% for styrene. The concentration of other VOCs were also decreased to below the standard level recommended by Ministry of Environment.

‘와카’는 오래전부터 일본인의 심정을 표현하는 정형시(詩)로 고대부터 계승되어온 일본문화의 핵심이라고 할 수 있다. 와카의 창작이란 문예적 창작이며 개인 심정의 표출임에도 불구하고, 이것이 향수되는 장소나 방식은 위정자(為政者)와의 관계를 끊을 수 없었다.9세기에 궁정에서 천황에 의해 개최된 ‘우타 아와세(歌合)’는 와카의 창작이 집단적으로 행해졌고 또 그 와카의 우열(優劣)을 승부하는 시합 형식으로 오락성을 겸한 행사였다. 천황이 왕비의 외가세력에 대항하기위해 ‘우타 아와세(歌合)’를 열고 칙찬집(勅選集)의 편찬으로 이어지기도 했다. 12세기 후 ‘우타 아와세(歌合)’에 종교적인 색채가 더해져 와카 계의 뛰어난 가선(歌仙)들의 공양이라는 ‘에이구(影供) 우타 아와세(歌合)’가 탄생하였고, 이는 절이나 신사(神社)에서도 열렸는데, 그 배경에는 ‘언령신앙(言霊信仰)’이 있었다. 또 이 시대에 새롭게 정권을 장악한 무사계급에게 전통성을 가진 와카는 자기 정당성을 구현하기에 중요한 역할을 했었다. 17세기 포르투갈의 카드로부터 전래되어 형성된 ‘햐쿠닌잇슈 가루타(百人一首カルタ)’가 성행하고, 메이지(明治) 시기에 들어와 그 방식이 획일화됨으로써 근대국가의 정신적 통제 수단의 역할을 완수하기에 이르렀다.집단적으로 와카를 향수하는 ‘우타 아와세(歌合)’, ‘에이구(影供)’, ‘햐쿠닌잇슈 가루타(百人一首カルタ)’는 와카의 계승에 큰 역할을 했는데 그 전통성 유지에 있어서는 정치적요소도 배제할 수 없다.

In this study, emission characteristics of odorants from boiled egg samples were measured through time between fresh and decayed status. Air samples released from boiled egg were collected and analyzed five different periods during the whole experimental period set for 9 days. The concentrations of reduced sulfur compounds (RSC), carbonyl compounds (CC), and NH₃ were generally higher than others like volatile organic compounds over the entire period. Among target compounds, the concentration of H₂S recorded the maximum value of 3.65 ppm immediately after boiling which indicates its maximum contribution as odorant in fresh stage. In addition, some odorants (i.e. CH₃SH, AA, PA, BA, and VA) were detected in the range of 7.52 to 50.8 ppb. Emission of most odorants generally decreased after 1 day of boiling, although their concentrations increased again after 3 days to reach the peak values after 6 days. The dilution-to-threshold (D/T) ratio measured by air dilution sensory test samples between fresh and decayed egg showed patterns similar to H2S. In addition, the result of correlation analysis indicated that there is a strong relationship (p＜0.01) between complex odor and H₂S.