Acaricidal activities of 63 commecial pesticides against the longhorned tick, H. logicornis were investigated. Twenty-two pesticides (4 cabamates, 5 organophophates, 9 pyrethroids, 1 octopamine receptor agonists, 1 diamides, and 1 unknown) against adults H. logicornis showed >80% mortalities after 72 h of treatment. The residual effect of 22 pesticides was investigated at 1, 2, 3, 7, and 10 day intervals on grass for H. logicornis adults and nymphs. Eight and twenty pesticides in H. logicornis adults and nymphs showed >80% acaricidal activity at 3 days after the treatment, respectively. 7 days after the treatment, H. logicornis adults showed <60% acaricidal activity in all pesticides, but 7 pesticides (benfuracarb, gamma cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, lammda cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, cyantraniliprole, fluxametamide) showed >80% acaricidal activity in nymphs. all pesticides exhibited <60% acaricidal activity after 10 days of treatment both adults and mymphs, except benfuracarb showed 96.7% mortality in H. logicornis nymph.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a worldwide agricultural pest that invades a wide range of host crops and rapidly develops resistance to pesticides. T. urticae can be resistant to one acaricide or exhibit multiple resistances or cross resistance to various other acaricides. Acequinocyl inhibits respiration in mitochondria at the ubiquinol oxidation site (Q0) of Complex III of the electron transfer chain. Pyridaben is a METI acaricide that inhibits mitochondrial electron transport at complex I. In this study, we investigated the cross resistance to seven acaricides in acequinocyl- and pyridaben-resistant strain. Furthermore, the frequencies of the I256V and N321S mutations in mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) of pyridaben-resistant and fieldcollected strain was analyzed.

논습지(Rice fields)는 자연습지와는 다른 복잡성과 다기능을 가지고 있으며, 수문학적 관리가 논습지 생태계의 환경에 중요한 역할을 한다. 수서무척추동물은 논습지에 서식하는 대표적인 야생동물로서 논습지 생태계에서도 먹이사슬의 모든 단계에 중요하게 위치한다. 한국의 논습지에 서식하는 수서무척추동물에 대한 연구는 일부 분류군이나 제한된 지역에서의 군집특성에 관한 연구가 주를 이룬다. 따라서 본 연구는 한반도 논습지에 서식하는 수서무척추동물 군집 전체에 관한 통합적인 연구를 위해 수행하였다. 전국 290개 지점에서 관찰된 수서무척추동물은 총 21목 60과 114종 710,892개체였고 딱정벌레목이 가장 많았고 파리목, 잠자리목, 노린재목 등의 순이었다. 논습지에 서식하는 수서무척추동물은 경지정리가 된 논에 서식하는 군집과 경지정리가 되지 않은 논에 서식하는 군집으로 나눌 수 있었으며, 경지정리가 되지 않은 논에 서식하는 군집은 다시 중부지역(경기, 강원, 충북), 서부지역(충남, 전북, 전남), 동부지역(경북, 경남)에 서식하는 군집으로 나눌 수 있었다. 이를 통해 한반도 논습지에 서식하는 수서무척추동물 군집은 경지정리의 유무와 지역적인 위치가 중요한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

진딧물의 조기 방제를 위해 유시충의 동정이 필요하나 적절한 분류 동정법이 존재하지 않아 분류동정법의 기초자료로써 진딧물의 앞날개의 시맥을 형태계측학을 통하여 분석하여 진딧물의 앞날개로 분류가능성을 제시하고자 한다. 현재 우리나라에 알려진 감자 비래 진딧물 10종 중, Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis spiraecola, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale, Myzus persicae, Brachycaudus helichrysi 총 7종의 유시충 표본에서 앞날개 부분을 25x 배율의 사진을 촬영하여 앞날개 이미지 파일을 확보했으며, 이미지 파일은 tpsDig2를 사용하여 앞날개 맥의 Landmarks를 표시하고, PASTsoftware 를 사용하여 각 진딧물의 Landmarks에 대한 주성분분석(Principle component analysis;PCA)을 수행하였다. 총 7종에 대한 PCA 결과, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale 는 다른 6종과 확연하게 구별할 수 있었으며, Myzus persicae 또한 다른 종들과 구별될 수 있었다. Aphis 속 4종과 Brachycaudus helichrysi 는 밀집되어 서로 구별하기 힘들어, 이 5종에 대한 PCA 수행하였다. 그 결과, Aphis fabae 와 Brachycaudus helichrysi 는 서로 구별될 수 있나 다른 3종에 대해서는 구별하기가 어려웠다. 위 분석결과 진딧물의 앞날개 맥으로 주요종의 감자 비래 진딧물의 분류동정이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

Until now, there were no records of fossil ants both types of amber or impression in Korea, despite many fossil ants were known from Japan and China. Majorities of extinct fossil ants were mainly distributed from the Eocene to Miocene strata in worldwide. In Korea, the ant fossils were discovered only from a single site, the Pohang basin which is the typical Neogene sedimentary basin. Duho Formation, which new fossil species was found, belongs to Pohang basin and ranges from about 150m to 200m in thickness. More than 10 unidentified species of ant fossils excavated from Duho Formation were recognized as Formicidae by the authors. Hence, we provided short descriptions of one new fossil species, Aphaenogaster koreana sp, nov. and introduced current status of Cenozoic fossil ants excavated from Duho Formation, Republic of Korea.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sülzer, is an important sap-sucking pest of many plants, including Chinese cabbage. The objective of this study was therefore (1) to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of afidopyropen, sulfoxaflor, and spirotetramat on adult longevity and the fecundity of M. persicae, and (2) to study the feeding behavior of M. persicae on Chinese cabbage leaves treated with various concentrations of these three insecticides. Longevity and total fecundity of M. persicae adults were decreased at concentrations higher than LC30. Feeding behavior analyses using an electrical penetration graph showed that sublethal concentrations of afidopyropen, sulfoxaflor, and spirotetramat had significant effects on the duration of phloem ingestion.

꽃매미(Lycorma delicatula White, 1845)는 노린재목 꽃매미과에 위치한 곤충으로 중국 남부와 동남아시아의 아열대 지역이 원산지이며, 식물을 흡즙하여 광합성 저해와 배설물로 인한 그을음병을 유발시켜 과수 및 농작물 등에 피해를 주는 해충이다. 한국에서는 2006년에 대발생하여 문제가 되었으며 매 년 분포와 밀도가 증가하여 포도농장을 중심으로 피해가 확산되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 종분포모델 중 하나인 MaxEnt 를 이용하여 꽃매미의 잠재 분포지역을 예측하고 분포에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 출현정보는 현장조사와 문헌조사를 통해 수집하였고 환경변수데이터는 기상청에서 제공하는 기후데이터로 19개의 Bioclimatic variables 를 만들어 사용하였다. 추가로 인간영향 요인을 확인하기 위해 Socioeconomic data and applications center (SEDAC)에서 제공하는 Population density 와 Global human footprint 를 다운받아 인간 영향 변수데이터로 사용하였다. 각 변수간의 Correation 을 고려하여 Model set 를 만들어 Model selection 을 수행하였다. 가장 적절한 모델은 Bio4, Bio6, Bio10, Human footprint 이었으며 분포 예측에 대한 기여도가 가장 높은 환경변수는 Human footprint 이었다. 예측한 잠재 분포지역은 경기도, 충청도, 전라도, 경상남도와 대구 인근지역이 높은 서식확률이 예측되었고, 강원도 지역과 같은 고산지역은 분포확률이 낮았다.

Hymenoptera is one of four largest orders of insects, with over 150,000 described species, 132 families, 27 superfamilies, and 2 suborders. There are currently about 3,000 hymenopteran species in 65 families and 20 superfamilies known in South Korea, of which the majority of the families have been studied while some of them are still poorly studied. The present overview on South Korean Hymenoptera aims to provide brief taxonomic history of the studies, a complete bibliography, a list of South Korean hymenopteran species, and information on South Korean hymenopterists for each taxon.

Lead free (1-x)(0.675BiFeO3-0.325BaTiO3)- xLiTaO3 (BFBTLT, x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03, with 0.6 mol% MnO2 and 0.4 mol% CuO) were prepared by a solid state reaction method, followed by air quenching and their crystalline phase, morphology, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were explored. An X-ray diffraction study indicates that lithium (Li) and tantalum (Ta) were fully incorporated in the BFBT materials with the absence of any secondary phases. Dense ceramic samples (> 92 %) with a wide range of grain sizes from 3.70 μm to 1.82 μm were obtained in the selected compositions (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.03) of BFBTLT system. The maximum temperatures (Tmax) were mostly higher than 420 oC in the studied composition range. The maximum values of maximum polarization (Pmax ≈ 31.01 μC/cm2), remnant polarization (Prem ≈ 22.82 μC/cm2) and static piezoelectric constant (d33 ≈ 145 pC/N) were obtained at BFBT-0.01LT composition with 0.6 mol% MnO2 and 0.4 mol% CuO. This study demonstrates that the high Tmax and d33 for BFBTLT ceramics are favorable for industrial applications.

목적: 강원도 지역의 원시안 초등학생들을 대상으로 현성굴절검사와 조절마비굴절검사 결과를 비교, 분석하여 원시안의 굴절이상 정도의 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 방법: 원시안인 저학년(1.2.3학년) 30안, 고학년(4.5.6학년) 20안, 총 50안을 대상으로 하였으며, 원시정 도에 따른 구면굴절력의 분류는 경도원시 +0.25D ~ +2.00D, 중등도원시 +2.25D ~ +5.00D 으로 분류하였다. 검사는 조절마비제 점안 전과 후에 자동굴절검사기와 검영기로 굴절검사를 시행하였다. 결과: 현성굴절검사(MR)와 조절마비굴절검사(CR)의 구면 굴절력 평균값은 +1.00±0.52D, +1.59±1.23D 로 조절마비굴절검사의 원시도가 0.59±0.59D 높게 측정되었다(p<0.05). 학년에 따른 MR과 CR의 구면 굴절력 평균값은 저학년에서는 +0.91±0.52D, +1.44±1.25D로 조절마비굴절검사의 원시도가 0.53±0.59D 높 게 측정되었으며, 고학년에서는 +1.14±0.51D, +1.80±1.18D로 조절마비굴절검사의 원시도가 0.66±0.58D 높게 측정되었다 (p<0.05). 원시정도에 따른 MR과 CR의 차이비교에서는 경도원시, 중등도원시의 구면 굴절력이 각각 0.48D, 1.75D 차이가 나타났다. 결론: 초등학생 원시안을 대상으로 현성굴절검사와 조절마비굴절검사 굴절력을 비교해본 결과 전체학생 및 저학년과 고학년의 구면 굴절력 비교에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 그리고 원시정도에 따른 비교에서는 경도원시, 중등도원시의 구면굴절력이 증가할수록 차이가 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Phalaenopsis ‘Blanc Rouse’ 품종은 국립원예특작과학원에서 2013년도에 육성한 신품종이다. 이 품종은 2007년에 백색 바탕에 분홍색의 소형 P. ‘KV 600’ 품종을 모본으로 하고 진한 핑크색의 P. ‘Kang 1’ 품종을 부본으로 교배시킨 후대 계통 중에서 선발하였다. 2010년에 화색, 초장, 화경 및 식물체의 생육상태 등을 고려하여 1차 선발 후 2013년에 2차 특성검정을 통하여 품종의 안정성과 균일성을 확인하고 ‘Blanc Rouse’로 명명하였다. 이 품종은 흰색바탕에 자주색 순판을 가졌으며 꽃 가운데 분홍색의 줄무늬가 크게 형성되어 있는 품종이다. 화형은 꽃잎과 꽃받침이 평편한 모양이고 꽃의 길이와 폭은 4.3cm, 4.8cm로 소형이다. 꽃대가 평균 2개 발생하며 복총상 화서로 화서당 꽃 수가 39.4개로 볼륨이 있어 소형분화에 적합하다. 자연 개화시기는 11월 하순으로 개화가 빠른 조생종 이다. 잎의 길이와 폭은 각각 17.3, 6.2cm이며 엽형은 수평이다. 기내 증식력이 높고 변이가 거의 없으며 내병성이 강하여 재배관리가 용이하다.

대부분의 자동관수시스템 기술은 생산측면에서의 원예산물 효율적 재배에 초점을 맞추고 있으나, 화훼식물의 관상가치를 유지하며 효율적으로 식물을 유지 관리하는데 적용될 수도 있다. 이에 본 연구는 실내 조경식물로 많이 이용되고 있는 산호수(Ardisia pusilla)의 관상가치를 유지하기 위한 최적의 용적수분함량(volumetric water content, v/v) 조건을 알아보기 위하여 실시되었다. 토양수분센서와 데이터로거를 이용한 자동관수시스템으로 처리구별 상토 용적수분함량을 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 및 0.6m3･m-3으로 유지하도록 하였으며, 처리 당일과 처리 1, 2, 4주 후에 초장, 초폭, 엽수, 엽면적, SPAD, 잎 수분함량, 생체중, 건물중, 광합성률 및 엽록소 형광과 각 화분의 관수량을 측정하였다. 상토 용적수분함량 처리 1주일 후에는 처리에 따른 생육 및 생리 반응의 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 처리 2주일 후에는 가장 낮은 용적수분함량인 0.3m3･m-3 처리구에서 다른 처리구에 비해 낮은 Fv/Fm 값을 나타냈다. 처리 4주일 후에는 처리에 따른 생리 반응 차이를 보이지 않았으나 초폭, 지상부 생체중, 지상부 건물중, 엽수, 엽면적과 같은 생육 반응은 가장 낮은 용적수분함량 처리구에서 감소하였다. 본 실험 결과를 통해 산호수는 생육 반응에 비하여 생리 반응이 비교적 빠르다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 0.5m3･m-3 처리 구의 관수량이 가장 많았으며, 처리구와 관계없이 관수량은 지상부 생체중에 비례하는 것으로 나타났다. 종합적으로 살펴보았을 때, 0.4m3･m-3 처리구에서 산호수의 관상가치가 우수하게 유지되었고, 이를 통해 효율적이고 용이한 물관리가 가능하므로 실내에서 산호수 생육시 0.4m3･m-3 수준의 상토 용적수분함량이 가장 적절한 것으로 판단된다.

With the increasing interest among modern people in the environment and leisure activities, the social demand for parks and green spaces is increasing. Thus, with the increase in park consumers, it is necessary to systematically investigate and analyze user characteristics and demands and continuously reflect them in park management to increase user satisfaction. Therefore, this study focused on Central Park in Dongtan 1 New Town, Hwaseong City, to analyze and evaluate what variables affect users’ behavior and satisfaction and suggested ways to construct future neighborhood parks. After theoretical considerations, the site was investigated and analyzed, and user behavior and satisfaction were studied through surveys and in-depth interviews. The results showed that user satisfaction with the Central Park was generally high, and the park had a large positive effect on the satisfaction with the residential environment among residents. It seems that the psychological and mental satisfaction provided by the park, which relieves mental and physical stress in modern people’s busy lives and supports static and dynamic recreational activities, will be high. It was judged that if user demands are more actively reflected upon, user satisfaction can be increased, and parks can be vitalized.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of no planning and online planning on complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) in L2 spoken and written tasks. The study was designed into 2x2 with two independent variables: planning conditions (no planning and online planning) and task modality (speaking and writing). First, 80 Korean EFL undergraduates performed two tasks in a laboratory setting: a proficiencyassigning narrative spoken task and a randomly assigned main task. The main task had four different conditions: no planning in speaking, online planning in speaking, no planning in writing, and online planning in writing. The participants’ spoken and written performances were measured and analyzed for syntactic complexity, accuracy, and fluency. The findings demonstrated that the no planning (NP) group improved accuracy and fluency significantly more than the online planning (OP) group in the spoken task and that the NP group improved their fluency more than the OP group in the written task. Additionally, in both planning conditions, the written task increased accuracy more than the spoken task, whereas the spoken task increased fluency more than the written task. It is hoped that these findings will facilitate understanding of the supportive role of planning in task manipulation in terms of L2 learners’ limited attentional resources and its relationship with linguistic performance.

The purpose of this study is to improve effectiveness of Korea’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) provided to developing countries. To do this, we analyze the efficiency of ODA provided to 38 recipient countries by Korea through data envelope analysis method. The effects of four factors including population, GDP, economic decline and poverty, and external intervention on efficiency are also investigated by utilizing tobit regression analysis. As a result of the DEA efficiency analysis, it is found that the average efficiency score of the total is about 59%. By region, the average efficiency score of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, and the East and CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) are about 42%, 68%, 70%, and 74%, respectively. It indicates that the Asian countries are inefficient compared to countries of the other regions. It is also found that factors of population, GDP, economic decline and poverty, and external intervention have statistically significant effects on efficiency at 0.01 significance level. In the case of the population, the higher the population of the recipient country, the more negative (-) effect is on the efficiency. The other factors such as GDP, economic decline and poverty, and external intervention have positive effects on the efficiency.

Surfactant-wrapped separation methods of metallic and semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can result in large changes in intrinsic physical and chemical properties due to electronic interactions between a nanotube and a surfactant. Our approach to synthesize SWCNTs with an electronic feature relied on utilizing carbon nanorings, [n] cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPPs), which are the fundamental unit of armchair type SWCNTs (a-SWCNTs) that possess a metallic feature without any surfactants. To obtain long tubular structures from [n]CPPs, the host-guest complexes formed with well-aligned [n]CPP hosts and various fullerene guests on a silicon substrate were pyrolyzed under an ethanol gas flow at a high temperature with focused-ultraviolet laser irradiation. The pyrolyzed [n]CPPs were observed to transform from nanorings to tubular structures with 1.5–1.7 nm diameters corresponding to the employed diameter of [n]CPPs. Our approach suggests that [n]CPPs are useful for structure-controlled synthesis of SWCNTs.

Despite the importance of retail atmospherics documented in the literature, little empirical research has been done on the issue of what specific aspects of retail atmospherics can enhance experiential marketing. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is to compare the effect of product display (lifestyle vs. product-centric) on consumer satisfaction and retail patronage intentions. In so doing, this study examines the mediating role of hedonic shopping experiences operationalized through 3 separate subdimensions (i.e., brand experience, shopping enjoyment, and cognitive pleasure) while controlling a brand effect (i.e., testing two types of product display in a single brand context). Demminga et al. (2012) state that lifestyle display is a cross-merchandised, integrated, aesthetically attractive theme or scene through which consumers could envisage themselves in the scene or nature. On the other hand, product-centric display does not necessarily present a coherent theme. Instead, this type of product display is frequently used in a traditional retail format focuses on merchandise presentation appealing to target customers (Foster and Mclelland, 2015). This study was conducted using two product display stimuli: lifestyle and product-centric displays in the context of a specialty apparel store, Anthropologie. One image of Anthropologie was selected as a lifestyle display because it contained a thematic prop, which illustrates a natural scenario in that store. The results showed that the lifestyle display creates higher brand experience, shopping enjoyment, cognitive pleasure, satisfaction, time spent, and patronage intentions compared to the product centric display. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the importance of experiential marketing. Theoretically, this study demonstrates that lifestyle display could be applied in an apparel store. Rather than focusing only on products retailers could easily develop thematic props in a store because they are easy to set up, cost-effective, and less time-consuming. By setting up a lifestyle display, retailers could easily differentiate their brands from other competing brands.

Every year consumers spend billions of dollars on impulse purchases across the globe. Noticeably, occasions for impulse buying have been expanding due to new technologies and the growth of e-commerce that enhanced both the consumer’s accessibility to products and the ease of purchase transactions (e.g., one-click purchase) (Strack and Deutsch 2006). For instance, the retail store have become ubiquitous—being present on our desktop, in our mailbox, on our phone, in subway platform, in gas station kiosks—and reaching every street corner in our neighborhood. Such ubiquitous nature of mobile commerce combined with the introduction of IT devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets) makes consumers even more vulnerable to the sudden, powerful, and persistent urge to buy something instantly (i.e. impulse buying) (Rook 1987; Watson et al. 2002; Danaher et al. 2015). From the perspective of firms, this indicates that marketing opportunities to influence shopper attitudes and behavior can emerge at any point in the shopping cycle from the couch in a person’s living room to the shopping cart in mobile devices and media (Shankar et al. 2010; 2011). While impulse buying has been a well-known approach to explaining empirical deviations from the rational choice model in the literature (Strack et al. 2006), previous researchers have mainly focused on antecedents of impulsive behaviors, such as mood (Rook and Gardner 1993), self-construal (Zhang and Shrum 2009), chronic goals (Ramanathan and Menon 2006) and consumers’ self-loneliness (Sinha and Wang 2013). However, relatively little has been studied on what factors drive consumers to purchase products impulsively and how firms can utilize marketing activities (e.g., 4Ps) to engage consumers in such behavior. There exist a few studies paying attention to the interaction of individual characteristics and marketing variables for impulse buying (e.g., Bell et al. 2010; Inman et al. 2009; Narasimhan et al. 1996) but several issues still can arise from measurement problems, self-selection, lack of marketing variables, and limited breadth of product categories. In particular, researchers have used the term ―unplanned‖ purchases exchangeably with impulse purchases despite a conceptual distinction between the two terms: impulse buying is defined with three key components; unplanned, difficult to control, and resulting in emotional response (Rook 1987). In other words, mostly all impulse purchases are unplanned, but not all unplanned purchases are impulse buys and we cannot rule out other alternative explanations (e.g., it is a ―reminder‖ purchase based on true needs). In this study, therefore, we aim to differentiate two terms and investigate the consumers’ impulsive purchase behaviors using the actual behavioral data with respect to product characteristics, customer demographics, timing and controllable marketing activities such as advertising. We obtained the data from one of the leading TV shopping channels in Korea on 2,657 products and 17,848 air time slots covering a broader range of both hedonic and utilitarian products including electronics, food, fashion, home appliances, and so on (7.8 million orders and 2 million order cancels). Unlike typical supermarket shopping where consumers can actively search products, programming on TV shopping channels are shown randomly to viewers which helps us rule out self-selection problems. Most importantly, distinct from previous studies, we use an objective measure for impulse buying by exploiting the actual order placement and subsequent order cancellation (i.e., regret with retrospective judgment about purchase decisions). We find that product characteristics are the primary factors explaining the half (60.5%) of impulse purchase ratio variations followed by marketing variables (20.4%), and timing fixed effects (10.9%). Interestingly, we find little evidence of consumer demographics (1%) as a driver for impulsive buying behavior. Consequently, we focus on the interplay between product categories and marketing activities. Specifically, we classified the product categories into utilitarian and hedonic on the basis of the gross product categories and investigated the roles of two main marketing activities: advertising and price promotion. We find that the informative and persuasive roles of advertising (Akerberg 2003; Mehta et al. 2004) lead to a U-shaped effect on impulse purchases over time as the informative role attenuates over time but the persuasive role increases over time. While utilitarian products are more likely to be influenced by informative role of advertising and hedonic goods are more likely to be influenced by persuasive role of advertising, we detect that the U shape would be moved to the left (right) with a price discount (increase). In other words, price information does not change over time but the persuasive role increases over time with a price discount. Hence, our results can provide managerial insights for retailers and manufacturers to utilize point-of-sale marketing tactics and to improve their shopper engagement strategies to trigger impulse purchases.

Racism has changed its form over the decades and has become more subtle and indirect than the blatant forms in the past (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2005; Sue et al., 2007; Sue, 2010; Tropp & Molina, 2012). As a result, it is becoming more difficult for minority groups to identify and call them out (Sue et al., 2007). Subtle racism can be detrimental to minority groups in that they can deteriorate performances and when accumulated, they can have negative consequences such as mental and physical health problems (Sue et al., 2007; Sue, 2010; Ong et al., 2013). Recognizing the issues regarding subtle racism, the research questions were the following: (1) Are there differences in the experience of indirect discrimination in a retail context between racial minorities and majorities?; (2) Do minorities use different strategies to solve these situations and why?; and (3) What are the consequences of subtle discrimination in the retail environment? To test the research questions, a total of 599 participants were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants were randomly assigned to read either a racial microaggression scenario or a control scenario (a scanner unable to read a discount coupon) and they were asked to select why the incident happened to them. Further, they were asked to answer how they felt after reading the scenario and then respond to the outcome variables repatronage intention, word of mouth, and complaint intention. The findings of the study showed that Asians tend to attribute their racial identity as to why retail employees maltreated them. While Caucasians would simply state that an employee was busy or would not put much thought as to why a service failure occurred, Asians were more burdened by the thought that their race was an issue. After an employee showed subtle discriminations, Asians experienced less positive emotions than Caucasians, which resulted in them deciding to avoid the retail store. This may be due to their belief that they have less control over the situation and would rather not confront the employee or a manager on the issue. Implications and future research directions are discussed.