당정의 종교중국화 요구에 부응하여 중국기독교계가 가장 빠르게 기독교중국화를 공식 선언한다. 사실 기독교의 ‘중국화’는 이미 신중국 초기부터 시도되어 온 것이다. 이는 규장제도 에 반영되어 있는데, 규장제도의 제정 및 개정 내용은 중국기독교의 중국화 여정을 가장 실증적으로 보여주는 결과물이다. 따라서 본고는 사회주의 중국사회에서 중국기독교의 과제와 지향을 담고 있는 양회의 장정과 교회규장, 그리고 ｢5개년계획｣방안을 주요텍스트로 삼아 그 변화추이의 과정을 분석하고 매 단계 ‘중국화’의 내용과 의미를 고찰하고자 한다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of some practical teaching and learning methods using multimedia literacy in Japanese language education. As components of multimedia literacy, SNS, YouTube clips, the recording function of mobile phones, and reading tasks were given to 29 university students in an introductory level Japanese language class. At the end of the semester, the students were asked to participate in a survey in which they evaluated whether the teaching and learning methods using multimedia literacy were helpful. The findings of the study were as follows: First, problem-solving skills, and reading and speaking skills were enhanced by using a team-based learning. Second, the class using SNS was very useful for enhancing the language skills due to the convenient presentation of learning materials, the submission and the review of assignments, and the immediate feedback. Third, Korean composition sentences and reading tasks made a great contribution to practicing pronunciation and enhancing conversation skills. Fourth, voice files and YouTube clips provided for absent students could make up for the contents they missed in class. On the basis of this study, a variety of teaching and learning methods using multimedia literacy are expected to be designed and discussed.

현재 중국은 사회안정, 민족단결, 국가통일, 사회주의를 수호한다는 명분으로 인터넷의 민주적 기능을 엄격히 통제하고 강력한 검열시스템으로 관리하고 있다. 마찬가지로 종교에도 법치의 관철을 강조하며 규제를 강화하고 있다. 따라서 지금 중국에서 인터넷과 종교는 갈등의 현장이자 해결을 기다리는 모순이라고 할 수 있고 이 현상에 대한 이해와 파악이 필요하다. 본 논문은 우선 중국 인터넷의 발전에 따라 강화되어온 인터넷종교 유관정책들의 변화 추이를 살펴보고, 그런 다음 필자가 두 해 정도 온라인에서 주시해 왔던 중국 인터넷종교의 활동양상을 고찰했다. 그 활동주체에 따라서 4단계로 나누어 당정이 내놓은 인터넷종교 정책에 순응하거나 경계하는 양상을 살펴보았다.

This study investigated the general information, unbalanced diet, and dietary habits of 86 children in Daegu. The research was undertaken to analyze the current state of diet and dietary habits of children, and to provide basic data for nutrition education. The results reveal that younger children have a more unbalanced diet. Children dislike side-dishes the most. Furthermore, due to the longer time taken to consume food, parents persuade children to eat quickly. Children were also determined to have a high intake of foods and drinks containing sugar; beverages containing sugar are consumed 1-2 times a week by 5-year-olds, and once daily by 6- and 7-year-olds. The results of this study can be applied to provide basic data for nutritional education, and assist in the development of dietary programs for young children.

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare and aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma arising in various anatomical sites. This article describes a case history of BSCC of the floor of mouth with mandibular involvement, and further discusses the appropriate management of such case with reference to the literature review. A 52-year-old male patient was referred to our clinic from another university hospital. Segmental mandibulectomy with supraomohyoid neck dissection and mandible reconstruction with left fibular free flap under general anesthesia was performed, followed by radiotherapy. Histopathological examination on the tumor lesion revealed features of squamous cell carcinoma with comedo-type necrosis. A diagnosis of BSCC was given by the oral pathology specialist. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a biphasic variant of SCC with both basaloid and squamous cell histology. A recent report showed that there is no significant difference in the prognosis. Due to the lack of accumulated research, close follow-up and continuous research are deemed necessary. Treatment that focuses on the stage of the tumor is appropriate. A periodic follow-up observation is also very important due to the occurrence of distant metastasis to the lungs.

Tissue engineering has been rapidly developed in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction. Biocompatible scaffold from chemically composites seeded with stem cells is essential and several growth factors for bone formation and angiogenesis are also required. To overcome limited activity of new bone formation with scaffolds, several biomechanical stimulation methods on cells have been made to grow cells in scaffold. Several bioreactors have been developed for real tissue growth in culture laboratory. In addition to biological stimulants like BMP, growth factors and exogenous drugs, biomechanical stimulation technique has also been known as an effective method in cell differentiation. We developed our own bioreactor with tensile mechanical strains. Then we tested with it for detection of suitable biomechanical effect on the cell differentiation and proliferation. And we also compared the results with the effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). Mechanical strain group showed more rapid reaction with cell differentiation and proliferation than non-mechanical strain group. Mechanical strain groups stimulated with 0.5∼0.7Hz for 6 hours and 8 hours showed more active cell differentiation than the group with 0.5∼0.7Hz for 2.5 hours tensile strain stimulation. Group of LIPUS also showed more rapid reaction in cell differentiation and proliferation. LIPUS with 3MHz showed more cell reaction than the LIPUS group with 1MHz. Our results showed the positive effect on differentiation and proliferation of cell with mechanical tensile strain, LIPUS both.

Nerve injury induced protein 1 (Ninjurin1) was originally described in neuroscience in which the expression of Ninjurin1 was regulated by Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglion neuronal cells of damaged nerve tissues. After the first discovery of Ninjurin1, the widespread expression of Ninjurin1 in adult and embryonic tissues have been observed including bone marrow, peripheral blood lymphocytes, thymus, and heart. Currently, the Ninjurin1 mediated positive regulation of pre-osteoclasts fusion and osteoclast development was reported. The bone homeostasis is dynamically balanced by bone-resorbing activity of osteoclast and bone-forming activity of osteoblast. Until now, the role of Ninjurin1 was never been described in osteoblastogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we have evaluated the expression and function of Ninjurin1 in osteoblast. The ample expression of Ninjurin1 was observed in bone marrow of mouse tibia sections but it was barely expressed in osteocytes. And also the expression levels of Ninjurin1 were gradually increased during osteoblast differentiation of calvarial pre-osteoblast, C2C12, and MC3T3-E1 cells. Importantly, the expression of Ninjurin1 was increased in the absence of osteogenic stimulus, BMP2, which suggests the cell density-dependent regulation of Ninjurin1. The controlled expression of Ninjurin1 by cell-density was evidently shown in not only pre-osteogenic osteoblast lineage cells but also in non-osteogenic cancer cells such as HeLa and A549 cells. In addition, the isoform-specific knockdown of Ninjurin1 remarkably reduced the alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-positive osteoblast differentiation. Thus, our results suggest a previously unappreciated mechanism of Ninjurin1 expression and also suggest its role on osteoblastogenesis.

The vascular origin diseases occurring in the oral and maxillofacial region can be divided into hemangiomas and vascular malformation. They are rare and early lesions are not easy to diagnosis, so they may be misdiagnosed as clinicians, or the method and timing of treatment may be inappropriate. For 10 years, from August 2005 to August 2015, we analyzed the clinical records, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of 23 patients with hemangioma or vascular malformation confirmed by clinical, histopathological or radiological examination of maxillofacial lesions at department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University Dental Hospital. Chief complants of patients were mainly swelling, mass, and spot-like lesion on various intraoral sites. Treatments were performed with excision, embolization, sclerotherapy, depending on each lesions condition. Arteriovenous malformation cases were more frequently recurred than other lesions. Prognosis of lesions were relatively good but close observation should be needed.

목적：Time-resolved 3-Dimensional Phase Contrast(이하 4D flow)는 혈류를 3차원 공간에서 시간에 따라 변화하는 혈류를 측정할 수 있다. 하지만 심장 박동, 호흡 동조 등의 문제로 인해 검사 시간이 길다는 단점이 있고 이로 인해 Signal to Noise Ratio(이하, SNR)가 낮아 영상 후처리 분석에 많은 어려움이 있다. 이와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위해 여러 논문에서 조영제를 넣는 것을 추천하고 있지만, 이에 따른 영향에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 조영제 농도에 따른 SNR 증가를 정량적으로 분석하고, 조영제에 의한 국소적 자기장 불균일이 Phase contrast에 어떠한 영향이 있는지 확인하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법：본 연구는 Water Pump (DPW44-12 Water Pump, AC 220V Adapter)와 3D-printed stenosis model 을 이용하여 In vitro flow phantom system을 제작하였다. 제작한 phantom에 70kg 환자 기준 4.8L의 물을 순환시키면서 4D flow를 획득하였으며 조영제 Gd–DOTA (Gadoterate meglumine, Dotarem, Guerbet, France)를 1.75mmol, 3.5mmol, 4.75mmol, 7mmol/4.8L 희석하였다. 매개 변수로는 TR=10.6ms, NEX=1, FOV=200×200mm, voxel size= 1.5mm×1.5mm× 1.5mm, Temporal resolution=30, VENC=150cm/s이다. 이때, 조영제에 의한 SNR 증가와 Phase 의 변화를 관찰하기 위해 Flip Angle(FA)=5ﾟ, 10ﾟ, 15ﾟ, 20ﾟ로, TE=2.3ms, 4.6ms, 6.9ms, 9.2ms로 나누어 영상을 획득하였다. 결과：구간별 조영제에 의한 SNR 증가 비교결과, 0~1.75mmol 구간에서 FA 5°-116%, FA 10°-77%, FA 15°-65%, FA 20°-64%로 가장 큰 증가 폭을 보였으며 그 이후로는 완만하게 증가하다가 포화하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.01). Multi echo를 이용하여 각 조영제 농도별 Signal intensity를 TE=0ms일 때, 최고값 100%로 환산 후 non-linear square curve fitting 한 결과, R2* value는 0 mmol=0.0769, 1.75 mmol=0.0793, 3.5 mmol=0.0813, 4.75 mmol=0.0826, 그리고 7 mmol=0.0892로 각기 다른 값으로 측정되었다. 결론：4D flow MRI는 조영제 주입 시 SNR을 증가시킬 수 있으나 국소 자기장 불균일로 인한 Phase error를 발생시킬 수 있다. 그러므로 심장 박동, 호흡 동조 등의 문제로 인한 낮은 SNR을 보상하기 위해 소량의 조영제를 사용하는 것은 신호의 증가를 유도할 수 있으나 부정확한 Phase contrast를 발생시킬 수 있으므로 권고하지 않는다.

Squamous odontogenic tumor (SOT) is a relatively rare, benign, small (rarely > 1.5 cm in diameter), but locally infiltrative and occasionally aggressive odontogenic epithelial lesion that appears to have harmatomous and neoplastic characteristics [1]. SOT is often asymptomatic, although it can present with mildly painful gingival swelling or tooth mobility. Radiographically, SOT is usually visualized as an irregularly or triangularly shaped unilocular radiolucency associated with the lateral roots of teeth. We report a case of the squamous odontogenic tumor occurring in a 60-year-old female in the right posterior maxilla with unusual radiographic and clinical appearances.

Background: Spontaneous use of the upper extremities on the affected side of patients with stroke is a meaningful indicator of recovery and may vary by the age or dominant hand of patients. No prior study has reported changes in actual amount of use test (AAUT) and motor activity log (MAL)-28 according to age and handedness in healthy adults, and AAUT inter-rater reliability for assessment of healthy adults. Objects: This study aimed to (1) research the differences in AAUT and MAL-28 according to age and handedness in healthy adults, and (2) determine the inter-rater reliability of the AAUT. Methods: Seventy healthy adults participated in this study. The MAL-28 was assessed by dividing 61 subjects into young right-handed (n1=20), young left-handed (n2=21), and older right-handed (n3=20) groups. The AAUT was assessed by dividing 63 subjects into young right-handed (n1=25), young left-handed (n2=18), and older right-handed (n3=20) groups. Student’s t-test and the Wilcoxon signedrank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The Amount of Use (AOU) scale values for each group showed no significant differences between age groups and handedness groups in the MAL-28 (p>.05). The AAUT AOU scale value showed significant differences regarding dominant handedness in the AAUT (p<.05), but no significant differences according to age (p>.05). (2) Inter-rater reliability of the AAUT was excellent, except few items (item 9, 11, and 12). Conclusion: Although both the MAL-28 and the AAUT measured how much participants used their dominant arms in healthy subjects, the AAUT only showed significantly higher dominant arm use in left hander than the right hander. In addition, the inter-rater reliability of the AAUT was excellent. Current results can be utilized as a basic information when clinicians develop rehabilitation strategies, and AAUT was shown to be a reliable evaluation tool for measurement of upper extremity use in Korean adults, based on the reliability demonstrated by this study.

59세 여자가 복부 통증을 주소로 내원하였다. 복부 전산화 단층촬영에서 담관 결석이 의심되는 병변이 발견되었다. 내시경역행담췌관조영술을 하는 중에 간디스토마 성충이 배출되었다. 대변과 혈청에서 간디스토마 충란과 항체가 각각 발견되어 간디스토마 감염증으로 진단하였다. 내시경 시술과 구충제를 복용 후 증상은 서서히 호전되었다. 환자는 간디스토마 비유행지역에 거주하였고 날 것이나 덜 익힌 민물생선을 섭취한 기왕력이 없었다. 대한민국은 간디스토마 유행지역에 속하며 사람들은 조리기구 등을 통한 간접 접촉을 통해서 감염될 수 있다. 그러므로 대한민국에서 담관 질환이 있는 환자들을 진료할 때 간디스토마 감염의 가능성을 고려하여야 한다. 우리는 문헌고찰과 함께 임상 증례를 보고한다.

Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), also known as keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), is an emerging odontogenic tumor originating from the dental lamina. It is an aggressive lesion with a squamous epithelium and a recurrence rate of 15-35%.1 Radiologically, there is a clear, smooth, or shell-like border showing a unilocular or multifocal, polycystic radiographic picture. Hard tissue formation in OKC is a very rare phenomenon and occurs in the form of dystrophic calcification, cartilaginous tissue or dentinoid.2 In this article, we report the case of OKC with calcification. OKC with radiopaque lesion is very rare, these are considered as dystrophic calcification, dentinoid formation, ossification. The incidence of dystrophic calcification in recurrent OKC is low, so it can be inferred that the recurrence rate of OKC with dystrophic calcification is lower than that of conventional OKC.

Background: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant epithelial tumor of the salivary gland in the oral cavity. In South Korea, it occurs most frequently in the palate, retromolar area, floor of the mouth, buccal mucosa, and other areas of the oral cavity. MEC is rare in children and adolescents under 20 years of age, but it is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor in this group. Reconstructive surgery is often required due to cystic lesions or resection of malignancy in the oral cavity. Buccal fat pad (BFP) is a flap that is reliable and suitable for reconstructing oral defects because it has a low complication rate and small volume change over time. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 12-year-old female patient with low-grade MEC on light soft palate with no neck metastasis. After tumor resection the palatal mucosal defect was reconstructed with a BFP flap. Conclusion: The purpose of this article is to discuss the features and treatment methods of MEC that is rarely occurring in children, and the usefulness of BFP for reconstruction. Therefore, we will make a precise diagnosis and treatment as we examine the clinical feature and review the literature.

이 논문은 첫째, 明末 전후의 진보적인 儒者는 ‘治生’을 긍정적으로 바라보았고, 심지어 치생이 ‘財富의 분배(증여)’와 상반되는 것이 아니라 증여를 실천할 바탕이라고 인식했음을 밝힌다. 그리고 명말의 단편소설집『三言二拍』의 작가 ― 馮夢龍과 凌濛初는 그들의 저술 목적 이 敎化에 있고 通俗적 수단을 지향한다고 했는데, 이러한 의식 기저에는 ‘치생’ 욕구와 ‘증여’ 의식이 함께 교차함을 밝혔다. 둘째, 그러한 치생과 증여의 의식이 『삼언이박』에서 문학 적으로 형상화되어서 배려, 구원, 적선, 환원 등의 다양한 ‘증여’ 서사가 펼쳐짐을 밝힌다. 아울러 여러 ‘증여’ 서사를 지배하는 의식의 기저를 규명하여 재부의 축적과 재분배가 어떻게 문학적으로 담론되는지를 밝혔다.

This study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment in stage 2 medication related osteonecrosis of jaw(MRONJ) patients. Retrospective analysis was performed about patients who were treated with medication related osteonecrosis of jaw from 2015 to 2017. 25 Patients were treated by a single surgeon at the Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Hospital, Pusan National University. The treatment methods they received were conservative or surgical. The results of treatment were classified as "fail" and "success" and the prognosis according to the treatment method was compared. Conservative treatment 14.29% (2 cases), sequestrectomy 64.29% (9 cases) and saucerization 21.43% (3 cases) were performed in the MRONJ group, and 2 treatment failures were encountered after conservative treatment and 1 after saucerization. Surgical treatment resulted in better outcomes in stage 2 MRONJ patients. Furthermore, treatments were deemed successful when surrounding necrotic bone containing sequestrum was reliably removed. Therefore, this study suggests that the treatment of "stage 2" MRONJ should actively consider surgical treatment.

Autophagy is recently receiving the spotlight as the development strategy for promising anticancer drugs. In particular, the majority of anticancer drugs originating from natural products are known to induce autophagy. Saururus chinensis has been used for treating various inflammatory diseases. Recent research has revealed that the extract of Saururus chinensis possess cytotoxicity for various types of human cancer cells. However, the exact action mechanism of Saururus chinensis extract for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been studied yet. Therefore, the authors of this research aim to study the effect of methanol extract of S. chinensis (MESC) on OSCC cells. To observe the cell proliferation inhibitory effect of MESC on HSC3 cells, the authors conducted the trypan blue exclusion assay. Also, the action mechanism of MESC was studied by conducting the cell cycle analysis, acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) staining and flow cytometry analysis, monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, propidium iodide staining, and Western blotting on MESC-treated HSC3 cells. When HSC3 cells were treated in MESC, the cell proliferation was suppressed in time-dependent and dose-dependent manners. Also, the number of sub-G1 arrested cells increased in a dose-dependent manner. MDC punctate and AVO puncta significantly increased respectively. Western blot analysis demonstrated the expression of autophagy-related proteins increased, but apoptotic proteins were not observed. Also, the pAkt protein was reduced, while the p-p38 protein and pERK protein increased. According to our results, MESC induced autophagy and accompanied changes in the cell cycle in HSC3 cells. Also, the alteration in Akt, ERK, and p38 pathways were confirmed. This result suggested the possibility of MESC as the new promising adjuvant for treating OSCC patients.

본 연구는 2017년 4월부터 10월까지 북한강 수계 3개의 연속댐 (의암호 (UA), 청평호 (CP), 팔당호 (PD))의 미소생물 군집과 이취미 농도와 관계를 알아보기 위해 환경요인, 이취미 물질, 미소생물 군집 등을 조사하였다. 3개 저수지의 박테리아 군집은 주로 Actinobacteria와 Betaproteobacteria가 우점 분류군으로 나타났으며, 계절성은 나타나지 않았다. 식물플랑크톤 군집은 봄철, 규조류 및 은편모조류 여름철 남조류, 가을철 규조류 및 은편모조류 순서로 우점하는 계절성을 보였으며, 북한강 수계에서 출현한 남조류는 Dolichospermum spp., Microcystis aeruginosa, Pseudanabaena spp. 속이 우점 출현하였다. 북한강 수계에 출현한 미소생물 중 이취미 물질을 발생하는 분류군은 Actinobacteria와 남조 Anabaena, Pseudanabaena 속 등이며, 이취미 물질인 Geosmin과 2-MIB가 높게 나타났을 때, 높은 현존량으로 출현하였다. 미소생물과 이취미 물질의 상관관계는 Actinobacteria의 경우 2-MIB (r=0.491, p<0.01)와 유의한 상관성을 나타냈으며, 남조류의 경우 geosmin (r=0.381, p<0.05), 2-MIB (r=0.386, p<0.05)와 유의한 상관성을 나타냈다. 따라서, 북한강 수계에서 나타나는 이취미 물질은 Actinobacteria 및 남조류의 출현과 직접적인 관계가 있을 것으로 사료되며, 남조류 미출현 시 발생하는 높은 농도의 이취미 물질은 Actinobacteria가 생성하는 것으로 판단된다.

Natural products are vastly utilized as a source of chemotherapeutic agents for human cancers. Kochia scopraia is traditionally used for the cure of urological and dermatological diseases. Recently, methanol extract of Kochia scoparia (MEKS) has been shown to have anti-cancer activity to various human cancers. However, there is no report demonstrating the anti-cancer activity of MEKS in human mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) cells. In this study, the authors studied the effects of MEKS on the cell proliferation and underlying mechanism in YD15 human MEC cells. MEKS decreased YD15 cell proliferation proven by trypan blue exclusion assay and induced apoptosis, evidenced by cell cycle analysis and western blotting. Autophagy induction by MEKS was verified by western blotting. In addition, MEKS regulated the expression of phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated p38 and Nrf2 protein. This results can imply that MEKS might be a potential candidate for the treatment of human MEC cells.