Animal companionship is thought to make a positive contribution to health, health behaviors and the general well-being of older people. More specifically companion animal ownership is often proposed as a solution to the problem of loneliness and decreased sociality etc in later life and specific 'companion animal based' interventions have been developed to combat the problems of elderly people. The aim of this paper is to review the association between animal companionship and the problems of elderly people like as the decreased self-esteem and depression by exploring if companion animal ownership is a response to, or protection against, the problems of elderly people. We summarizes and analysis the current literatures about the effects of animal companionships on the self-esteem and depression of elderly people.

Animal therapy uses animals, mostly dogs, to aid in healing patients holistically. Dogs have an overwhelming gratitude and exuberance for life and this effect on people is astounding. Furthermore, animal-facilitated therapy has been researched and its effectiveness on patients’ outcomes and healing is documented, yet it continues to be a standing controversial topic in nursing and health care. With a soaring trend of the incorporation of complementary therapies into the mainstream of health care, animal-facilitated therapy has become a popular interest for the health care team to integrate into a patient’s plan of care. This systematic literature summarizes the current research on the use of animal therapy in several patient populations and provides nursing implications for practice.

Animal-assisted-activity programs are often used in pediatric hospital settings to provide emotional support and diversion, however there is little research about their efficacy. AAA for using insect affect children was examined in this study of 50 elementary school children. Self-reported (self-esteem, sociality and stress) were measured. Self-esteem and sociality rating of the children, and display of positive affect were enhance in the AAA group. This study provides further support to the numerous health benefits of AAA, particularly for children in elementary school.

Canine herpesvirus (CHV) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, which can cause severe hemorrhagic diseases in neonatal pups as well as mild or subclinical respiratory infections in adult dogs. We examined the effects of cold stress on disease progression of CHV, an alphaherpesvirus, in neonatal puppies. Eight puppies were challenged intranasally with CHV suspension and divided into a cold stress treatment group and a hyperthermal group. Four pups were left uninoculated as controls and divided into cold and hyperthermal groups. In the challenged cold treatment group, all pups showed CHV-related disease within 5 days; pathological changes were observed in organs of puppies showing clinical symptoms. Grossly, numerous petechial red foci were scattered throughout lungs, kidneys, livers, and intestines of all CHV-infected puppies exposed to cold stress. Most puppies showed typical clinical signs and macroscopic lesions, and CHV infection was confirmed by isolation of the virus. However, in the challenged hyperthermal group, only one of the pups showed mild symptoms of CHV-induced disease. None of the puppies in the uninoculated group showed abnormal signs, although they were exposed to cold stress. These findings indicate that cold stress can cause rapid disease progression of CHV, an alphaherpesvirus.

Commercial Larva Zophobus atratus is sed as pet food, sold in pet stores under the name‘giant mealworms’. Zophobus atratus is also considered for the human alterative food in the future. In this study, we are aimed to compare the effects of the supplements including agricultural by-product for commercial Larva Zophobas atratus. One hundred Zophobas atratus larvae were divided into group I (wheat bran 100%, N=20), group II (wheat bran 70 % and rice bran 30%), group III (wheat bran 70 % and soybean meal 30%), group IV (wheat bran 70 % and red ginseng meal 30%), group V (wheat bran 70 % and red perilla meal 30%). The body weights of commercial Larva Zophobas atratus were significantly improved in the agricultural by-products supplemented groups. From these results, it is considered that the agricultural by-products were effective for larval growth in Zophobus atratus rearing with alternative diet.

Trap-neuter-return (TNR), also known as trap-test-vaccinate-alter-release (TTVAR), is a method of humanely trapping unaltered feral cats, spaying or neutering them, and returning them to the location where they were collected. TNR is promoted by the some regional province governments as a humane and more effective alternative to euthanasia for managing and reducing feral cat populations. We are aimed to conduct the survey research to evaluate the recognition of status about TNR. We deals with the findings obtained from extensive interviews with a representative sample of 301 persons. The objectives of interviews included 20~50 year-old ages lived in Incheon, Goyang, Seosan, Iksan and Nonsan city. Questions focused on how people were recognized the need and policies of TNR. Questionnaire and technical data are analysed and summarized. As the results of the survey research, the objectives of interviews had poorly understood about the policies of TNR. Conclusionally, the promotions of TNR policies were need. The development of TNR policies were desirable for the establishment of animal welfare.

Cats form social groups in which individuals recognize each other, and the cohesiveness of the group is maintained by a variety of amicable behaviors. We are aimed to provide the available knowledges about the prevention and correction methods for the behavior problems in cats through literature review. As the results, The behavior problems of cats may occur between group members and between group members and non-group members. Within the domestic environment, the behavior problems of cats may become a problem when it is directed at house-mates or humans. Differential diagnosis and treatment of various problems of the behavior problems of cats are discussed.

Many people know the benefits of massage for people, especially if they have had an injury. It can also be a very relaxing experience. It the same way, dogs can benefit from pet massages. The owners can choose to do the massage thyself. Some of the benefits of massaging dogs were included to help him recover after an injury or strain, to be calm an excitable dog, to enhance blood circulation and other body functions, to restore and maintain muscle tone, also taken a chance to bond with dogs, to increase trust, and to provide relaxed effects. We are aimed to provide the available knowledges about the health-beneficial functional massage techniques for the companion dogs through literature review. As the results, we reviewed the massage techniques like as stroking, effleurage, wringing and kneading etc. Massages can improve a number of physical body functions like as blood circulation, gastrointestinal functions, relaxing, muscular stretching, immune activation, human animal bonds in dogs. Also, dog massages could induce the decrease of stress, depression and the palpation of the disease of dogs.

Companion animal is an animal kept primarily for a person's company or protection. The most popular pcompanion animals are noted for their attractive appearances and their loyal or playful personalities. Companion animals commonly provide their owners physical and emotional benefits. Companion animals can give companionship to elderly adults who do not have adequate social interaction with other people. We are aimed to conduct the survey research to evaluate the perception of twenties's interviewers on the companion animals. We deals with the findings obtained from extensive interviews with a representative samples. The objectives of interviews included twenties year-old ages. Questions focused on how interviewers were recognized the perception of companion animals. Questionnaire and technical data are analysed and summarized. As the results of the survey research, the objectives of interviews had positively understood about the perception of companion animals.

This paper is derived from a survey research project investigating consumer attitudes towards organic food as the farm animal welfare. Presents focus group results on consumer perceptions, attitudes and recognition about farm animal welfare. We are aimed to conduct the survey research to evaluate the consumer's perception and demands of the farm animal welfare. We deals with the findings obtained from extensive interviews with a representative samples. The objectives of interviews included 20~60 year-old ages lived in Yongin, Anyang, Gunpo, Ansan, Seosan, Dangjin, Iksan and Jeonju city. Questions focused on how people were recognized the need and policies of farm animal welfare. Questionnaire and technical data are analysed and summarized. As the results of the survey research, the objectives of interviews had poorly understood about the policies of farm animal welfare. Conclusionally, the promotions of farm animal welfare policies were need. The development of farm animal welfare policies were desirable for the establishment of animal welfare.

Registration and identification of companion dos in urban areas is important for the wellbeing of the animals themselves, owner's piece of mind, and to allow city to plan for future community needs. Recently, in Korea, all dogs in urban areas must be registered at the regional city offices. Owners are encouraged to implant microchips in their cats and dogs regardless of age as it ensures these pets can be quickly reunited with the owners after separation. We are aimed to conduct the survey research to evaluate the perception of companion dog's owners on the animal registration policy. We deals with the findings obtained from extensive interviews with a representative samples. The objectives of interviews included 300 owners in Iksan city. Questions focused on how people were recognized the need and policies of animal registration. Questionnaire and technical data are analysed and summarized. As the results of the survey research, the objectives of interviews had well understood about the policies of animal registration. Conclusionally, the promotions of animal registration policies were need. The development of fanimal registration policies were desirable for the establishment of companion animal welfare.

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) causes a life-threatening opportunistic infection. Despite its clinical importance, very few therapeutic drugs against T. gondii are available. Furthermore, these therapeutic regimens are not always suitable for prolonged treatment due to adverse side effects as well as the potential of clinical failure by selecting drug-resistant parasite variants. Dictamnus dasycarpus is known to have many medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fever, and anti-rheumatic activities. In this study, 70% ethanol extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus showed anti-T. gondii effects. Ethanolic extracts of Dictamnus dasycarpus used to treat T. gondii were tested in vitro for their anti-T. gondii activity and cytotoxicity. The selectivity of Dictamnus dasycarpus extract was 7.52, which was higher than that of Sulfadiazine (2.08). We conducted an in vivo animal test to evaluate the anti-T. gondii activity of Dictamnus dasycarpus extract as compared with that of Sulfadiazine. In T. gondii-infected mice, the inhibition rate of Dictamnus dasycarpus extract was high, similar to that of Sulfadiazine. This indicates that Dictamnus dasycarpus extract may be a source of new anti-T. gondii compounds.

Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of swine enzootic pneumonia, a disease that is prevalent in every country where pigs are raised. In this study, we aimed to develop a sensitive and specific PCR assay to detect M. hyopneumoniae in pigs. The suitability of this PCR assay for the detection of mycoplasmal infection was also tested using clinical lung samples from slaughtered pigs. We de- veloped a probe and M. hyopneumoniae-specific primer pairs, MhyoP-F and MhyoP-R, for the new PCR assay based on regions in the Mycoplasma protein P97 gene that are unique to M. hyopneumoniae. The developed PCR as- say was very specific and sensitive for the detection of M. hyopneumoniae. The assay was able to detect the equivalent of 10 pg of target template DNA, which indicates that the assay was very sensitive. In addition, the M. hyopneumoniae PCR assay detected only M. hyopneumoniae and no other Mycoplasma spp. or bacterial species of another genera. Further, the newly developed PCR assay effectively detected M. hyopneumoniae infection in pigs. We suggest that this PCR assay using M. hyopneumoniae-specific primer pairs, MhyoP-F and MhyoP-R, will be useful and effective for monitoring M. hyopneumoniae infection in pigs.