As consumers take greater control over products and brands they consume, electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) and user-generated content (UGC) are now being considered as one of the most critical product sources for consumers. Most notable in recent years has been the widespread emergence of eWOM in social media. The proliferation of a variety of social networking sites (SNSs), propelled by the development of mobile technologies (e.g., smartphones), has allowed consumers to share, more quickly and easily than ever before, product information, reviews, and consumption experiences. Perhaps one of the newest and most effective ways to communicate brand information and experiences in digital environments is the ‘brand-selfie.’ Every day, millions of selfies (i.e., a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically with a smartphone or webcam and shared via social media) are taken and then posted on a variety of SNSs all over the world, providing people the opportunity to show multiple facets of the self (Bazarova et al., 2013). Further, there are consumers who voluntarily post selfies with brands/products they possess (so called brand-selfies) and brand-related hashtags (e.g., your #brand). Through brand-selfies, consumers not only express themselves by connecting with and extending through brands, but also influence peer consumers’ brand attitudes and purchase decisions by sharing brand information. In order to better understand how the selfie can succeed on SNSs as a new form of eWOM, in the present study, we attempt to identify key predictive variables that may lead consumers to post brand-selfies and engage eWOM in social media. We do so by comparing how such variables differ between those who post brand-selfies and those who do not. Specifically, this study examines whether brand-selfie-posting behavior is influenced by two individual difference factors (i.e., narcissism and materialism), and whether it is associated with consumers’ beliefs that SNSs are brand/product information sources. Using a survey administered by an online panel, a total of 305 participants who had had the experience of taking and posting selfies on SNSs participated. Discriminant analysis identified the characteristics of consumers who post brand-selfies, and those who do not. Findings suggest that narcissism, materialism, and belief that SNSs are a brand/productinformation source are significant factors in stimulating SNS users’ brand-selfie posting behaviors, and that they could be used to differentiate between brand-selfie posters and no-brand-selfie posters. Of these factors, consumers’ perceptions of SNSs as a source of brand/product information best predicted brand-selfie posting behaviors, followed by materialism and narcissism. Areas for future research are discussed.

고속도로의 품질 보증을 위해 사용되는 시방서에는 크게 두 가지 종류 1) 방법론적 시방서와 2) 공용성 시방서가 있다. 방법론적 시방서는 목표 공용성 달성을 위해 필요한 방법의 기준과 기준의 목표치를 설정 하여 합격/불합격을 결정하는 반면, 공용성 시방서는 어떤 방법을 이용하든 최종 결과물의 품질을 평가하 여 Incentive/Dis-Incentive를 결정하는 방법이다. 방법론적 시방서는 경제적으로 방법의 기준을 맞추기 위해 노력하지만, 공용성 시방서는 시공업체들의 자체 연구를 통한 품질 향상을 기대할 수 있다. 미국의 경우 공용성 시방서는 2012년 오바마 대통령이 최종 사인한 법안인 MAP-21 (Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act)에 의해 법적 근거를 마련하였고, 미국 몇몇 주들(뉴저지, 캘리포니 아, 텍사스, 루이지에나 등)에서 이미 사용하고 있다. 공용성 시방서를 실질적으로 고속도로 현장에 적용하기 위해 요구되어지는 것은 누가나 쉽고 빠르게 공용성 평가할 수 있는 툴을 만드는 것이다. 간단한 시험을 통해 재료의 기본 물성치를 측정하고, 측정된 값을 역학적 재료 모델과 구조해석 프로그램의 입력 값으로 사용하여 공용성을 평가함으로써 어떻게 재료 를 개발해야 하는지와 품질 관리를 할수 있을 것인가에 대한 가이드라인도 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 아 스팔트 재료의 피로균열과 소성변형의 공용성을 평가하기 위해 NCHRP 9-19와 9-29을 통해 개발된 간 단한 시험 장비인 Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT)와 FHWA Hot Mix Asphalt Performance-Related Specification Based on Viscoelastoplastic Continuum Damage Models를 통 해 개발된 모델들과 3D FEM 구조해석 프로그램을 이용하였다. 개발된 모델과 구조해석 프로그램은 미 국, 캐나다, 브라질, 중국, 한국 등의 시험도로를 통해 검증되었다. 공용성 시방서를 현장에 적용하기 위하여 아스팔트 혼합물의 주요 부피 특성들 (Design VMA, Design Air Void, Density)과 공용성과의 관계를 배합 설계 단계에서 파악하였다. 이 관계를 파악하는 것을 공용 성에 근거한 배합 설계라고 하며, 현장에서 역학적 시험 없이 기존의 품질 보증 시방서에서 수행하던 부 피 특성을 측정하는 것으로 공용성을 예측할 수 있다. 골재의 입도가 공용성에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 Bailey Method를 사용하였다. Bailey Method는 골재의 Packing Principle을 이용하여 골재 입 도에 따른 VMA를 예측함으로써 배합설계의 시행착오를 줄일 수 있다. 12.5mm Superpave 고온 아스팔트 혼합물의 공용성에 근거한 배합 설계 결과, 아스팔트 혼합물의 골재 입도를 간접적으로 표현하는 Design VMA가 부피 특성들 (Volumetrics) 중 피로균열과 소성변형 공용성에 미치는 영향이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. Design VMA가 1% 증가할 때, 피로 균열이 73% 감소하고 소성변 형이 32% 증가하였다. 반면, Design Air Void가 1% 증가할 때, 피로균열이 40% 증가하고 소성변형이 22% 감소하였다. 마지막으로 In-Place Air Void (다짐도)가 1% 증가할 때 피로균열이 19% 증가하고 소성변형 또한 10% 증가 하였다. 공용성에 근거한 배합 설계는 Pay Factor와 Incentive/Dis-Incentive 산출에 사용 될 수 있으며 현장에서 아스팔트 혼합물의 부피 특성들을 어떻게 조정해야 하는 가이드라인을 제시 할 수 있다. 마지막으로 공용성에 근거한 배합 설계를 두 개의 아스팔트 층에 적용하여 피로균열과 소성변형의 공 용성이 최적화 될 수 있는 각층의 배합 설계 기준들을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 소개된 공용성에 근거한 배 합설계 방법은 아스팔트 혼합물의 부피 특성을 공용성에 근거하여 어떻게 조정해야 하는지를 다양한 아스팔 트 포장의 구조에 맞게 제시한다. 추후 아스팔트 덧씌우기 (혹은 복합 포장) 공법과 포장의 두께를 산정할 때 근거자료로 활용할 수 있다.

Y2O3–H3BO3:Eu3+ powders are synthesized using a mechanical alloying method, and their photoluminescence (PL) properties are investigated through luminescence spectrophotometry. For samples milled for 300 min, some Y2O3 peaks ([222], [440], and [622]) and amorphous formations are observed. The 300-min-milled mixture annealed at 800°C for 1 h with Eu = 8 mol% has the strongest PL intensity at every temperature increase of 100°C (increasing from 700 to 1200°C in 100°C increments). PL peaks of the powder mixture, as excited by a xenon discharge lamp (20 kW) at 240 nm, are detected at approximately 592 nm (orange light, 5Do → 7F1), 613 nm, 628 nm (red light, 5Do → 7F2), and 650 nm. The PL intensity of powder mixtures milled for 120 min is generally lower than that of powder mixtures milled for 300 min under the same conditions. PL peaks due to YBO3 and Y2O3 are observed for 300-min-milled Y2O3–H3BO3 with Eu = 8 mol% after annealing at 800°C for 1 h.

Noodlesare classified into guksoo (noodle), naengmyeon, dangmyeon, instant fried noodle, pasta, and other noodles in Korean food code. The main ingredients of Asian noodles are wheat, rice, and buckwheat and starches from potato, sweet potato, mung bean and pulses. The people in northeast Asia countries, Korea, China, and Japan have been eaten hand‐elongated and cut noodles, but rice noodles with pregelatinization are most commonly used in the cuisines ofSoutheast Asia. Pasta is made from semolina (durum wheat) by extrusion.For most Japanese and Korean, the preferred textural properties of boiled regular salted noodles are soft and elastic with a smooth surface. Most Chinese, however prefer noodles with firm, elastic, and chewy texture. Rice noodles have not functionality of wheat gluten in forming continuous viscoelastic dough. There are two main methods used for the production of rice noodles: extrusion, which is used to produce vermicelli types; and sheeting of a rice flour batter, which is used to produce sheet and flat noodles. To develop the white salted rice noodle prepared from dry milled rice flour after drying with soaked rice grains, transglutaminase, propylene glycol alginate, adequate water and protein source were added to form gluten‐like network matrix and to entrap starch granules inside of protein matrices. The color and cooking behavior of noodle dough, and texture and sensory test of cooked noodles were investigated. The soy protein, mung bean protein, and silkworm protein helped to form a gluten‐like matrix crosslinked with rice protein. Propylene glycol alginate contributed smooth and elastic texture and reduced the cooking loss, in contrast with gelatinized and extruded rice noodles.

Activated carbons (ACs) were prepared by activation of coal tar pitch (CTP) in the range of 700°C-1000°C for 1-4 h using potassium hydroxide (KOH) powder as the activation agent. The optimal activation conditions were determined to be a CTP/KOH ratio of 1:4, activation temperature of 900°C, and activation time of 3 h. The obtained ACs showed increased pore size distribution in the range of 1 to 2 nm and the highest specific capacitance of 122 F/g in a two-electrode system with an organic electrolyte, as measured by a charge-discharge method in the voltage range of 0-2.7 V. In order to improve the performance of the electric double-layer capacitor electrode, various mixtures of CTP and petroleum pitch (PP) were activated at the optimal activation conditions previously determined for CTP. Although the specific capacitance of AC electrodes prepared from CTP only and the mixtures of CTP and PP was not significantly different at a current density of 1 A/g, the AC electrodes from CTP and PP mixtures showed outstanding specific capacitance at higher current rates. In particular, CTP-PP61 (6:1 mixture) had the highest specific capacitance of 132 F/g, and the specific capacitance remained above 90% at a high current density of 3 A/g. It was found that the high specific capacitance could be attributed to the increased micro-pore volume of ACs with pore sizes from 1 to 2 nm, and the high power density could be attributed to the increased meso-pore volume.

Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens is giving enormous damage to rice production. In this work, virulence of four Beauveria bassiana isolates against brown planthoppers was investigated by applying fungal granules on the water of pots, and we further examined the growth of hypha on the rice plants from the water surcae to explain the insecticidal mode of action. We used Beauveria bassiana (Bb) ERL 836, 1170, 1575 and 1578 isolates, which produced ~2×108 conidia/g of millet grain in a solid culture. Rice seeding was grown in breeding boxes at 28±2℃ for 5 days. Mycotized millet grains were treated on the water in a box at 1 g/box and the rice seeding was infested with 18~25 brown planthopper adults per box. A chemical pesticide and water treatment served as controls. Among the treatments, Bb ERL 836-treated plants had the lowest damage, rather than the other fungal treatments in laboratory assays. Hyphal growth on the stem of rice plants was observed in Petridish conditions under a fluorescent microscopy. This work suggests a possible control of brown planthoppers using entomopathogenic fungi.

This study is intended to examine the tDCS and Morris Water maze training in Alzheimer’s disease(AD) rats on Tau protein expression. Experiment groups were divided into four groups and assigned 16 rats to each group. Group Ⅰ was a control group(AD induced by scopolamine); Group Ⅱ was a experimental control group(AD injured by scopolamine and treatment tacrine); Group Ⅲ was a group of tDCS application after AD injured by scopolamine; Group Ⅳ was a group of morris water maze training after AD injured by scopolamine. In cognition test, the outcome of group Ⅱ was significantly lower than the groups(p<.001). and group Ⅲ, Ⅳ were significantly low result at 14 days(p<.05). In histological finding, the experimental groups were destroy of micro vessels and finding of cell atropy and swelling. Group Ⅲ, Ⅳ were decreased in degeneration of liver and kidney cells. In immuno- histochemistric response of BDNF and tau protein in hippocampus, BDNF expression of Group Ⅱ was more increase than the other groups. and increase of BDNF expression was Ⅲ, Ⅳ were higher than group Ⅰ at 21 days. Tau protein expression of Group Ⅱ was more decrease than the other groups. and decrease of Tau protein expression was Ⅲ, Ⅳ were lower than group Ⅰ at 21 days. These result suggest that improved tDCS and morris water maze training after scopolamine induced is associated with dynamically altered expression of BDNF and Tau protein in hippocampus and that is related with cognitive function.

Mealworms, Tenebrio molitor (L.) is used as an important animal feed additive for growth promotion and health management, but potentially exposes to fungal infection. In this work, virulence of two species of entomopathogenic fungi against the insect, and the relationship between abiotic features and virulence were investigated. Secondly our consideration was also given to the effect of chemical fungicides on conidial germination for risk control. Between Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and Metarhizium roberstii (Mr) (previously M. anisopliae), Bb isolates had much higher virulence (~100% mortality in 3~4 days after the treatment), rather than Mr isolates in laboratory assays. Next, fungus-treated mealworms were kept at wheat bran at 20, 25, 30 and 35℃ with 3, 6, 9 times of water spray to the feeds for set-up of different humidity conditions. Inoculation of fungi to mealworms was conducted by fungal spray and feeding methods, which resulted in higher virulence in feeding method. In the feeding method, all temperature treatments except 35℃ showed high virulence against mealworms, but any significant relationship between virulence and humidity was not observed. In the chemical fungicide screening, fluazinam (CAS No. 79622-59-6) and mancozeb (8018-01-7) significantly inhibited the germination of Bb and Mr conidia. This work suggest that contamination of wheat bran with fungal pathogens, particularly B. bassiana may induce mycosis of mealworms, but introduction of effective fungicides possibly reduce fungal infection.

몇 십년 전만해도, 피해자가 통지를 받고, 출석하여, 진술할 수 있는 법적 권리는 거의 형사사법 체계내에서 없었다. 피해자는 재판 절차 또는 피고인의 체포나 석방에 대해 고지될 필요가 없었으므로, 그들은 재판이나 다른 절차에 출석할 권리가 없었고, 형의 선고나 기타 심리를 위해 법정에서 진술할 권리도 없었다. 더욱이, 피해자 지원 프로그램은 사실상 없는 것이나 마찬가지였다. 그 이후로, 범죄피해자의 법적인 권리를 창설하고 지원하는 프로그램에서 놀라운 진전이 있었다. 오늘날, 캘리포니아와 대부분의 다른 주는 실정법 내에 범죄피해자의 기본적인 권리와 보호를 위한 광범위한 규정체계를 가지고 있다. 피해자 권리규정은 연방, 주, 지방 형사사법제도 차원에서 피해자를 대하는 태도에 중대한 영향을 미쳤다.