PURPOSES: In this study, we evaluated changes in the retroreflectivity and luminance of phosphorescent road line markings with changes in glass beads and line marking thickness. METHODS : The color of line markings affects their retroreflectivity. Using a chromaticity test, we conducted the analysis of whether phosphorescent road line markings adhered to the「 KS M 6080」standard. Then, we measured the dry retroreflectivity and wet retroreflectivity for various glass bead refractive indices. We conducted wet retroreflectivity test using the EN 1436 standard as the basis. We also conducted luminance tests for different glass bead refractive indices and line marking thicknesses. RESULTS : 1. Phosphorescent road line markings specimens satisfied the 「KS M 6080」standard. 2. In dry retroreflectivity test, phosphorescent road line markings sprayed with glass beads satisfied the national police agency standard (240 mcd/(m2₩Lux)). Wet retroreflectivity test results showed that except for one type of No.1 glass beads, phosphorescent road line markings specimens sprayed with glass beads of one type of No.3 and two types of No.1 satisfied the national police agency standard (100 mcd/(m2₩Lux)). 3. Phosphorescent road line markings had higher retroreflectivity than non-phosphorescent road line markings in the dry condition. 4. Phosphorescent road line markings sprayed with glass beads demonstrated improved luminance. Luminance increased with higher glass bead refractive index and with increased line marking thickness. However, when the thickness crossed a certain threshold, phosphorescence ceased to increase; this is a characteristic of the phosphorescence phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS : Visibility across short distances can be ensured when phosphorescent road line markings are sprayed with glass beads, because of the retroreflection phenomenon. It is also possible to ensure far visibility using phosphorescent road line markings.

Cost for plant survey has been dramatically reduced due to the development of mobile technology to obtain pictures with their GPS coordination. We developed a PlantGPS system consisting of an Android application specialized for collecting plant pictures and their locations using mobile devices, a server-side component for uploading data, and a web-based interface for managing and analyzing data. As examples of application of our PlantGPS system, surveys of “plants in Nangsae (Daksum) Island” and “ferns in Chollipo arboretum” were conducted. Results showed that our PlantGPS system could be used to quickly survey plant distribution in restricted area with reasonable time and effort.

교통안전시설물은 도로 이용자가 필요로 하는 정보를 사전에 전달하고, 또한 행동을 동일하게 통제함으 로서 도로상의 안전 확보 및 교통 소통을 증진하는 시설이다. 교통안전시설 중 선으로 표시하는 중앙선, 구분선 등의 차선은 운전자에게 진로 및 도로선형 등의 시각적인 정보를 제공함으로써 운전자의 안전하고 편리한 운행을 돕는 중요한 역할을 한다. 최근 야간에 차선이 보이지 않아 운전자들의 야간 주행안전성이 문제가 되고 있다. 이와 같은 야간 주행 문제는 최근 3년간 야간 교통사고 사망자 수가 전체 사망자 수의 52.8%로 절반 이상을 차지할 만큼 대안 마련이 필요한 실정이다. 노면표시의 시인성은 자동차 전조등에서 나오는 빛을 유리알에 의해 재귀반사 함으로써 이루어진다. 하지만 유리알에 의한 재귀반사는 전조등 거리 에 따른 시인거리에 한계가 있고, 전조등 빛이 닿지 않는 구간인 굴곡이 심한 산지부 도로나 커브가 있는 회전구간에서 시인거리가 극히 제한될 수밖에 없다. 해외에서 주로 연구되고 있는 축광 노면표시는 재귀반 사 방식의 한계를 극복할 수 있고, 조명시설이 부족한 구간에 설치 시 야간 주행안전성을 향상시킬 수 있 다. 하지만, 대부분 축광에 의해 도료 자체에서 방출되는 빛만을 이용하여 시인성을 확보하는 기술로 자동 차의 전조등이 비추는 영역에서는 축광에 의한 시인성 효과를 얻기가 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 축광 노면표시에 유리알을 살포하여 자동차 전조등이 비추는 근거리에서는 재귀반사를 통한 시인성을 확보하 고, 원거리에서는 축광에 의한 시인성을 확보할 수 있는 축광 노면표시 개발을 위한 기초실험을 하고자 한 다. 이를 위해 유리알 성능과 노면표시 두께에 따른 축광 노면표시의 재귀반사도 및 휘도 성능을 비교･분 석하였고, 본 연구 결과는 향후 축광 노면표시 개발에 필요한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 축광 노면표시에 유리알을 살포하여 재귀반사와 휘도를 동시에 얻을 수 있는 노면표시 개발을 위한 기초실험을 수행하였다. 본 연구를 수행하며 도출한 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 축광 노면표시 의 색도는「KS M 6080」기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 축광 노면표시의 건조상태 재귀반사 실험 결과, 축광 노면표시에 유리알 살포시 경찰청 재귀반사 기준인 240 mcd/(㎡･Lux)를 모두 만족하는 것으 로 나타났다. 습윤상태 재귀반사 실험 결과도 유리알 1종 1호를 제외한 유리알 1종 3호와 2종 1호를 살포 한 축광 노면표시 시편은 경찰청 우천시 재귀반사 기준인 100mcd/(㎡･Lux)를 만족하는 것으로 나타났 다. 이에 따라 축광 노면표시에서도 유리알 살포시 자동차 전조등에 의한 재귀반사로 근거리 시인성 확보 가 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 3. 축광 노면표시는 일반 노면표시에 비해 유리알을 살포하지 않아도 도료 자체적으로 건조상태 재귀반사 성능이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 축광 노면표시 도료가 자체적으로 빛 을 발산하기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 4. 축광 노면표시에 유리알 살포시 축광 성능이 개선됨을 확인하였 고, 유리알 굴절률이 높아질수록 휘도 값이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 축광 노면표시의 두께가 두 꺼워질수록 휘도가 증가하긴 하지만 일정수준 이상으로 두께가 증가할 경우 축광 성능이 포화되어 더 이 상 휘도가 증가하지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

Up-to-date manufacturing companies have faced a market-driven environment of pull production order. There should be a difference in operating manufacturing resources according to the type, quantity, and delivery time of manufactured products, because the process situation in pull production is changed by customer orders. And it should be taken into account from the stage of preparing for production such as process design and the placement and utilization of manufacturing resources. However, the feasibility of production plans is limited because most of small manufacturing businesses make production/supply plan of the parts and products assuming that equipment abilities in scheduling is sufficient without managing process standard information systemically. In this study, a discrete event simulation system based on BOM (bill of material), that is F-OPIS (online productivity innovation system), is introduced and a case study on application of the system leading to improving productivities is presented. F-OPIS deals with a decision-problem on production management and it is specialized for small-and- medium sized manufacturing companies. The target company of this case study is a typical small-and-medium sized manufacturing company in Korea, that produces various machined parts. The target company adopts make-to-stock production management to prevent tardy delivery because of fluctuations in demand. Therefore, it is required to apply an efficient inventory control solution for improving productivities. In this paper, based on the constraints of working capacity of manufacturing resources, the bottleneck process is analyzed as production conditions are changed. Consequently, an improvement plan is proposed, that eventually enhances overall utilization rates of resources in the bottleneck process and reduces overall production lead-time and inventory level.

The up-to-date small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Korea have tried to respond flexibly and rapidly to dynamic business environment and to establish efficient production management system based on information technologies. However, most of SMEs have faced with low applicability of the production management system resulting from high costs of introduction and maintenance. In this paper, a production planning and control system, that is S-PMS (production management system for SMEs), is proposed to solve the problem of low applicability and limited human resources. S-PMS enables production managers to efficiently collect and manage master data with the actual target production systems and explores the bottleneck process by means of simulation techniques to improve productivity. Furthermore, it implements rescheduling mechanism in terms of a variety of process routes. In essence, intuitive dispatching rules and integrated data management of S-PMS improve field applicability of production management system. Consequently, S-PMS is expected to be used as an efficient production management system of SMEs in Korea.

PURPOSES : This study was conducted to derive the optimum mixing ratio of phosphorescent pigment for the development of phosphorescent line marking. METHODS: In this study, we utilized a literature review and case study methodology, to describe the domestic and foreign state of practice for the production and mixing of phosphorescent pigment for use in line marking. The optimal mixing ratio was derived by comparing the reduction in luminance over time for the various phosphorescent pigment mixing ratios identified in the literature. In addition, performance and construction characteristics were analyzed using field testing techniques. RESULTS : The results were as follows: 1) the results of the luminance performance standards tests showed that all of the phosphorescence test specimens satisfied the phosphorescent fire protection standard. As the phosphorescent pigment mixing ratio increased, the luminance value increased, 2) the luminance reduction rate was minimum at the mixing ratio of 50%. However, when compared to a mixing ratio 40%, a small difference was recorded, the luminance reduction rate from the mixing ratio of 40% is judged as being converged. Therefore, in view of the economic efficiency, it was determined that the optimal mixing ratio was 40%, 3) as a result of construction on the field, a mixing ratio of 40% was found to have a higher luminance value than the general line marking for up to three hours after sunset, 4) it was found that the phosphorescent line markings without glass beads spraying had a higher luminance value than the phosphorescent line markings with glass beads spraying. CONCLUSIONS : Through the results of the basic experiments of the line markings obtained by blending a phosphorescent pigment, the results could be applied to play an important role in the development of phosphorescent line marking paint technology and in establishing application planning for on-site construction characteristics.

PURPOSES: This study suggests the application of glow line marking technology for reducing traffic accidents at nighttime. METHODS: In this study, using a statistical analysis, we analyzed the characteristics of traffic accidents occurring at nighttime. Next, the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT) factors were derived based on a current-status analysis of glow line marking technology and road environments. An SO strategy, ST strategy, WO strategy, and WT strategy were established in accordance with the four SWOT factors. RESULTS : This study suggests that the following strategies should be promoted to apply glow line marking technology to a road environment: 1) an activation strategy for the technological development of glow line markings for a new paradigm in reducing traffic accidents, 2) a benefit enhancement strategy applying glow line marking technology in places where nighttime traffic accidents frequently occur, 3) a strategy for the expansion of glow line marking by replacing streetlights, and 4) a strategy for enhancing road applications through the development of various line marking methods in consideration of both performance and costs. CONCLUSIONS : The application of glow line markings in a road environment can contribute to a reduction of traffic accidents at nighttime, and aid energy savings from the replacement of streetlights.

We observed the pollen grains and fruits of six Isodon taxa distributed in Korea using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The muri thickness on the surface of the pollen grains distinguishes Isodon serra from other taxa: the thickness of I. serra is ca. 0.6 μm, while the thicknesses of other taxa are 0.37~0.49 μm. I. inflexus var. canescens has a relatively nutlet small (about 0.93×0.83 mm) compared to other Korean Isodon taxa (about 1.15~1.37×1.02~1.17 mm). Characteristically, a nutlet of I. inflexus var. microphyllus has non-glandular hairs distributed all over its surface. However, I. serra has non-glandular hairs distributed only on the top of the nutlet while it has glandular hairs broadly distributed over the entire nutlet. We suggested that these characters of the pollen and fruit surfaces can be included in the key to Korean Isodon as diagnostic characters to distinguish the above taxa from other Korean taxa.

The taxonomy of the Isodon excisus complex, which comprises I. inflexus var. inflexus, var. transiticus, var. macrophyllus, var. microphyllus, and var. canescens, has been ambiguous and problematic because their morphological characters are variable. To elucidate the taxonomic structure of the I. inflexus complex in Korea, 42 characters were measured from 70 OTUs representing the I. inflexus complex and were analyzed by a principle component analysis (PCA). The principle component axes 1, 2, and 3 (PC1, PC2, and PC3) represents 55.7% of the total variance. The characters showing high loading values for PC1, which have of absolute loading values higher than 0.7, were characters related to the leaf base and leaf teeth and the length of corolla tube. The length of the broadest part to the apex in the leaf, the density of non-glandular hairs on the lower surface of the leaf, and the length and width of the calyx were highly related to PC2 with the absolute loading values higher than 0.7. PC3 does not have any characters which have absolute loading values higher than 0.5. Three-dimensional scatter plots of the OTUs for the PC1, PC2, and PC3 axes showed that there are three taxa in the complex. Each area of I. inflexus var. inflexus, var. transiticus, and var. macrophyllus was completely overlapped, demonstrating that this taxon is I. inflexus var. inflexus. Areas for var. microphyllus and var. canescens were separated from that of var. inflexus in both cases. Therefore, we recognized three varieties, which are I. inflexus var. inflexus, var. microphyllus and var. canescens in the I. inflexus complex in Korea. This result also indicates that I. inflexus var. inflexus has a wide range of morphological variation. The recognition of var. microphyllus and var. canescens is also supported by the result of recent SEM studies of the fruit surfaces of Korean Isodon.

본 연구에서는 노선선정과정에서 정량적으로 환경성을 평가할 수 있는 방법에 대한 각종 제도 및 문헌을 고찰해 보고, 이를 바탕으로 도로노선의 정량적 환경성 평가 방법을 제안하였으며 이를 국내에 계획된 도로노선에 적용하여, 국내도로에 대한 친환경성을 평가하였다. 이에 따라 중부권, 강원권, 남부권의 지역별 사례구간을 선정하고 제안된 환경성 평가방법을 수행하였다. 그 결과 각 지역별 사례구간의 해당 지역에 대한 환경점수대의 분포가 다양하게 나타남을 확인하였다. 또한 각 노선의 환경적인 정도를 나타낼 수 있도록 해당지역의 환경영향 최소화 경로를 생성한 후 이를 기준으로 각 노선의 친환경도를 분석하였다. 그 결과 지역의 환경적 민감도가 큰 지역 즉, 높은 점수대가 많은 지역인 강원권에 설계된 노선의 친환경도가 가장 낮게 분석된 결과를 볼 수 있었다.

The purpose of this article is making investigation of the principal composition of the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple through ornaments of a case preserving relics of Buddha in the east and west pagodas of Gameunsa temple. This research has an important meaning in clarifying that the concept of placement two Buddhas together with lotus sutra, which was only applied to Bulkuksa temple, has been extended to Gameunsa temple. And this observation gave us a clear explanation for the principal composition at the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple plans. The author obtained the following conclusion from this article : The cases preserving relics of the Buddha for the west and east pagodas are globally in similar form as the type of a royal palace. But the different points between eastern and western can be seen on the existence of Buddhist statues on the base floor, set-up of the gate at railings, and 4 lion statues at a coner of the base floor. In the western pagoda, there are Buddha statues above the base-floor of the cases preserving relics. These Buddha statues are composed of a boy monks and angels with playing music for the praise of the Sakyamuni Buddha lecturing the Lotus sutra at YoungChui Mountain. On the other hand, in the eastern pagoda, Buddha statues on the cases preserving relics are composed of a the Four Devas and monks as a defending God of the nation of Buddha. In the eastern pagoda, one can see something that does not exist in the western pagoda, which is a gate located in railing of a case preserving the relics. This gate described the scene of the Sakyamuni Buddha entering into the pagoda of 7 treasures. In a corner of the case preserving relics in the eastern pagoda, there is another thing which does not exist in the western pagoda. This is a sculpture of a lion which symbols the seat of Lion supporting the Buddha in the Dabotap(the pagoda of 7 treasures). When we observe the form and structure, the descriptions at the railings, the gate, the shrine, the statue of a lion, and the accessories in jewelries, at the cases preserving the relics in the eastern pagoda, one can realize that they have the same combination structures between the ones at Dabotaps in Bulguksa temple and those in China as well as in Japan, all of which represent the Gyun-Bo-Tap-Pum of Lotus Sutra. Among the distribution rules in the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple, the application of the ideal of lotus was known to be effected only to Bulguksa temple. But from the result of the present article, it is more clearly proved by applying the Gameunsa temple that the distribution theory in the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple was in fact based on the ideal of lotus.