With the recent hype concerning three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, affordable 3D printers have been launched, enabling individual machine owners to download or create design files and thus produce artifacts. As a design community, Shapeways—which comprises over 300,000 members and 25,000 online shops—commercializes and promotes good ideas using 3D printing technology (Shapeways, 2015). Through Thingiverse, people can globally upload and share design modeling files without cost and print out items as desired. In general, 3D printing communities provide data without charges and witness gradually increasing data sharing rates. Literature on 3D printing mainly focuses on cases of technology-related patents, policies, and intellectual property rights. Thus, there is a paucity of empirical studies on 3D printing users. To overcome the limitations of previous studies, this study first builds on both social cognitive and social capital theories to elucidate the effects of 3D printing community users’ self-efficacy; altruistic tendency; and perceived structural, cognitive, and relational capital on their voluntary knowledge sharing and innovative behaviors. Second, it aims to verify inter-group differences in innovative behaviors of 3D printing community users while considering either high or low levels of fashion innovativeness and fashion involvement. For this verification, antecedents of knowledge sharing are elicited from previous research followed by an interview and a questionnaire survey with 3D printing community users to substantiate such antecedents. Next, the data collected from the interview and survey is analyzed using SPSS 18.0. The results indicate that first, altruistic tendencies influence knowledge sharing, which is consistent with the social cognitive theory, whereas structural, cognitive, and relational capitals affect knowledge sharing, which parallels social capital theory. Second, knowledge sharing in 3D printing virtual communities exerts significant effects on innovative behaviors. This study establishes the antecedents and consequences of knowledge sharing in 3D printing virtual communities and proposes a model for effective knowledge sharing, which is projected to stimulate the application of 3D printing technology in creating and sharing fashion design content and providing substantive data for market formation.

Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) attacks several leguminous crops and its reproductive success is found to be affected by the leguminous host types. Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an egg parasitoid of R. pedestris and its quality attributes depend on the host egg quality. We, thus, investigated the performance of O. nezarae on eggs of R. pedestris fed on different leguminous seeds. Eggs collected from R. pedestris female adults obtained from rearing on one of the four hosts such as soybean, adzuki bean, mung bean, and cowpea seeds were exposed as a batch (n=15) to a single 4 to 5 day-old mated female O. nezarae. The eggs exposed were collected after 24 h. Number of parasitized eggs, sex ratio, development times, and adult emergence were recorded. The maximum number of eggs parasitized by O. nezarae were the eggs of mung bean fed R. pedestris. Eggs produced from the adzuki bean fed bugs had the lowest parasitization. There was no difference recorded in the developmental time of parasitoids emerged from the eggs of R. pedestris fed on different legumes. Proportion of male O. nezarae was highest on the eggs of cowpea seed fed adult bugs (26%); the lowest of that was found on the eggs of mung bean fed bugs (22.4%). Ooencyrtus nezarae can successfully parasitize eggs of R. pedestris regardless of hosts food sources. However, eggs of mung bean fed R. pedestris, among the tested legumes, were found to be of the best quality for reproductive success of O. nezarae.

토마토의 착과와 수확량은 여름철 비닐하우스내 고온스트레스로 인하여 감소하게 된다. 본 연구는 여름철 화천지역에 위치한 비닐하우스에서 지베렐린(GA3)과 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid(2,4-D) 처리가 토마토의 수확량, 착과율, 착과 후 과실품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 ‘Adoration‘ 품종을 이용하여 실험하였다. GA3 0-, 5-, 10-, 15mg·L−1와 2,4-D 0-, 5-, 10mg·L−1를 개화 초기에 처리한 후 착과율, 수확량, 과실품질과 관련된 형질을 관찰한 결과, GA3 10mg·L−1처리구에서 대조구에 비해 14.2%의 착과율 증가를 보였다. GA3처리구에서는 수확량, 과중, 상품과실 수에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 2,4-D를 개화기에 처리했을 경우 착과율, 수확량, 상품과의 과중에 영향을 미쳤으며 GA3과 2,4-D를 각각 5mg·L−1 농도로 혼합처리 하였을 때 가장 높은(62.5%) 착과율을 나타내었다. 과실크기와 고형물함량은 GA3처리구에서만 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다. 따라서 여름철 비닐하우스의 고온조건에서 GA3 0mg·L−1처리구와 2,4-D 5mg·L−1를 처리했을 때 착과율이 가장 높아 많은 수확량을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Antibiotics have been used to prevent disease, promote growth rate, and improve feed efficiency. However, the use of antibiotics in livestock has been restricted worldwide due to problems such as bacterial resistance. Therefore, probiotics among alternatives to antibiotics have gained attention in the livestock feed industry these days. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with probiotic 379D on safety, growth rate, and feed efficiency. In this study, bacterial strain 379D was isolated from soil and identified as a Bacillus sp. according to 16S rRNA sequence analysis. In an in vitro test, in-gel activity assay and antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted to evaluate 379D. In an in vivo study, 379D was administered at concentrations of 0.1% and 1% to broiler chickens for 28 days. The results of in-gel activity assay and antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that strain 379D had broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, no adverse 379D-related effects were observed in 0.1% and 1% groups. Feed efficiency was higher in the 379D-treated groups than in the control group. In conclusion, 379D is expected to be used as a safe alternative to antibiotics in a feed supplement and will improve feed efficiency in broiler chickens.

very important also for future generations in managing and inheriting CPR. A study was conducted on the CPR case of the village fishery managed by the Jongdal-ri Fishing Village Cooperative of Jeju Special Self-governing Province. The eight principles presented by Ostrom (1990) as the designed principles of sustainable CPR, that is to say, Clearly defined boundaries, Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions, Collective-choice arrangements, Monitoring, Graduated sanctions, Conflict-resolution mechanisms, Minimal recognition of rights to organize, and Nested enterprises, were analyzed. It was confirmed that the object case, Jongdal-ri Fishing Village Cooperative was managed based on these principles. Autonomous management rules are established by each fishing village cooperative community to fit their respective characteristics. Besides mere establishment of the rules, these rules should be preferentially be put into practice. The Jongdal-ri Fishing Village Cooperative successfully put them into practice, and was designated as the most superior fishing village cooperative community successively for three years. Collection was prohibited during a closed season for preservation of resources, and those of which the body length was shorter than that specified in the rules were not caught. That is to say, communities can sustainably manage CPR by complying with the conditions to be sustainable as well as following and putting in practice the rules, providing a CPR management system for future generations.

Twenty Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 30 SSR primers were used to assess genetic diversity of 64 Agaricus strains including 45 A. bisporus strains and other 19 Agaricus spp. Of them, four ISSR primers, (GA)₈T, (AG)₈YC, (GA)₈C and (CTC)₆and seven SSR markers produced PCR polymorphic bands between the Agaricus species or within A. bisporus strains. PCR polymorphic bands were inputted for UPGMA cluster analysis. Forty five strains of A. bisporus are genetically clustered into 6 groups, showing coefficient similarity from 0.75 to 0.9 among them. The varieties, Saea, saedo, Saejeong and Saeyeon that have recently been developed in Korea were involved in the same group with closely genetic relationship of coefficient similarity over 0.96, whereas, other strains were genetically related to A. bisporus strains that were introduced from USA, Eroupe and Chinese.

Methyl Bromide (MB) has been regulated by montreal protocol due to ozone depletion since 1992, and there is a need to develop MB alternative fumigation methods. To find out the efficacies and tolerance in developmental stages of citrus mealybugs (Planococcus citri) which frequently infested in imported pineapples, phosphine(PH3) gas was tested in different exposure times (2~24 hr) and concentrations (0.1∼2g/m3) in small desiccators at 8℃. Based on Lethal 99% concentration × time products (LCTP 99%) of PH3 gas to target developmental insect, 2g/m3 PH3 was applied for 24 hr in 300 m3 fumigation facility, which was designed in well sealed and evacuation system (5 air exchange/min). We monitored PH3 gas in fumigation facility to confirm CTP and checked PH3 gas in atmospheres in air ventiliation process after fumigations to make quarantine guideline and protocol for worker safety as well as efficacy to target pest.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the most important periodontal pathogens and has been to known to invade various types of cells, including endothelial cells. The present study investigated the mechanisms involved in the internalization of P. gingivalis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). P. gingivalis internalization was reduced by clathrin and lipid raft inhibitors, as well as a siRNA knockdown of caveolin-1, a principal molecule of lipid raft-related caveolae. The internalization was also reduced by perturbation of actin rearrangement, while microtubule polymerization was not required. Furthermore, we found that Src kinases are critical for the internalization of P. gingivalis into HUVEC, while neither Rho family GTPases nor phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase are required. Taken together, this study indicated that P. gingivalis internalization into endothelial cells involves clathrin and lipid rafts and requires actin rearrangement associated with Src kinase activation

The luxury consumption has been pertinent to those aged around forties to fifties in the upper class. Recently, luxury product market became wide and is varying in age segments. Young consumers’ luxury consumption shows a rapid growth worldwide. Despite the global financial crisis, advanced information technology and globalized marketing strategies accelerate luxury consumption rate in vast. This phenomenon of luxury consumption is critically relevant to consumer social psychology. While people have various relationships with others in their own societies, they carry out impression management for themselves. Consumers try to identify themselves with goods, services, and images of brands or products. More importantly, congruency between their ideal images of themselves and consuming objects plays an important role in luxury consumption in recent years.

본 연구는 방울토마토의 MA 저장시 저장기간 연장과 품질 유지를 위한 비천공 breathable 필름 종류를 구명하고자 진행되었다. 강원도에 위치한 플라스틱 하우스에서 수경재배한 토마토를 담적색기에 수확하여 5oC, 11oC, 그리고 24oC에서 산소투과도가 각기 다른 비천공 breathable 필름(10,000; 20,000; 40,000; 60,000; 80,000; 100,000 cc/m2.day.atm)과 천공필름으로 포장하여 저장하였다. 저장 중 생체중 감소율은 세가지 온도 모두에서 모든 비천공 breathable 필름처리구에서는 0.6%미만이었으나, 천공필름은 5oC는 2.93%, 11oC는 13.29%, 그리고 24oC에서는 27.24%에 달하였다. 포장내 이산화탄소와 산소 농도를 볼 때 5oC와 11oC에서 20,000 cc 필름, 24oC에서 40,000 cc 필름이 MA 조건에 근접한 수치를 보였다. 에틸렌 농도는 산소투과도가 가장 낮은 10,000 cc에서 모든 온도에서 가장 높았다. 저장 중 외관상 품질과 최종일에 측정한 경도와 당도는 5oC와 11oC의 20,000 cc 필름, 24oC의 40,000 cc 필름이 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 그러나 산도와 비타민 C 함량은 필름처리에 대한 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보았을 때, MA 저장시 포장내 대기조성과 저장 종료일의 과실 품질 등을 비교한 결과 방울토마토는 5oC와 11oC에서 20,000 cc 필름, 24oC에서는 40,000 cc 필름이 적합하였다.

Renal dysplasia is a developmental disorder of the renal parenchyma involving anomalous differentiation. It is characterized by persistent metanephric ducts surrounded by primitive mesenchyme, fetal or immature glomeruli, fetal or immature tubules, interstitial fibrosis, and dysontogenic metaplasia involving tissues such as cartilage. Renal dysplasia has been rarely reported in rats. Here, we observed a small left kidney in a rat used in a short-term repeat toxicity study. The rat showed no clinical signs throughout the study. All parameters, including those reflecting kidney functions, were normal upon hematological examination and urinalysis. Grossly, the kidney was small (5 × 8 mm) and its surface appeared normal. Histological examination revealed that the cortex and medulla were poorly demarcated and contained immature/atrophic glomeruli, immature renal tubules, and mesenchymal cells. The cortex contained immature glomeruli, atrophic glomeruli with cystic dilatation of Bowman’s capsular space, and some atypical tubules. Primitive metanephric tubules in the medulla were larger in diameter than normal collecting ducts, lined by a tall columnar epithelium with pale cytoplasm and basal nucleus, and surrounded by loose mesenchymal cells. Occasional tubules contained pale eosinophilic homogenous material in the lumen. Thus, this was diagnosed as a case of renal dysplasia on the basis of histologic features and is the first reported case of renal dysplasia in Sprague Dawley rats.

The specific genetic modification in porcine somatic cells by gene targeting has been very difficult because of low efficiency of homologous recombination. To improve gene targeting, we designed three kinds of knock-out vectors with α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene (α1,3-GT gene), DT-A/pGT5’/neo/pGT3’, DT-A/NLS/pGT5’/neo/pGT3’ and pGT5’/neo/ pGT3’/NLS. The knock-out vectors consisted of a 4.8-kb fragment as the 5’ recombination arm (pGT5’) and a 1.9-kb fragment as the 3’ recombination arm (pGT3’). We used the neomycin resistance gene (neo) as a positive selectable marker and the diphtheria toxin A (DT-A) gene as a negative selectable marker. These vectors have a neo gene insertion in exon 9 for inactivation of α1,3-GT locus. DT-A/pGT5’/neo/pGT3’ vector contain only positive-nega-tive selection marker with conventional targeting vector. DT-A/NLS/pGT5’/neo/pGT3’ vector contain positive-negative selection marker and NLS sequences in upstream of 5’ recombination arm which enhances nuclear transport of foreign DNA into bovine somatic cells. pGT5’/neo/pGT3’/NLS vector contain only positive selection marker and NLS sequence in downstream of 3’ recombination arm, not contain negative selectable marker. For transfection, linearzed vectors were introduced into porcine ear fibroblasts by electroporation. After 48 hours, the transfected cells were selected with 300 μg/ml G418 during 12 day. The G418-resistant colonies were picked, of which 5 colonies were positive for α1,3-GT gene disruption in 3´ PCR and southern blot screening. Three knock-out somatic cells were obtained from DT-A/NLS/ pGT5’/neo/pGT3’ knock-out vector. Thus, these data indicate that gene targeting vector using nuclear localization signal and negative selection marker improve targeting efficiency in porcine somatic cells.

The purpose of this research is to initiate discussion to simplify existing tools and methods for managing projects which make project management a harder job to perform and a tougher task to handle. Additionally, summarizing the definitions of “project” that have been found from reviewing the relevant literature, it deliberates on revising the duties and responsibilities of project manager and proposes performance expectancy triangle explaining a relationship among accountability, responsibility and authority – the Tri-butes. It sheds light on several factors critical to the success of projects. Finally, we propose a function indicating that customer demands or desires greatly affect project complexity.

The purpose of this study is to develop the growth prediction model that can predict growth and development information influencing on the production of citrus fruits. The growth model was developed to predict the floralleaf ratio, number of fruit sets, fruit width, and overweight fruits depending on the main period of growth and development by considering the weather factors because the fruit production is influenced by weather depending on the growth and development period. To predict the outdoor-grown citrus fruit production, the investigation result for the standard farms is used as the basic data; in this study, we also understood that the influence of weather factors on the citrus fruit production based on the data from 2004 to 2013 of the outdoor-grown citrus fruit observation report in which the standard farms were targeted by the Agricultural Research Service and suggested the growth and development information prediction model with the weather information as an independent variable to build the observation model. The growth and development model for outdoor-grown citrus fruits was assumed by using the Ordinary Least Square method (OLS), and the developed growth prediction model can make a prediction in advance with the weather factors prior to the observation investigation for the citrus fruit production. To predict the growth and development information of the production of citrus fruits having a great ripple effect as a representative crop in Jeju agriculture, the prediction result regarding the production applying the weather factors depending on growth and development period could be applied usefully.

Projects and managing them have always been considered a subject worth studying. The formalized form of project management is not as old as many other branches of industrial engineering, however, the progress that has been observed through innumerable reviews and research findings is extraordinary and outstanding. The matter of interest for this paper is to initiate discussion regarding simplifying the tools and methods for managing projects and begin an era of simplification by discouraging practices that make project management a harder job to perform and a tougher task to handle. Besides summarizing the definitions of “project” that have been found from reviewing the relevant text, it deliberates on revising the duties and responsibilities of project manager and proposes performance expectancy triangle. It sheds light on several factors that have been found critical to the success and failure of projects. Also, it proposes a function indicating that customer needs and demands or desires greatly affect and instigate project complexity.

Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.