The purpose of this study was to analyze water treatment characteristics, including the efficiency of removing algae from water purification plants, by installing a demonstration facility for decontamination of algae, including natural algae remover injection equipment, in the water purification plant. Jar-test showed that the optimum injection of natural decontaminant was 20 mg/L. Of the water contaminant treatment efficiency of the intake and water purification plants, Chl-a averaged 74.0% elimination efficiency from 5.0 mg/m3 to 1.3 mg/m3 and the maximum treatment efficiency was 91.5% removal efficiency when the inflow concentration of Chl-a was 11.8 mg/m3. In addition, 51.2% and 47.1% of the taste and odor indicator items, geosmin and 2-MIB, resulted from the overgrowth and decaying of algae, respectively, to identify toxic substances and odor reduction effects. In addition, elimination efficiencies of SS and Turbidity materials were higher than 70.0%. In the injection of natural algae remover, no effects such as sudden changes in water quality due to secondary reactions were found, and appropriate levels were maintained under water treatment conditions.

Polyphenylene sulfide(PPS) is a hydrocarbon polymer which has resistance to heat, chemicals and generality due to its low cost. To produce cationic exchange polymer, PPS was blended with sulfonation process and Polyvinylidenedifluoride(PVdF) was also applied for membrane-flexibility. After production of sulfonated-PPS (sPPS)/PVdf blend membrane, membrane property evaluation is concomitant. Water uptake and Dimensional change were highly enhanced by the incorporation of PVdF in blend membrane. Also stability of sPPS/PVdF blend membrane in VO2+ solution was highly improved. When the amount of PVdF is increasing, however, proton conductivity shows a slightly downward tendency. Consequently, the optimization of PVdF Content in sPPS/PVdf blend membrane is an important factor for the realization of VRFB system.

An advanced organic-inorganic polymer composite membranes are synthesized to enhance chemical stability for the application of unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs). In order to improve chemical stability of polymer membrane, organic polymer is composed with inorganic materials for long-term operation of URFC. By addition of inorganic polymer, chemical stability of polymer membrane has highly increased. However, higher concentration of inorganic particles may lead to brittleness in polymer membrane. Therefore, the optimization of inorganic materials in polymer membrane is a crucial for the preparation of polymer membrane with high chemical stability in URFC.

An advanced organic-inorganic composite membrane is investigated to enhance mechanical and chemical stability of membrane for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). In order to improve chemical and mechanical stability of membrane, organic polymer is composed with inorganic material for VRFB. The inorganic material can be used as anti-oxidant for improving membrane chemical stability during long-term operation of VRFB. However, higher concentration of inorganic particles increased the hydrophobicity which may make membranes brittle. Therefore, the optimization of inorganic materials in polymer membrane is carried out for the application VRFB.

PS-N-heterocyclic carbene-metal catalysts were prepared using chloromethyl polystrene bead via two-step reaction. For the preparation of novel catalyst, imiazolium chloride salt provided ionic liquid moitery. The formation of metal complex with the polymer-supported N-heterocyclic carbene ligand was analyzed by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and EDX the reaction possibility was founded by viscosity measurement.

Development of high temperature polymer electrolyte membranes (HT-PEM) in the fuel cell vehicles is investigated in this study. At first, the issues in HT-PEM mainly are dealt with the limitation of fluorinated and sulfonated membranes. Perovskite oxide-type structures functionalized with ligands via coordination chemistry are also emphasized in this study. Potential features of these membranes, including high proton conductivity, hydration of the membranes, and relatively low cost are discussed. The drawbacks of membranes modified with various organic and inorganic materials are also emphasized. The possibility of achieving significant increases in the proton transfer, and hydration of perovskite oxide–organic polymer membranes for use above 100℃ is deeply discussed. Modification of HT-PEM may confer remarkable properties for vehicles with environment friendly.

The alternative advanced lead-acid battery is one of the promising ultrabattery. The lead-carbon battery is also reusable battery consisted of positive electrodes, negative electrode and Electrolyte. Currently, numerous research efforts are performing on activated carbon used as the novel cathode materials. In this study, we have used graphite sheet coated P60 carbon as a cathode material. Graphite electrode is different form used in the normal lead-carbon batteries. It will be expected to increase the conductivity and weigh light. Through charge-discharge experiment and EIS, battery performance analysis were compared with grid form negative electrode. After that, SEM, RAMAN and XRD analyses were studied.

A novel cation exchange membrane consisting of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) was prepared for the application of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). PVDF used as supporter has considerably high mechanical strength and an intrinsic hydrophobicity. For the successful preparation of the membrane, PVDF powders were modified by potassium hydroxide, which increased the hydrophilicity of PVDF powders. Modified PVDF were grafted with styrene sulfonic acid (SSA) using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiative. The cross-sectional morphology and structure of PVDF/SSA was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FT-IR. The membrane was characterized by water uptake, dimensional change, ion conductivity and ion exchange capacity (IEC) and cell performance of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) with Nafion 212.

Composite membranes are prepared by sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) / poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) / urethane acrylate non-ionomer (UAN) for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). To make sPEEK and PVdF compatible each other, amphiphilic polymer, UAN, is introduced into the composite membrane. By increasing the content of UAN, proton conductivity increases, while permeability decreases, therefore, the selectivity increases. This is attributed to improved compatibility in the composite membrane, which is confirmed by analyzing morphology on its cross-section. The performance of these VRFBs is better than that of VRFB including Nafion 212 due to high selectivity. Based on these results, it is revealed that composite membrane is useful for enhancement in VRFB performance.

대부분의 마을 급수 시설의 오염원은 수질 항목의 일부분만이 기준치를 초과하고 있는 실정이므로, 이에 따라 각 오염원에 부합되는 정수처리 공정을 모듈별로 공정화 하여 효율적으로 대처하고자 연구를 진행 하였다. 흡착 모듈의 경우 흡착 메카니즘을 통한 기능성 여재를 적용 중금속을 제거하며, 이온교환모듈은 수지를 통해 이온성 물질을 제거. 막 모듈은Membrane을 채용, 부유물질 등을 제거한다. 소독 모듈은 염소 및 자외선을 통해 세균류를 제거한다. 이러한 설비를 조합하여 사용, 급수시설에서 발생하는 오염물질을 선택적으로 대처한다. 상기 연구 결과를 바탕으로 소규모 마을 급수 시설 혹은 마을 상수도에 모듈별 정수장치를 적용하여, 노후 시설 및 낙후된 지역의 물 복지 실현에 한 단계 앞서 갈 것으로 사료 된다.

In order to investigate the effective pretreatment methods in WAS(=waste activated sludge) solubilization, the values of SCOD yield per unit SS (SCOD/gSS.hr) were compared. After the hydrodynamic cavitation with pH of 12.5, SCOD increased to 7800 mg/L, SS decreased to 45 % and the solubilization rate was 29 %. Combination of alkality (pH 12.5) and the cavitation seems to be the optimal condition for sludge solubilization. After the cavitational pretreatment, efficiencies of anaerobic digestion of the unfiltered sludge(the control), raw sludge and pretreated sludge were evaluated with BMP(=biochemical methane potential) tests.For evaluation of the biodegradability characteristics of pretreated sewage sludge, the methane production has been measured for 6 months. The methane production of pretreated sludge increased 1.4 times than that of untreated sludge. The result indicates that the cavitationally pretreated sludge was a better biodegradability substrate in anaerobic condition compared to raw sludge. It is obvious that cavitational pretreatment could enhance not only solubilization but also biodegradability of WAS. In conclusion, cavitational pretreatment of WAS to convert the particulate into soluble portion was shown to be effective in enhancing the digestibility of the WAS.

Aluminum oxide 지지체를 사용하여 루테늄 촉매가 개발되었고, 이 루테늄 촉매는 수중에서 일차 아민또는 니트릴을 기질로 하여 일차 아미드 합성에 적용되었다. 방향족, 비활성화 된 지방족, 환 모양의 헤테로 원자 등의 다양한 기질들의 아민 또는 니트릴이 최종 생산물인 일차 아미드로 높은 수율을 보이며전환되었다. 그리고 이 반응들에서 산 또는 염기와 같은 첨가물이나 일반적인 산화제 등의 도움없이 반응이 수중에서 진행되었다. 사용된 촉매는불균일 촉매임이 분명하였고, 그 촉매는 단순여과에 의해metal-leaching 없이 회수되었으며, 회수된 촉매는 촉매 성능의 변화없이 여러 번 재사용되었다.

In order to provide information of genetic variants for Haptoglobin (Hp) gene, which may be related to weight traits in pig, a total of 235 animals from National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) were screened with 3 primers. The primer sequences were selected using the porcine cDNA sequences based on NM_214000, and the exon boundaries were estimated. Genetic variants were observed using direct sequencing analysis, and there were 9 SNPs detected at nucleotide positions 503 (A/G), 509 (A/G), 709 (C/T), 734 (C/A), 742 (G/A), 769 (A/G), 840 (C/T), 876 (C/T) and 882 (C/A). All the SNPs were located in coding regions, and mutations caused amino acid changes at nucleotide positions 503, 509, 734, 742 and 769. Allele frequencies of SNPs were estimated for all segments. The SNPs at nucleotide position 509 (p<0.0001) and 734 (p<0.05) were significantly associated with average daily gain, but no significance was observed with other SNPs. From the results, the identified SNPs may be a useful candidate marker for the porcine weight gain traits.

한우에서 도축 전 혈청 호르몬 및 혈액 성분의 농도 변화가 거세우와 비거세우에서 공통적으로 나타난 현상은 도축 2개월 전에서 수송 직전 사이에 cortisol과 creatinine이 증가하였고 calcium은 감소하였다. 수송 직전에 비해 수송 직후에는 IGF-1 농도가 감소하였으나 수송 직전에 비해 도축 시에는 IP농도가 감소했다. 혈청 호르몬 및 대사 물질들에서 도축 2개월 전, 수송 직전, 수송 직후 및 도축시 혈청들 간의 상관 관계는 도축 2개월

This paper is to discuss the supernatural ecstasy in the “Supernatural Songs”. When focusing his poetry on the physical, Yeats turned his attention more and more toward the East. While seizing upon an increasingly physical and sexual emphasis, Yeats's secular spiritualism moved in an Eastern, monistic direction. As far as he was concerned, sexual spirituality was much more compatible with indian spirituality. To embody these instincts and passions, he posited a mythical character by the name of Ribh as the cental character of the “Supernatural Songs”. He tried to display a transcendental ecstasy. He associated early Christian Ireland with India. He described the fictional character of Ribh as an early Christian hermit, who is ninety years old. In the East, Yeats found a propensity toward unity of being that would underscore the essential unity of flesh and spirit so necessary to his thought. The “Supernatural Songs” thus brought together an Eastern amalgamation of Christianity and Asian religiosity, merging the supernatural-spiritual with the natural-physical. Yeats espoused tantric sex, a form of Kundalini, with its emphasis on self and the sexual act as the way to spiritual energy and fulfillment. The word Kundalini means coil, which Yeats reflects in the serpent imagery. In conclusion, Yeats found an imaginative way whereby he was able to fuse the spiritual with the physical in the “Supernatural Songs”. This secular spirituality allowed Yeats the sexual freedom he sought for. The intense moment of climax is that conflagration in which all antinomies are resolved, time stands still, and natural bonds with supernatural. His emphasis on unity of being is compatible with an Eastern worldview, which merges all into a monistic unity. Indeed, poetry itself is in Yeats's mind an imaginative alchemy, the transmutation of life into art, a fusing of the spiritual with the material.

축산연구소에서 사육중인 비거세우와 거세우를 대상으로 혈청내에 있는 호르몬 및 대사물질 농도가 채혈시기, 사육지역, 거세 여부 등에 따라 어떻게 변하며 경제형질과 어느 정도 상관이 있는지 그리고 이들에 대한 유전변이의 크기는 어느 정도이며 이들의 유전상관계수는 어느 정도인지를 파악하기 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다 1. 혈청 호르몬 및 대사물질의 분산분석 결과 testosterone과 globulin을 제외한 나머지 혈청성분은 사육지역에 따라 차이가 있었고

혈액성분과 경제형질들 간의 상관관계를 규명하는 일은 한우의 능력을 예측하고 예견되는 능력에 맞추어 사양관리와 판매처를 결정할 수 있고, 기존의 종축선발 체계와 결합시킴으로서 선발의 정확도를 향상시킬 수 있는 효과를 기대할 수 있으므로 나름대로 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 본 연구는 축산기술연구소에서 사육하고 있는 한우 866두의 혈액 중 호르몬과 대사물질을 분석하여 혈액성분과 경제형질과의 표현형 상관관계를 분석하고 혈액 내 유용한 생리적인 형질을 발굴하여 능

This experiment was carried out to clarify the pedigree identification from blood typing of 301 Hoisteins in National Animal Breeding Institute(N.A.B.I.). Twenty kinds of standard reagent standardized by Insternational Society for Animal Blood Group Research provied from KNC improvement center, N, L, C, F. were used as the reference reagents in this study. The highest frequency of antigenic facfors was obtained from Xin blood typing of 301 Holsteins. The frequency of X was 0.714.In A blood system, four kinds of phenogroups were observed. The gene frequencies of Al and Z' phenogroups were equally 0.027.This frequency was greatly lower than those of breeds of Southern European and Zebu cattle. In B blood Systern, nineteen kinds of blood type were appeared. The appearance frequency of Gx blood type was 0.259, whish was higher than the others. In C blood system, thirty kinds of blood type were observed. The appearance frequency of X blood type was the highest(0.189). In F blood system, three kinds of alleles were detected. The gene frequency of F allele was higher than that of V(0.105). However, the frequency of F allele(0.327) was greatly lower than that of "- /- " allele. In S blood system, twelve kinds of blood type were appeared and showed sirnilar appearance frequencies except " - / - " allele. From the results of the pedigree identification from 8 sires and 28 progenies of them, the accuracy of pedigree identification was 92.9%.ification was 92.9%.