This study analyzed the patterns of relative clauses (RCs) used on the College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT), a standardized test for college admissions in Korea. The researchers investigated the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy and the impact of the antecedent’s animacy on RCs. Also, it was explored how NPs in the subject position of object RCs affected language processing, specifically, the condition where relativizers were omitted and the reasons for producing passive subject RCs. Data were collected from the CSAT and mock tests from 2019 to 2023. The analysis of 622 RCs yielded the following results: First, the frequency of RCs appeared in the following order: subject RCs, object RCs, then OBL. Second, the object RCs showed a preference for inanimate antecedents whereas the subject RCs used did not show a preference for animate antecedents. Third, NPs in the subject position with sentences containing object RCs predominantly took the form of pronouns, with common nouns used less frequently.

In this study, the continuity of reading passages from high school mock College Scholastic Ability Test (CAST) English exams across grade levels was investigated using Coh-Metrix. A corpus consisting of 525 reading passages, evenly distributed with 175 passages from each high school grade level, was compiled from the 2017-2023 mock CSAT English exams administered by the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education. Coh- Metrix measures included basic counts, word frequencies, word features, lexical diversity, personal pronouns, connectives, standard readability, syntactic complexity, coreference, and semantic cohesion indices. The analysis revealed significant differences among grade levels in the reading passages of the mock CSAT English exams in measures such as word counts, average word and sentence length, nouns, age of acquisition, second person pronouns, standard readability, and subject density indices. These findings highlight the potential for refining the design and construction of reading passages in mock CSAT exams to better prepare students for the linguistic challenges presented in the actual high-stakes CSAT.

To address the English proficiency of underachieving college students, universities often use in-house language tests. C University lacks specific exams for identification, and relies on students’ English performance in the Korean College Scholastic Aptitude Test (CSAT English). This research explores the potential of the TOEIC Bridge, a standardized English proficiency test developed for middle and high school students, to provide an effective, practical measure for screening underachieving students in English. The study investigates the relationship between TOEIC Bridge and CSAT English performance, evaluating the predictive value of TOEIC Bridge on CSAT outcomes. Analyzing data from 418 students, the study identified (1) a moderate correlation between TOEIC Bridge and CSAT English performance, and (2) predictability of CSAT English performance based on TOEIC Bridge, suggesting that TOEIC Bridge can provide a potential tool to identify underachieving students in English. These findings contribute pedagogical insights for tertiary education.

Teaching is often regarded as a profession with a high probability of job burnout. Research has shown a close relationship between teachers’ motivation and their burnout, but it has not been closely explored among EFL (English as a foreign language) teachers in Chinese contexts. Considering the large number of college English teachers in Chinese universities and recent changes in their role, the study explores the relationship between their motivation and burnout, as well as the factors that affect teacher burnout among Chinese college English teachers. For this purpose, a total of 261 college English teachers from ten Chinese universities participated in the survey. Among them, 68 teachers submitted their narratives on teacher burnout using the narrative frame. The results showed that high mastery and relational goals and a low level of work avoidance goals contributed to higher motivation and less teacher burnout. The demand for research, lack of autonomy, and guanxi-based practices influenced Chinese teachers’ burnout. The results show that teacher burnout is highly context-dependent and affected by the organizational structure and cultural practices. An organizational support needs to be provided for teachers to maintain their mastery goal orientations and increase their autonomy as professional teachers.

The present study aimed to validate a 70-item Korean bilingual version of the Vocabulary Size Test (VST) using Rasch modeling. The goal was to assess the applicability of this Korean version of the VST for Korean learners of English in an English as a foreign language (EFL) context by examining validity evidence based on Messick’s framework. Specifically, the study focused on the content, substantive, and external aspects of construct validity. However, the findings provided weak evidence supporting the utility of the VST as a measure of receptive vocabulary for Korean EFL learners. The test was deemed too easy and lacked the ability to effectively differentiate among varying levels of second language proficiency, with many test items exhibiting unexpected behavior. Additionally, the VST showed a weak correlation with another measure of second language proficiency. In light of these findings, the study offers specific recommendations for improving the test's validity and usefulness.

This qualitative study explores how foreign non-native English speaking teachers (FNNESTs) perceive themselves as English educators and how they exert agency to be better perceived as professionals. Given the close relationship between teacher identity and its implications for educational outcomes, this study is based on Norton’s (2008) perspective on identity, which posits identity as dynamic, contradictory, and constantly changing across time and place. The data collection process included four semistructured interviews with two FNNESTs and four interactions on social networking sites. According to the results, the identities of FNNESTs were shaped through their initial language learning experiences, exposure to critically oriented scholarship in graduate school, their future anticipations, and mostly through their agency in the immediate professional context in which they currently teach. That is, four unique identities and one common identity were identified among the participants. In summary, FFNESTs do not perceive themselves as lacking but rather value their diverse language skills and past experiences as language learners.

This study explores the development of English textbooks in North Korea through corpus-based analysis aimed at illuminating the differences between materials produced during the Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un regimes. In the context of educational reforms and changing political ideology, this study investigates BNC/COCA-based lexical coverage and the key lexical features of North Korean middle school English textbooks, highlighting the complexity, vocabulary, and readability of the learning materials. The findings revealed that the Kim Jong-un regime had implemented reforms to improve English language education, with increased lexical diversity, textual complexity, and vocabulary exposure. Although no significant differences were found between the two regimes regarding the lexical coverage of textbooks, the Kim Jong-un regime’s textbooks exhibited improvements in diversity, readability, and complexity. This study contributes to a broader understanding of the interplay between political ideology and English language education in North Korea, offering insights that have implications beyond the North Korean context and encouraging reflection on the nation-driven educational reform.

This paper aims to investigate how and to what extent ‘critical’ global citizenship is reflected in middle school English textbooks in Korea. Framed within Freire’s concept of critical literacy, the study is concerned with analyzing the written texts in two English textbooks, with a focus on the issue of representations. Using critical content analysis, the research centers on unpacking how race, racism, or racialization, especially in the United States, is represented, and to what extent these representations may be associated with global citizenship education in English language learning. The major findings indicate a notable absence of sufficient sociohistorical and cultural contexts of race in the United States as presented in the concerned English textbooks. Based on the analysis, this paper calls for an expansion of the dimensions of critical global citizenship in English language learning settings, aiming to provide students with broader opportunities to question colonial discourse and challenge issues related to power and systemic oppression.

This paper investigates the cognitive processes involved in English word recognition among young EFL learners using eye-tracking methodology. A quasi-experimental mixed method design was used to investigate how young L2 learners engage with basic words, with or without pictorial cues. A total of seventeen 6th-grade pupils from two schools participated in the experiment. The participants were presented with a list of 20 words and were asked to read them aloud while their eye movements were tracked to discern their viewing patterns. Immediately after the reading task, stimulated-recall interviews were conducted to triangulate and validate the participants’ viewing behaviors. Results indicate that participants focused significantly more on the text than the accompanying pictures yet demonstrated better performance in recognizing and reading the words presented in a picture-based mode. Some participants reported that the pictures were not viewed because the words were easy to read. In contrast, others struggled to read certain words due to an over-reliance on their background knowledge, which sometimes led to misinterpretation. These results emphasize the importance of integrating visual cues with word recognition instruction in early language learning contexts, highlighting when and how these cues should be utilized effectively.

This paper explores the professional identities of four Filipino English teachers (FETs) who instruct international students at a language academy in Bonifacio Global City (BGC), a special district for the Philippines’ globalization. Employing a narrative inquiry approach, data was gathered through individual interviews, and subsequently analyzed using a thematic analysis framework. The findings indicate that the participants assume three distinct roles within the academy. As experts in English language teaching, they consider themselves the equal of, or even superior to, native English-speaking teachers, which they attribute to their language proficiency, pedagogical skills, and content-based teaching. In their role as educational caretakers, they prioritize their students’ well-being, providing motivation for English language learning, and offering emotional support. Furthermore, they identify themselves as international teachers, having deliberately chosen BGC as their career destination to foster multiculturalism and global citizenship. This study is of particular significance, as it scrutinizes the roles of FETs, frequently categorized as “non-native teachers,” within the context of globalization.

본 논문은 지역사회에 공헌하는 신앙공동체로서의 지역교회들을 사례 연구함으로 그들로부터 얻은 선교적 통찰을 정리하고, 지역사회와 긴밀히 소통하며 지역사회의 필요에 성실하게 응답하는 교회들이 선교 적 교회가 추구하는 핵심 가치들을 공유하고 있음을 밝히고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 선교적 통찰은 다음과 같다: 지역사회에 공헌하는 기독교 신앙공동체는 1) 지역사회를 선교지로 여긴다; 2) 지역사회에 임하는 하나님의 통치를 추구한다; 3) 지역사회의 필요에 총체적으로 응답한다; 4) 교회의 담을 넘어 지역사회 전체를 품는다; 5) 지역사회의 공공성을 추구한다; 6) 지역단체들과 적극 협력한다; 7) 평신도를 중요한 선교 파트너로 여긴다. 이러한 통찰은 오늘 지역사회와 단절된 채 더욱 게토(ghetto)화 되어가는 한국교회에 새로운 갱신의 길을 제시할 것이다. 지역사회와 함께하며 지역사회의 다양한 필요에 응답하 는 교회들이 많아질수록 한국교회의 대 사회적 신뢰도는 높아질 것이고, 한국 사회가 협력, 조화, 나눔, 상생의 바람직한 방향으로 나아가도 록 더 크게 공헌할 수 있을 것이다.

본 논문의 목적은 코로나 엔데믹을 맞이해서 교회 개척이 어려운 한국교회의 상황 속에 ‘멀티교회’라고 하는 선교적 교회 개척 모델을 연구하고 미래 시대에 맞는 교회 개척 방법을 제시하는데 있다. ‘멀티사 이트’와 다른 생소한 개념의 ‘멀티교회’을 이해하기 위해 공주 꿈의교회 로부터 시작해서 6개 교회가 개척되고 이 교회들의 연합체인 ‘꿈의 멀티교회’로 세워진 과정과 교회 개척 방법을 살펴보았다. 멀티교회의 개척자인 안희묵 목사의 교회 개척에 대한 목회 철학과 멀티교회의 핵심 요소를 연구함으로 하나님 나라의 확장과 지역사회 복음화에 이바지할 수 있는 선교적 교회 개척 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 멀티교회 에 대한 연구가 한국교회의 교회 개척 운동에 새로운 발판이 되길 기대한다.

This study focuses on analyzing the energy-saving effects of the recirculation aquaculture system using seawater source heat pumps and solar power generation. Based on the thermal load analysis conducted using the transient system simulation tool, the annual energy consumption of the recirculation aquaculture system was analyzed and the energy-saving effects of utilizing the photovoltaic system was evaluated. When analyzing the heat load, the sea areas where the fish farms are located, the type of breeding tank, and the circulation rate of breeding water were taken into consideration. In addition, a method for determining the appropriate capacity for each operation time was examined when applying the energy storage system instead of the existing diesel generator as an emergency power, which is required to maintain the water temperature of breeding water during power outage. The results suggest that, among the four seas considered, Jeju should be estimated to achieve the highest energy-saving performance using the solar power generation, with approximately 45% energy savings.

Most fishing nets used in fish cage aquaculture are made of synthetic fibers such as polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE). Therefore, it is challenging to maintain the internal volume of the fish cage due to biofouling, which can increase the load on the cage or reduce dissolved oxygen levels by impeding smooth current flow. To address this issue, research has been conducted to replace conventional synthetic fiber cage nets with brass nets, demonstrating certain benefits such as improved productivity and ease of fish cage management. However, given the need for a more thorough examination of brass fishing net weaving technology and performance, this study assessed the optimal weaving method for brass fishing nets to be used in fish cages. Additionally, it provided essential data for the practical application of brass fishing nets by evaluating their weight, tensile strength, elongation, fatigue resistance, and wear resistance. The study concluded that weaving brass fishing nets using the chain link method ensures durability, ease of installation, and compact storage in a scroll-like form. Moreover, due to their superior fatigue and wear resistance properties, brass nets can offer increased utility if appropriate net diameter and length are selected to compensate for their higher weight per unit area and relatively higher cost compared to existing fiber fishing nets.

인간다움, 사람과 사람 사이의 평화와 상생, 건전한 사회, 공평과 평등을 바탕으로 이루어지는 문화구조, 국가와 국가 간의 상호교류 등이 절실히 요청되는 21세기에 우리는 역설적이게도 폭력과 배제, 혐오가 지구촌 곳곳을 휩쓸고 있는 것을 경험하며 살고 있다. 이러한 상황 속에서 최근 환대의 중요성과 필요성에 대한 논의가 인문, 사회과 학 전반에서 화두가 되었고 환대의 실천을 제도화하려는 정치권과 시민단체의 노력도 적지 않았다. 하나님의 선교를 위해 세상으로 파송 받은 교회는 어떤 삶을 살아야 할 것인가? 본 논문은 환대의 신학에 나타난 하나님의 선교와 선교적 교회의 정체성을 연구한다. 환대 신학 안에 나타난 하나님의 선교와 교회의 온전한 선교적 삶이 무엇인지를 탐구한다. 하나님의 선교의 출발은 하나님의 환대에서 시작되며 교회의 사명은 하나님의 환대를 말과 삶을 통해 세상에 선포하는 것이다. 환대는 하나님의 선교를 지속 가능하게 하는 교회의 선교적 표지이다. 인간다움, 사람과 사람 사이의 평화와 상생, 건전한 사회, 공평과 평등을 바탕으로 이루어지는 문화구조, 국가와 국가 간의 상호교류 등이 절실히 요청되는 21세기에 우리는 역설적이게도 폭력과 배제, 혐오가 지구촌 곳곳을 휩쓸고 있는 것을 경험하며 살고 있다. 이러한 상황 속에서 최근 환대의 중요성과 필요성에 대한 논의가 인문, 사회과 학 전반에서 화두가 되었고 환대의 실천을 제도화하려는 정치권과 시민단체의 노력도 적지 않았다. 하나님의 선교를 위해 세상으로 파송 받은 교회는 어떤 삶을 살아야 할 것인가? 본 논문은 환대의 신학에 나타난 하나님의 선교와 선교적 교회의 정체성을 연구한다. 환대 신학 안에 나타난 하나님의 선교와 교회의 온전한 선교적 삶이 무엇인지를 탐구한다. 하나님의 선교의 출발은 하나님의 환대에서 시작되며 교회의 사명은 하나님의 환대를 말과 삶을 통해 세상에 선포하는 것이다. 환대는 하나님의 선교를 지속 가능하게 하는 교회의 선교적 표지이다. 인간다움, 사람과 사람 사이의 평화와 상생, 건전한 사회, 공평과 평등을 바탕으로 이루어지는 문화구조, 국가와 국가 간의 상호교류 등이 절실히 요청되는 21세기에 우리는 역설적이게도 폭력과 배제, 혐오가 지구촌 곳곳을 휩쓸고 있는 것을 경험하며 살고 있다. 이러한 상황 속에서 최근 환대의 중요성과 필요성에 대한 논의가 인문, 사회과 학 전반에서 화두가 되었고 환대의 실천을 제도화하려는 정치권과 시민단체의 노력도 적지 않았다. 하나님의 선교를 위해 세상으로 파송 받은 교회는 어떤 삶을 살아야 할 것인가? 본 논문은 환대의 신학에 나타난 하나님의 선교와 선교적 교회의 정체성을 연구한다. 환대 신학 안에 나타난 하나님의 선교와 교회의 온전한 선교적 삶이 무엇인지를 탐구한다. 하나님의 선교의 출발은 하나님의 환대에서 시작되며 교회의 사명은 하나님의 환대를 말과 삶을 통해 세상에 선포하는 것이다. 환대는 하나님의 선교를 지속 가능하게 하는 교회의 선교적 표지이다. 분열되고 배타적이며 혐오로 가득 찬 세상을 치유하기 위한 하나님의 선교의 정수는 하나님의 선교적 환대에서 비롯된다.

The model ship of this study, the Baek-Kyung fisheries training ship of Pukyong National University, has a length between perpendiculars of 85 meters, making it not subject to the IMO maneuverability standards. However, understanding the maneuvering characteristics of the vessel is essential for safe navigation. In this regard, this study was conducted to analyze the results from the sea trials of the model ship conducted in accordance with the IMO maneuverability standards. The results of the turning tests met the standards well while in the zig-zag tests, the first overshoot angle exceeded the standard in the 10°/10° test; however, such results met with a difference of 1.8° in the 20°/20° test. Additionally, using the course-stability discrimination formula, the calculated value was -0.0051, indicating unstable course-stability. The results of the stopping tests met the standards well. It is hoped that the analyzed maneuvering characteristics of the model ship from the study results will contribute to the safety of ship navigation.

This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the risk using data from 329 safety accidents that occurred in aquaculture fisheries management vessels over the recent five years (2018-2022). For quantitative risk analysis, the Bayesian network proposed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) was used to analyze the risk level according to the fishing process and cause of safety accidents. Among the work processes, the fishing process was analyzed to have the highest risk, being 12.5 times that of the navigation, 2.7 times that of the maintenance, and 8.8 times that of the loading and unloading. Among the causes of accidents, the hull and working environment showed the highest risk, being 1.7 times that of fishing gear and equipment, 4.7 times that of machinery and equipment, and 9.4 times that of external environment. By quantitatively analyzing the safety accident risks for 64 combinations of these four work processes and four accident causes, this study provided fundamental data to reduce safety accidents occurring in aquaculture fisheries management vessels.

This study employs Bayesian network analysis to quantitatively evaluate the risk of incidents in trap boats, utilizing accident compensation approval data spanning from 2018 to 2022. With a dataset comprising 1,635 incidents, the analysis reveals a mortality risk of approximately 0.011 across the entire trap boat. The study significantly identifies variations in incident risks contingent upon fishing area and fishing processes. Specifically, incidents are approximately 1.22 times more likely to occur in coastal compared to offshore, and the risk during fishing processes outweighs that during maintenance operations by a factor of approximately 23.20. Furthermore, a detailed examination of incident types reveals varying incidence rates. Trip/slip incidents, for instance, are approximately 1.36 times more prevalent than bump/hit incidents, 1.58 times more than stuck incidents, and a substantial 5.17 times more than fall incidents. The study concludes by providing inferred mortality risks for 16 distinct scenarios, incorporating fishing areas, processes, and incident types. This foundational data offers a tailored approach to risk mitigation, enabling proactive measures suited to specific circumstances and occurrence types in the trap boat industry.

We analyzed risk factors of coastal gillnet fishers during fishing process and considered work safety measures to reduce safety accidents during fishing using a UWB (ultra wideband) based positioning system. The static position accuracy of the UWB based positioning system was 45 cm. When entering a port, there is a risk of falling overboard. When casting a net, there was a risk of falling overboard due to being hit by fishing gear or guards, or getting caught in a buoy line or sinker line. When hauling a net, there is a risk of getting caught between fishing gear and net hauler, and the risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to repetitive work over a long period of time. Most safety accidents during work on fishing boats are blamed on human errors of the fisher and skipper, but safety accidents occur due to a mixture of mechanical and equipment factors, work and environmental factors, and management factors in addition to human errors. Therefore, the 4E were presented as countermeasures against the 4M, which are causes of safety accidents, and the proposed measures were used to identify risk factors for operation process, comply with work safety rules, and ensure the wearing of personal protective equipments. We need to reduce safety accidents during work by making it part of our daily routine. These research results can be used in the future for optimal placement of fishing gear and fishing nets in other coastal industries where safety accidents occur frequently.

본 논문은 멘델바움의 생애사 분석방법을 통한 장마당 세대인 기독 탈북청년의 독일정착을 분석함으로써 이주 동기와 적응 과정과 신앙여정을 전반적으로 살펴보는 데 의의가 있다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해서 첫째, “기독 탈북청년의 삶의 영역은 어떠한가?” 둘째, “기독 탈북청년의 삶의 전환점은 무엇이며 이를 가능하게 한 개인적·사 회적·국가적 조건들은 무엇인가?” 셋째, “기독 탈북청년의 독특한 적응 방법은 무엇인가?”라는 연구문제를 설정하였다. 연구참여자 A의 삶의 영역은 「북한에서의 행복한 삶」, 「이방인의 마음을 경험한 한국」, 「유학과정에서 다시 만난 하나님」, 「독일정착을 위한 노력」, 「결혼을 통한 새로운 시작」으로 나눌 수 있다. 삶의 전환점은 「가족과 함께한 탈북」, 「외국인 교환학생들과의 만남」, 「크리스천들의 도움」, 「뜻밖의 결혼」으로 나타났다. 삶의 적응은 「모든 상황을 긍정적으로 생각하기」, 「노력하면 꿈을 이룰 수 있다는 믿음」, 「관계를 중시하는 삶」, 「다문화 사회에 대한 열정적인 호기심」으로 분류되었다. 참여자 A의 신앙여정은 롤러코스터와 같았지만 결국은 믿음을 회복하고 독일에서 신실한 교인 으로 살아가고 있다. 끝으로 위의 연구결과들을 바탕으로 탈북청년들의 해외 이주 및 적응과 신앙여정에 관하여 제언하였다.