Radish is an important root vegetable in the world, and many cultivars have been developed with various molecular marker systems to identify these cultivars. Recently developed markers for radish cultivar identification require only 11 primer pairs, but they still use conventional PCR with different annealing temperatures and time-consuming gel electrophoresis. To improve the genotyping method, we applied touchdown PCR with 11 primers with M13 tails among 105 radish cultivars. Touchdown PCR successfully generated amplicons in all 11 M13-tailed primers with a condition of annealing temperature starting from 55℃, decreased by 1°C and 33 cycles at 53°C. The 11 M13-tailed primers followed by fragment analysis produced 71 amplicons, which produced more amplicons than gel electrophoresis that produced 23 amplicons. Especially, simple sequence repeats produced more amplicons, 12 on average, than the other marker types. The present study requires less effort and provides more accurate results compared to genotyping using gel electrophoresis. Besides, a database can be established using digitized genotyping results among radish cultivars.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of focus-on-form approach on learning connective ending '-느라고' of Korean language learners. Input enhancement and consciousness raising tasks were applied and compared as an effective way of this grammar instruction among various techniques of focus-on-form approach. The participants in the study are intermediate-level Korean language learners. They were divided into two groups, and teaching activities were provided undertaken based on two different methods. According to the results, significant differences were not found between the two methods, but the upper-level students had higher achievements than the lower-level students. Although no significant difference was found between the input enhancement and consciousness raising tasks, it was found that the focus-on-form approach can be recommended as a way to teach grammar effectively, especially it is effective for upper-level learners.

봉독은 꿀벌의 산란관에서 나오는 독액으로써 멜리틴, 아파민과 같은 여러 펩타 이드 및 효소 등으로 이루어져 있다. 봉독은 신경통, 류마티스, 요통 등에 효과가 좋 다고 알려져 있으며 민간요법으로 사용되어 왔다. 따라서 봉독의 관절염에 대한 효 능을 확인하기 위하여 마우스의 연골세포를 이용하여 연골의 주요성분인 제 2형 콜라겐의 발현을 실험하였다. 연골세포에 TNF-α를 처리하여 제 2형 콜라겐의 감 소를 유도한 다음 봉독을 처리하여 RT-PCR로 확인한 결과 TNF-α에 의해 감소된 제 2형 콜라겐이 봉독에 의해 다시 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 봉독의 주요성분 인 멜리틴과 아파민을 처리하여 확인한 결과 멜리틴이 감소된 제 2형 콜라겐을 다 시 증가 시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 효능이 콜라겐 분해효소인 MMP-1과 MMP-8에 의한 것인지 western blot assay를 수행하였다. 그 결과 봉독과 멜리틴이 MMP-1과 MMP-8을 모두 감소시켰으며 이는 MMP-1과 MMP-2의 전사인자인 NF-kB 및 AP-1의 세포핵으로 이동을 억제함으로써 나타난 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과를 통하여 봉독의 제 2형 콜라겐 감소는 MMP 조절에 의한 것이며 멜리틴 의 효과에 기의 한 것임을 알 수 있다. 또한 봉독의 제 2형 콜라겐 재생 효능은 관절 염 치료와 밀접한 관련이 있을 것이라 사료된다.

Six Sigma is widely recognized as a process improvement methodology. In these days, many organizations today are considering how to choose six sigma project. Th is study is to provide six sigma project selection criteria by comparing public corporate with

This paper suggest the methods when we solve problems by TRIZ before grasp of customer needs by Kano model. Recently, many companies are very interested in TRIZ such as Six Sigma. Especially, the company commences to use TRIZ for solving a lot of problems in which occur by products and services. But It will be happen a lot of time and costs to solve all problems completely. Finally, This paper helps more effective problem definition to avail Kano model for reducing time and costs at solving problems by TRIZ.

약용식물로부터 항균활성소재를 ethanol로 추출하고, 각 추출물의 시설원예산물에 대한 선도유지제로서의 기능과 효능을 입증하기 위하여, 변패된 시설원예산물에서 분리된 Bacillus cereus, Corynebacterium xerosis, Pseudomonas syringae 및 Enterobacter aerogenes를 공시균주로 사용하여 항균성을 실험한 결과, 호장, 정향, 치자, 황금, 적작약, 결명자 등에서 항균성을 확인하였고, 여기에서