Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe nurses' experiences of patient safety incidents. Methods: Data were collected from June 1 to August 31, 2019 through in-depth interviews with 10 nurses who worked in tertiary hospitals. Data were analyzed using Braun & Clarke’s thematic analysis method. Results: Four themes and eighteen sub-themes emerged as follows. ‘Falls resulted in fatal consequences, the importance of precaution education’, ‘Errors occurred due to incompliance to verification protocol’, ‘Responsibility for catching other people's errors’, ‘Hospital environment from the viewpoint of patient safety’. Conclusion: The findings provided valuable information on the nurses’ experiences of patient safety incidents, which may have serious consequences and are not easily addressed. Programs to prevent patient safety incidents and systems to guard against these incidents should be established. Organizational safety culture also needs to be improved.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the turnover experience of nurses who moved from a tertiary medical institution to a general hospital and to understand the meaning of the move for them. Methods: This is a phenomenological qualitative study using Colaizzi's (1978) method. Semi-structured, open-ended questions and in-depth interviews were conducted to 11 nurses within 3 years after turnover to a general hospital at a tertiary medical institution, between April, 2018 to September, 2018. Results: The four theme clusters and thirteen themes emerged. The core theme licited I was “the journey to find-balance and leave.” Four theme clusters were; “advance to a dream job”, including ‘expectation for my work’, ‘my confidence and family pride’, “unstable my dream job” including ‘stand alone in a desert’, ‘crushed by extra work’, ‘torn protection’, ‘invisible future’, “my job that I wish to keep” including ‘unconditional patience for growth’, “I can't be a loser” is desperate selfinspiration’, ‘leaning on comfort and support', and finally “my place I found again.” including ‘being prepared to be by my side’, ‘restoring work-life balance’, ‘revealed my existence’, and ‘unsatisfied with new work’. Conclusion: Participants choose of turnover for physical and psychological well-being, instead of the romance of the tertiary medical institution. This showed the characteristics of the millennial generation that values the comfort and relaxation in one's life prior to professional vision of nursing care as a nurse, and success. The result is meaningful as an understanding of effective job management for current-generation clinical nurses.

Purpose: This study aims to understand the experience of health culture nururing activities among small local community health leaders using a qualitative research method. Methods: Data was collected via structured questionnaire from 13 health leaders at the Primary Health Care Post from May 14 to July 20, 2018. The researcher conducted a qualitative analysis computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS), NVivo Pro 12. Results: Health leaders encouraged the residents to participate in various health programs through persuasion and with responsibility. Community health leaders experienced confidence and formed good habits, communicating and harmonizing with their residents. As a result, they became positive health role models. Conclusion: In order to increase health leaders’ competence and encourage the participation of the residents in the community, systematic and continuous education is necessary, taken the characteristics of community into account. Also, qualitative research on the effects of the health village development project on the quality of life for its residents is required.

Amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) thin film transistors, because of their relatively low mobility, have limits in attempts to fulfill high-end specifications for display backplanes. In-Zn-O (IZO) is a promising semiconductor material for high mobility device applications with excellent transparency to visible light region and low temperature process capability. In this paper, the effects of working pressure on the physical and electrical properties of IZO films and thin film transistors are investigated. The working pressure is modulated from 2 mTorr to 5 mTorr, whereas the other process conditions are fixed. As the working pressure increases, the extracted optical band gap of IZO films gradually decreases. Absorption coefficient spectra indicate that subgap states increase at high working pressure. Furthermore, IZO film fabricated at low working pressure shows smoother surface morphology. As a result, IZO thin film transistors with optimum conditions exhibit excellent switching characteristics with high mobility (≥ 30cm2/Vs) and large on/off ratio.

ZnO thin films are of considerable interest because they can be customized by various coating technologies to have high electrical conductivity and high visible light transmittance. Therefore, ZnO thin films can be applied to various optoelectronic device applications such as transparent conducting thin films, solar cells and displays. In this study, ZnO rod and thin films are fabricated using aqueous chemical bath deposition (CBD), which is a low-cost method at low temperatures, and environmentally friendly. To investigate the structural, electrical and optical properties of ZnO for the presence of citrate ion, which can significantly affect crystal form of ZnO, various amounts of the citrate ion are added to the aqueous CBD ZnO reaction bath. As a result, ZnO crystals show a nanorod form without citrate, but a continuous thin film when citrate is above a certain concentration. In addition, as the citrate concentration increases, the electrical conductivity of the ZnO thin films increases, and is almost unchanged above a certain citrate concentration. Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell substrates are used to evaluate whether aqueous CBD ZnO thin films can be applicable to real devices. The performance of aqueous CBD ZnO thin films shows performance similar to that of a sputter-deposited ZnO:Al thin film as top transparent electrodes of CIGS solar cells.

Abdominal organs are the most vulnerable body parts under vehicle trauma, and there is high mortality from acute injuries in accidents. There are various ways to reduce this high mortality; one method is Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta, which has recently become very popular as a minimally invasive alternative in the emergent management of patients with non-compressible hemorrhages below the diaphragm. However, high safety factor for patients is applied in actual clinical practice because there is no exact standard for the operating time. Therefore, in this study, the effects of the mechanical behavior of organ tissues for the duodenum, kidney, and liver on the operating time of Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta is investigated in order to obtain data needed to establish standards of operating time. In characteristic analysis of organ tissues, uniaxial tensile test and compression test are conducted according to the operating time.

In this study, effects of carbon and nickel on microstructure and low temperature Charpy impact properties of HSLA (high strength low alloy) steels are investigated. To understand the complex phase transformation behavior of HSLA steels with high strength and toughness before and after welding processes, three kinds of HSLA steels are fabricated by varying the carbon and nickel content. Microstructure analysis, low temperature Charpy impact test, and Vickers hardness test are performed for the base metals and CGHAZ (coarse-grain heat affected zone) specimens. The specimens with the lowest carbon and nickel content have the highest volume fraction of AF, the lowest volume fraction of GB, and the smallest GB packet size. So, the low temperature Charpy absorbed energy of the CGHAZ specimen is the highest. The specimens with increased carbon and nickel content have the lowest volume fraction of AF, the highest volume fraction of GB, and the largest GB packet size. So, the low temperature Charpy absorbed energy of the CGHAZ specimen is the lowest.

The high-temperature stability of YSZ specimens fabricated by die pressure and cold isostatic press (CIP) is investigated in CaCl2-CaF2-CaO molten salt at 1,150 °C. The experimental results are as follows: green density 46.7 % and 50.9 %; sintering density 93.3 % and 99.3 % for die press and CIP, respectively. YSZ foremd by CIP exhibits higher stability than YSZ formed by die press due to denseness dependency after high-temperature stability test. YSZ shows peaks mainly attributed to CaZrO3, with a small t-ZrO2 peak, unlike the high-intensity tetragonal-ZrO2 (t-ZrO2) peak observed for the asreceived specimen. The t-ZrO2 phase of YSZ is likely stabilized by Y2O3, and the leaching of Y2O3 results in phase transformation from t-ZrO2 to m-ZrO2. CaZrO3 likely forms from the reaction between CaO and m-ZrO2. As the exposure time increases, more CaZrO3 is observed in the internal region of YSZ, which could be attributed to the inward diffusion of molten salt and outward diffusion of the stabilizer (Y2O3) through the pores. This results in greater susceptibility to phase transformation and CaZrO3 formation. To use SOM anodes for the electroreduction of various metals, YSZ stability must be improved by adjusting the high-density in the forming process.

Silicon nitride thin films are deposited by RF (13.57 MHz) magnetron sputtering process using a Si (99.999 %) target and with different ratios of Ar/N2 sputtering gas mixture. Corning G type glass is used as substrate. The vacuum atmosphere, RF source power, deposit time and temperature of substrate of the sputtering process are maintained consistently at 2 ~ 3 × 10−3 torr, 30 sccm, 100 watt, 20 min. and room temperature, respectively. Cross sectional views and surface morphology of the deposited thin films are observed by field emission scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The hardness values are determined by nano-indentation measurement. The thickness of the deposited films is approximately within the range of 88 nm ~ 200 nm. As the amount of N2 gas in the Ar:N2 gas mixture increases, the thickness of the films decreases. AFM observation reveals that film deposited at high Ar:N2 gas ratio and large amount of N2 gas has a very irregular surface morphology, even though it has a low RMS value. The hardness value of the deposited films made with ratio of Ar:N2=9:1 display the highest value. The XPS spectrum indicates that the deposited film is assigned to non-stoichiometric silicon nitride and the transmittance of the glass with deposited SiO2-SixNy thin film is satisfactory at 97 %.

The current density in copper electroplating is directly related with the productivity; then, to increase the productivity, an increase in current density is required. This study is based on an analysis of changes in surface characteristics and mechanical properties by applying the addition of Alcian Blue (AB, C56H68Cl4CuN16S4). The amount of Alcian Blue in the electrolytes is changed from 0 to 100 ppm. When Alcian Blue is added at 20 ppm, a seed layer is formed homogeneously on the surface at the initial stage of nucleation. However, crystals electroplated in electrolytes with more than 40 ppm of Alcian Blue are observed to have growth in the vertical direction on the surface and the shapes are like pyramids. This tendency of initial nucleation formation causes protrusions when the thickness of copper foil is 12 μm. Thereafter, a lot of extrusions are observed on the group of 100 ppm Alcian Blue. Tensile strength of groups with added Alcian Blue increased by more than 140% compare to no-addition group, but elongation is reduced. These results are due to the decrease of crystal size and changes of prior crystal growth plane from (111) and (200) to (220) due to Alcian Blue.

Nanoporous silica aerogel insulation material is both lightweight and efficient; it has important value in the fields of aerospace, petrochemicals, electric metallurgy, shipbuilding, precision instruments, and so on. A theoretical calculation model and experimental measurement of equivalent thermal conductivity for nanoporous silica aerogel insulation material are introduced in this paper. The heat transfer characteristics and thermal insulation principle of aerogel nano are analyzed. The methods of SiO2 aerogel production are compared. The pressure range of SiO2 aerogel is 1Pa-atmospheric pressure; the temperature range is room temperature-900K. The pore diameter range of particle SiO2 aerogel is about 5 to 100 nm, and the average pore diameter range of about 20 ~ 40 nm. These results show that experimental measurements are in good agreement with theoretical calculation values. For nanoporous silica aerogel insulation material, the heat transfer calculation method suitable for nanotechnology can precisely calculate the equivalent thermal conductivity of aerogel nano insulation materials. The network structure is the reason why the thermal conductivity of the aerogel is very low. Heat transfer of materials is mainly realized by convection, radiation, and heat transfer. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of the heat transfer path in aerogel can be reduced by nanotechnology.

홍콩의 비중국어권 학습자의 실용문 학습과 상황에 맞는 정확한 표현 능력의 제고를 위해 홍콩대학 Dr. Mark Shum Shiu Kee (岑紹基) 연구팀은 교육국의 연구비 지원을 받아 2016~ 2017년 비중국어권 학습자용 실용문 교재를 개발하였다. 본 논문은 기능 어법 이론을 바탕으로 비중국어권 학습자용 실용문 교재를 어떻게 설계했는지를 밝히고, 본 교재가 비중국어권 학습자의 기능어 운용 능력 향상에 끼친 영향에 대해 고찰하였다. 또한 연구팀이 개발한 실용문 교재가 비중국어권 학습자의 기능어 운용 능력 향상에 어떠한 성과를 가져왔는지를 밝히는 것을 본 논문의 주목적으로 삼았다. 연구팀은 체계 기능 언어학 이론을 바탕으로 비중국어권 학습자용 실용문 교재를 개발하였으며, 실용문의 종류에 따라 달라지는 의사전달 기능, 도식 구조, 어법 특징을 고려하여 읽기 예문의 주제를 선정하였다. 또한, 비중국어권 학습자가 기능어와 구문 활용에서 갖는 어려움을 실용문 종류에 따라 나누어 분석하였다. 아울러, ｢文類功能(문체기능)｣ 이론 및 ｢閱讀促進學習(읽기촉진학습)｣ 교수법을 참고로 읽기 쓰기 통합형 쌍방향 연습법을 개발하여 학습자가 모범 예문을 분석, 해체 및 재구조화를 할 수 있게 하고, 더 나아가 학습자가 스스로 실용문 쓰기를 할 수 있도록 도왔다. 이외에도, 교육 일선에서 지도하고 있는 중국어 교사들을 초청하여 시범적으로 교수법을 시행하고 이를 통해 본 교재의 실제 효과를 검증해 보았다. 학습자가 작성한 실용문을 교수법 시행 전후로 비교 분석하고 교사와 학습자 인터뷰도 함께 진행하여, 본 실용문 교재가 비중국어권 학습자의 기능어 운용과 실용문 쓰기에 끼친 효과를 평가하였다. 아울러, 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 비중국어권 학습자 실용문 교육을 위한 실행 가능한 몇 가지 방안을 제시하였다.

홍콩의 비중국어권 유치원생들은 중국어 학습 과정 중에 많은 어려움을 겪게 된다. 개인적인 이유 외에도 교사와 학교 모두 자원, 교재, 경험 등의 부족으로 이들의 중국어 학습은 도전적 상황에 직면해있다. 최근 홍콩 평등기회위원회(香港平等機會委員會)는 중국어권 학습자와 비중국어권 학습자의 통합교육을 적극적으로 건의하였는데, 본래의 좋은 취지와는 다르게 여러 가지 새로운 문제점들이 제기되는 결과를 가져왔다. 이러한 어려움을 해결하기 위해 홍콩 경마자선기금(香港賽馬會慈善基金)과 관련 협력 기관에서는 큰 규모의 연구를 기획하고 실제 프로그램을 개발하여 비중국어권 유치원 교육을 지원하였다. 다양한 프 로그램 가운데, 본 연구는 언어 학습 이론과 효과적인 교육에 중점을 두고, 수업 현장 관찰, 수업 비디오 녹화, 교장과 교사 인터뷰, 학습자 언어 학습 평가와 같은 연구 방법을 사용하 여 연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구는 비중국어권 유아를 대상으로, 유아반에서 상위반까지의 언어학습 발달과정을 추적 하여 네 차례 언어학습 평가를 진행하였다. 학습자의 3년간의 언어 성적은 뚜렷한 성장을 보였는데, 이를 통해 학습이론과 실제 교육법 사이에 분명한 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 본 연구가 통합 정리한 10종의 언어학습이론은 홍콩의 중국어권 유아와 비중국어권 유아의 통합교육에 매우 적합했고, 본 연구에서 얻어진 여러 실제 사례들은 간단히 실행 가능할 뿐만 아니라 많은 자원이 투입되지 않는다는 사실도 도출해 내었다. 본 연구의 이론과 실제 성과가 학계 및 교육 실무자들에게 참고가 되기를 기대해 본다.

고문 교육에 있어서 허사는 가장 중요한 부분이자, 가장 어려운 부분이다. 본문은 인민교육출 판사의 『普通高中課程標準實驗教科書(必修)』에 수록된 고문을 대상으로, 현재 고등학교의 고 문 교육과 평가 영역에서 다루는 18종의 주요 허사의 의미 분포와 주석 양상에 대해 전면적인 통계 분석을 진행하고, 그 분석 결과를 바탕으로 고문 허사 교수법에 대한 몇 가지 의견을 제시하 였다. 이를 통해 고문의 허사 교육이 과학적이고 체계적인 방향으로 발전하기를 기대해 본다.

본문은 『小學文獻序跋彙編』에 수록된 역대 소학 관련서의 서와 발 중 학자들의 “정자”와 관련된 이론적 견해를 발췌하여 학술사의 관점에서 정자관을 정리하고, 역대 학자들의 정자관을 객관적으로 평가하였다. 또한, 오늘날 진행 중인 한자의 표준화 작업이 지니는 실제적 의미도 고찰해 보았다. 역대 학자들의 정자관은 각각 차이점이 존재하지만, 본 연구를 통해 과학적 정자관은 한자 발전의 객관적 법칙을 따르고, 한자의 구성 원리에 맞는 정자 표준을 지키고 있다는 사실을 알게 되었다. 우리는 이러한 역사적 사실을 토대로 역대 학자들의 과학적 정자 방법 및 경험을 수용하고 현대 사회의 실제 문자사용 양상과 부합하는 올바른 정자관을 견지하며 효과적인 한자 표준화 방안을 세워야 할 것이다.

윌리엄 볼츠는 이집트의 상형문자와 수메르 문자를 한자와 비교 연구하였다. 그는 “모든 한자는 반드시 표음 성분을 갖는다”라는 대원칙 아래에 한자를 “表意文字”가 아닌 “表詞文字”로 규정하려는 경향을 보였다. 윌리엄 볼츠에 의하면, 한자는 自源文字(다른 문자에 의존하지 않고 독립적으로 만들어진 문자)로서 그림에 기원한다. 또한 “前文字”에서 “文字”로의 전환은 돌발 적이고 순식간에 이루어진 과정이다. 한자는 “문자” 단계로 진입 후, “그림문자 단계”, “다의적 문자부호 단계”, “語音 및 語意 성분 제한 단계”의 3단계 발전 과정을 거쳤다. 하지만 최종적으 로 拼音化 단계는 밟지는 않았는데, 이는 중국어 자체가 지니는 언어적 제약과 중국인들이 가진 사상 및 이념의 영향 때문이라고 할 수 있다. 윌리엄 볼츠는 이처럼 총체적 시각에서 한자의 기원과 초기 전개 과정을 서술함과 동시에, 또한 한자의 기원과 관련된 전설, “六書”와 『說文解字』, 초기 한자의 규범화 및 표준화 등과 관련된 문제도 다루었다.

Background: Multifaceted approaches will be needed, such as global synkinesis (GS) achieve functional improvements in the arms of stroke patients from involuntary movements during exercise. Objective: To identify changes in arm GS and muscle activity, functional evaluation and the correlation with variables through action observation training, combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES), thereby verifying the effect on stroke patients. Design: A quasi-experimental study. Methods: The subjects of this study were 20 stroke patients who were divided into two groups: Control group (n=10) and experimental group (n=10). Before the intervention, arm GS and muscle activity were measured using surface electromyography (EMG), and arm function was evaluated using the Fugl– Meyer Assessment (FMA) scale. At the end of the intervention, which lasted 4-wk, arm GS and muscle activity were measured again using the same scale. Results: There was a decrease statistically significant difference in GS during the bending action in experimental group (P<.01). Both groups showed a significant difference increased only in the activity of the anterior deltoid (AD) and biceps brachii (BB) (P<.05). The results of the arm functional assessment revealed a significant difference increase in both groups (P<.05). In the between-group comparison, there was a significant difference decrease in GS during the bending action (P<.05). Only the muscle activity of the AD and BB were significantly increase different (P<.05). There was a significant betweengroup difference increase in the arm functional assessment (P<.05). There was a positive correlation between GS and muscle activity on the FMA in the control group (r=.678, P<.05). In experimental group, GS during the bending arm action exhibited a negative correlation (r=-.749, P<.05), and the muscle activity of the AD and BB showed a positive correlation (r=.701, P<.05). Furthermore, in experimental group, the activity of the extensor carpi radialis increased, and the activity of the flexor carpi radialis decreased, which exhibited a negative correlation (r=-.708, P<.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that brain plasticity could be more efficiently stimulated by combining surface stimulation in the affected arm of stroke patients.

Background: Motor imagery is the mental representation of an action without overt movement or muscle activation. However, few previous studies have demonstrated motor imagery training effects as an objective assessment tool in patients with early stroke. Objective: To investigate the effect of motor imagery training on Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEP) and upper limb function of stroke patients. Design: A quasi-experimental study. Methods: Twenty-four patients with stroke were enrolled in this study. All subjects were assigned to the experimental or control group. All participants received traditional occupational therapy for 30 minutes, 5 times a week. The experimental group performed an additional task of motor imagery training (MIT) 20 minutes per day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. Both groups were assessed using the SSEP amplitude, Fugl-Meyer assessment of upper extremity (FMA UE) and Wolf motor function test. Results: After the intervention, the experimental group showed significant improvement in SSEP amplitude and FMA UE than did the control group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the MIT effectively improve the SSEP and upper limb function of stroke patients.

Background: Although studies on physical motor learning through motor imagery training have been conducted in various fields, studies on its effectiveness are still considered insufficient. Objective: To investigate the effect of motor imagery training and balance training on static balance of asymptomatic adults in their 20s. Design: A quasi-experimental study. Methods: Thirty-six adults in their 20s who passed the tandem stance test were randomized to the motor imagery training group (MIG, n=12), motor imagery with balance training group (MIBG, n=12), and balance training group (BG, n=12). Each group underwent their respective interventions three times a week for four weeks, and changes in static balance were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results: Trace length was significantly lower in the MIBG than in the MIG and BG (P<.05), and a significant reduction in trace length in the MIBG was observed after the intervention as compared to the baseline (P<.05). Furthermore, a significantly lower velocity was observed in the MIBG than in the MIG and BG (P<.05), and a significant reduction of velocity in the MIBG was more observed after the intervention compared to the baseline (P<.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that motor imagery training enhance static balance in healthy college students.

Background: The foot drop stimulator is designed to improve the walking ability of foot drop in patients after stroke, however, studies on clinical effects are still lacking. Objective: To investigate the effect of a foot drop stimulator on the walking and balancing abilities of foot drop patients after a stroke. Design: One-Group (Pretest-Posttest) Design. Methods: All subjects walked in all three conditions: foot drop stimulator (FDS) ankle foot orthosis (AFO) and barefoot. Primary outcome measures were assessed for walking and balance using a 10-m walking test (10MWT) and a timed up and go test (TUG). Secondary outcome measures consisted of a brief user interview, and the patients recorded the advantages and disadvantages of each condition. Results: FDS, AFO, and barefoot conditions showed a statistically significant difference in 10MWT and TUG (P<.001) as a result of comparing three conditions. FDS and AFO were significantly different from the barefoot condition as post-hoc results; however, there was no significant difference between the two conditions (P>.05). Conclusion: In this study, the foot drop stimulator contributed to improving the balance ability, and the walking ability was similar to the effect of the anklefoot orthosis.