원자전달 라디칼 중합(ATRP)에 의해 poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) 주사슬과 poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) 곁사슬로 되어있는 양쪽성 PVC-g-PSSA 가지형 공중합체를 합성하였다. PVC-g-PSSA 가지형 공중합체 고분자를 템플레이트로 사용하고 졸겔법을 적용하여, 결정성 아타네제상의 미세기공 이산화티타튬 필름을 제조하였다. TiO2 전구체인 TTIP를 친수성인 PSSA 영역과 선택적으로 작용시켜 TiO2 메조기공 필름을 성장하였으며, 이를 주사전자 현미경 (SEM)과 엑스레이회절 (XRD)분석을 통해 분석하였다. 스핀코팅 횟수와 P25 도입에 따른 염료감응 태양전지 성능을 체계적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 준고체 고분자 전해질을 이용하였을 때, 100 mW/㎠ 조건에서 에너지 변환 효율이 2.7%에 이르렀다.

The aim of this is to examine the effects of SSP therapy on the internal carotid arteries blood flow of 24 tension type headache patients(study group) and non tension type headache patients(control group), and on the reduction of their headaches, when applied to the acupuncture points. It stimulated the acupuncture point of headache 6 place with the SSP. It measured VAS and the blood flow of the internal carotid arteries with TCD. When the internal carotid arteries blood flow of study group and control group were compared by period, a significant difference was found in the 4th period(p<.05). When the Visual Analog Scale of study group and control group were compared by period, a significant difference was found in the 4th period(p<.05). The comparison of each measurement result of the internal carotid arteries blood flow of the study group found significantly increased. The comparison of each measurement result of the VAS of study group found significantly decreased. With regard to the control group, the VAS significantly decreased. The silver spike point low frequency electrical stimulation treatment, when applied to the acupuncture point, can significantly influence the internal carotid arteries blood flow of headache patients and can significantly reduce their headaches.

원자전달 라디칼 중합(ATRP)에 의해 poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) 주사슬과 poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) 곁사슬로 되어있는 양쪽성 PVC-g-PSSA 가지형 공중합체를 합성하였다. 합성된 고분자 전해질막을 10 wt% AgNO3 수용액에 담가 은이온으로 이온교환을 하였으며, 환원제를 통하여 은 나노입자를 성장시켰다. UV분광학과 XRD 분석을 통해 은 나노입자 성장을 확인하였다. 투과전자현미경(TEM) 분석결과 NaBH4를 사용하였을 때 10~20 nm 크기의 은 나노입자를 얻는데 가장 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 은 나노입자의 성장은 환원제의 농도와 환원 시간에 크게 영향을 받았다.

A nine-month-old male Pekingese weighing 5.7 kg was admitted to the Veterinary Medical Center at Chungbuk National University with a history of acute nonambulatory tetraparesis after minor trauma. A diagnosis of atlantoaxial instability with a dens axis fracture was based on examination of survey spinal radiographs and was confirmed during surgery. A modified ventral fixation technique using cortical screws was used for stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint. Serial evaluation based on radiographic and neurologic assessment was performed eight weeks after surgery. Symptoms of tetraparesis disappeared gradually, and arthrodesis of the atlantoaxial joint using a ventral fixation technique has maintained stable fixation.

To understand the oviposition biology of arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), the longevity and fecundity of the overwintered females were examined at various temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28, and 32℃). The total fecundity increased with rising temperature, showed a maximum of 260.9 crawlers per female at 24℃, and then declined thereafter. Females showed a periodical oviposition activity. The 1st cycle fecundity was identified at all temperatures examined, and was not significantly different between 16 and 28℃. However, the 2nd cycle fecundity and later cycle fecundity were much lower at 16, 20, and 32℃ than those at 24 and 28℃. The pre-oviposition period ranged from 49.0 d at 16℃ to 19.7 d at 32℃, and was the shortest 19.4d at 28℃. The linear lines of mean development rates (1/mean pre-oviposition period) against temperatures provided the estimate of low-threshold temperature 8.7℃ for pre-oviposition stage and the thermal constant of 358.1 DD. The lower threshold temperature and thermal constant for the completion of U. yanonensis pre-oviposition period well predicted the first crawler occurrences in the fields.

The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), is a destructive pest on citrus. This study was conducted to obtain the stage-specific phenology of I.purchasi for use in field application. The crawlers (hatched nymphs) from the egg sac of overwintered female began to move from late May and peaked in early to mid-June with most crawlers completed the movement till late June. The 1st nymph population peaked in mid June in 1stgeneration and early October in 2ndgeneration. The 2nd nymphs showed peak activity in late July and late October during the 1st and 2nd generation, respectively. The 3rd nymphs peaked in early September in 1st generation, while it kept a plateau without forming a peak after mid October in 2nd generation. The 1st generation adults peaked in mid September, and the tail was overlapped with 2nd generation adult population. Consequently, two life cycles were competed in Jeju area. An average of 20.7% of citrus orchards was infested with I. purchasi with a 3.9% of mean infested trees in Jeju. The present results should be useful in establishing management strategies for I. purchasi in citrus orchards.

Population genetics is the study of genetic constitution of Population across space and over time. Population genetics plays a pivotal role in characterizing dispersal behavior of insects and provides important clues to questions in the field of insect behavior and ecology. Understanding dispersal behavior of insects is of important issue not only for academic interests but also for application purposes including management and eradication. Dispersal is one of major evolutionary forces that can influence genetic variation of population. Dispersal is mostly driving genetic homogenization of diverging populations. Moreover, understanding dispersal pattern and capacity of insects is a key component for designing effective management and resistance management strategies of many insect pests since dispersal ability determines the spread rate of disease and resistance gene. The capability of predicting insect movement therefore is an essential component of agricultural production management systems. Here I introduce application of population genetics to insect dispersal study with the case studies of three agricultural insect pests, cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), Western con rootworms (Diabrotica vergifera) and European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). These insects all are invasive and major pests of crops of U.S.A during the last ~100 years.

The Nilaparvata lugesn(BPH) and Laodelphax striatellus(SBPH) are major insect pests of rice in Korea. These BPHs migrate from China to Korea, but we have not exactly known about the route of long-distance migration of them. Molecular markers including microsatellite will be critical to asses gene flow in relation to geographical distance. In our work several microsatellite markers were developed for basic population genetic analysis of BPH and SBPH. Among each 21 microsatellite markers in BPH and SBPH, we could select 6 markers for BPH and 2 markers for SBPH as putative markers for analysis of population genetics. Others are further investigated for the possibility as markers. Development of polymorphic microsatellite loci are final stage of our work. But for good microsatellite markers to population genetics, we should do more experiments. Our work for development of microsatellites should facilitate the study of future population genetics of BPH and SBPH, and eventually elucidate the route of BPH and SBPH migration to Korea.

The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative growth characteristics and ginenoside contents of wild-simulated ginseng on different years (7 and 13-year-old) by monitoring soil properties of cultivation regions. Plant and soil samples were collected from 6 different cultivation regions. Soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN) and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) were significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng cultivation regions compared to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng cultivation regions. Growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng had shown significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng compared to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. Ginsenoside G-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 were significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng than 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. According to the results of correlation analysis, soil OM, TN and CEC of the cultivated regions were positively correlated with the growth of wild-simulated ginseng. In addition, the root length of wild-simulated ginseng showed positive correlation with ginsenoside content. Hence, this study was able to investigate the correlation between growth and ginsenoside content of wild-simulated ginseng based on soil characteristics of the cultivation regions.

소아의 선천적 심장질환 진단을 위해 High Pitch Mode를 사용하여 획득한 소아 심장 CT 영상과 Wide Co verage Volume Axial Mode를 사용하여 획득한 소아 심장 CT 영상으로부터 환자의 피폭선량과 각 영상의 화질을 비교 및 분석하여 Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode의 유용성을 평가해보고자 한다. 소아 심장 CT 검사 시 High Pitch Mode와 Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode를 각각 50명 총 100명의 환자를 대상으로 시행하였으며, 각 프로토콜로부터 얻은 영상을 이용하여 환자의 피폭선량을 비교하였다. 각 영상에 ROI를 설정해 SNR과 CNR을 산출하여 영상의 화질을 비교하였다. High Pitch Mode에 비해 Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode를 사용하여 검사하였을 때 환자의 피폭선량이 13.07% 감소하였고, SNR과 CNR이 향상되었다. Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode는 고속 회전 스캐너를 이용하여 조사시간을 줄이고, 저선량 기술인 ASi R-V를 통해 High Pitch Mode를 사용했을 때보다 환자의 피폭선량이 감소하고 영상의 화질 또한 향상되는 유용한 검사라 할 수 있다.

Background : The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods to high quality food ramie rice cake, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of different Split Application and Adapted Fertilizer Culture for Stable Production with Edible Leaf in Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.). Methods and Results : Method of fertilizer application were conducted under three condition compose to standard application (N-P-K-Compost applied at 27-9-27-1,500 ㎏․ 10 a−1), 25% increased application (N-P-K-Compost applied at 34-11-34-1,500 ㎏․10 a−1), 50% increased application (N-P-K-Compost applied at 41-14-41-1,500 ㎏․ 10 a−1) cultivation. Compost and fused phosphate applied at 100% of basal fertilizer in March 25. The split application level of standard application (N-K) applied at 50% of basal fertilizer in March 25, 50% of top dressing were five times application (N-K) in May 4, July 5, September 5, October 5, 20% respectively. Transplanting with Yeongkwang varieties in April 12 by growing pot seedling for 35 days in 2011. Planting density were spaced 60 ㎝ apart in rows 25 ㎝ apart with rice straw cutting covered open cultivation. Plot design randomized block 3 repetition. Conclusion : Organic matter, available phosphate, K2O, CaO, and MgO of soil increased in all plots with the addition of fertilizers culture, specifically in 25% and 50% increased application. Growth characteristics by 50% of top dressing were five times application (N-K) in May 4, July 5, September 5, October 5, compared to standard application (N-K) applied at 100% basal fertilizer, aerial part as a result were so many such amount of growth as number of branch and leaf per plant, etc., Length, width of leaf and leaf colorimetry of aboveground part growth increment rising highest. Green leaf yields compared to standard fertilizer 100% application (1,344 kg․ 10 a−1). 25% and 50% increased application (N-K) applied at 50% basal fertilizer, 50% of top dressing were five times application increased by 9%, 17%. respectively.

Background : The effective components of Omija(Schisandra chinensis Bailllon) are lignans (schizandrins and gomisins), and this components were contented mostly in seed part on Omija, which have various physiological functionalities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Methods and Results : This study was carried out to determine effective condition(CO2, CO2+ethanol) on extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) system and to find interrelation on effective components and antioxidant activity of extracts and residues obtained after extraction. Effective components were analysed lignans and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activirty was determined for DPPH radical scavenging ability on methanol extracts of SFE-extract and SFE-residue. On SFE with ethanol, SFE extract was separated two phase, upper(water phase) and lower(oil phase). SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content(61.36 mg/g, 72.14 mg/g on lower, 50.58 mg/g on upper) and the lowest total phenolic compounds(6.52 mg/100g) and SFE-residue showed the lowest total lignans content(1.45 mg/g) and the highest total phenolic compounds(16.23 mg/100g) by extracted on CO2+ethanol treatment. SFE-residue methanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging abilities and SFE-extract upper showed the lowest. Conclusion : Thus, this results showed SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content, but SFE-residue showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability although the lowest total lignans content.

Background : Teucrium veronicoides Maximowicz is a perennial plant affiliated to labiate. Ther e were many oil components such as methylchavicol, anethole, anisaldehyde, p-methoxycinnamal dehyde, 3-ocatanone and p-cymene. It has been used for indigestion, stomachache, vomit, diarrhe a in the chinese medicine field. Besides it used as medicine, it used increasingly as food additiv es, tea and air fresheners etc. This experiment was focused on plugs and planting date. That's why the plug plants are very useful for transplanting. It saves time and labor for farmer with well-management system. During the raised seeding time, they could has gotten plant health and maximum potential state. The planting date which would have something related to the growth of plug. Methods and Results : Plug plants raised in the greenhouse during 30 days. The interval of planting date was 10 days and five time planted in planting density of 60*30cm sized area with three repeat treatments. The first treatment was middle April. The last planting date was late May. Before planting period, the length of plant and the length of leaf were the highest at the middle April, respectively. The stem diameter was highest at late March. The number of leaf was the most in the late March and early April than other planting date. In the planting period, the length of plant was highest at early April. The stem diameter was also highest at that time. There were no differences on the length and the width of leaf. The number of leaf per plant was the most at the early May. The branches per plant and number of node per plant were the highest in middle April. In the respect of yield, early May had the highest dried yield than that of other treatments. It was 492.2kg/10a. The index of which was 122. The lowest was 317.2kg/10a in late May. Conclusion : About the characteristics on the growth and the yield of Teucrium veronicoides Maximowicz plug in accordance with the planting date, the yield of early May was the highest than that of other in this study. Therefore planting date of early May would have high possibility of optimum planting date.

Background : Schizonepeta tenuifolia Kitagawa is a herbaceous plant affiliated to labiate. It has many oil components which has antimicrobial activity for health with limonene, menthone, pulegon e, piperitenone, schizonepetoside A, schizonepetoside C, spatulenol. The planting area of which is com paratively small than other medicine crop as 5ha area and 15MT in the nation. The purpose of this study was to figure out the cause of characteristics on the planting life in accordance wit h the planting date used plugs. Plug plants are very useful for transplanting. It gives well-mana gement effects to the farmer such as time saving, convenience of planting, plant health, and ma ximum potential state during the raised time. Methods and Results : The number of treatment for planting date was five. Those are early May, middle May, late May, early July and middle July. The interval of the planting date was 10 days. And the raising seeding period was 30 days. During the raising seeding period, in late July treatment the length of plant and the stem diameter were the highest respectively. The number of stem was also the most in late July. In the planting period, the length of plant and the stem diameter were the highest at early May. There were no differences in the number of stem per plant. The length of ear and the width of ear were the highest at the early July. The number of ear per plant was the highest in the early May as 768.7. In the respect of yield, the weight of fresh body at early May was the highest as 587g per plant. The next higher weight of fresh body was middle May as 530.0g per plant than that of other planting date. Conclusion : The effect of planting date on the growth and the yield of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Kitagawa mainly focused to early May treatment. The earlier planting treatment was the better for planting it in this study.

Background : Senna tora L. is a herbaceous plant affiliated to legumes. It has many components good for health with emodin, chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, physicion, rhein, obtusin. It is believed to have many medicine effects, as well as to good for the eyes. This study carried to find ou t the difference of characteristics on the growth according to the planting date used plugs. Plu g plants are very useful for transplanting. It gives well-management effects to the farmer such a s time, plant health, and maximum potential state during the raised time. Methods and Results : Plug plants had 30 days in raising seeding. The planting date was five time. Fist planting date was late April. The last planting date was early July. In their raising seeding period they were taken care of in the green house. And after 30 days, they were planted on the ground in planting density of 50*40cm sized area with three repeat treatments. When the raising seeding period, the length of plant and the length of leaf were the highest at the middle May, respectively. The number of leaf per plant was highest in late May as 11. In the planting period, the length of plant was highest at early July. The lowest was the length of plant at late May. Except the stem diameter in early April, they were no differences among other treatments and the stem diameter was the highest in early April. The number of node per plant could be found the most in middle May and late April. The number of node per plant was the lowest in early July. In the respect of yield, middle May had the highest yield than that of other treatments. It was 849.0kg/10a. The lowest was 740.6kg/10a in the early May. Conclusion : About the characteristics on the growth of Senna tora L. according to the planting date, the yield of middle May was highest than that of other date in this study. The planting date of late May had also shown strong tendency of optimum planting date. Therefore middle May and late May of planting date would be optimum planting date.

Anthocyanin is known for positive health beneficial effects that including reduces age related oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. It was produced by vegetable crops and a lettuce is one of the crops. The general pathway of anthocyanin expression is well defined but it is not clear how environments effects on anthocyanin accumulation in a lettuce. Therefore we initiated to study interaction between anthocyanin expression and environment factors. Frist, we applied RGB leaf images in a lettuce to calculate anthocyanin areas in a leaflet with two different cultivars, different developmental stages, and different environments. Later, we attempted to capture RNA expression level with next generation sequence (NGS) RNA sequencing method called RNA-seq. As a result, combined two technologies showed that quantitate phenotypic data help to understand the gene expression of anthocyanin in lettuce cultivars.

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaudich.) is a hardy perennial herbaceous plant of the Urticaceae family and has been grown as a fiber crop in several countries including Korea for many centuries. Ramie leaves also have been traditionally used as a major ingredient of a type of rice cake called ‘Song-pyun’ in the Southwest area of Korea, especially Yeong-Gwang province. Despite its economic importance, the molecular genetics of ramie have not been studied in detail yet. Genetic resources of ramie were widely collected from domestic local sites by Bioenergy Crop Research Center (RDA) and Yeong-Gwang Agricultural Technology Center. For the systematic and efficient management of the genetic resources, we developed microsatellite molecular markers of ramie. To do this, we generated microsatellite-enriched genomic DNA libraries using magnetic bead hybridization selection method. 216 contigs containing microsatellite repeat motif were generated using nucleotide sequences of 376 clones from the libraries. Primer sets were designed from the flanking sequences of the repeat motif. Finally, we selected 26 microsatellite markers, possibly showing polymorphism among the genetic resources. Results on the genotype analysis of the ramie genetic resources using the microsatellite markers will be presented.