Korea's facility horticultural heating costs account for a high proportion. Therefore, it is the most important factor to consider in greenhouse construction. It is important to assess the heating load of greenhouses. But there is not much data from the weather station. This study determined the heating load for each segmented area using the spatial correction method. The heating degeneration calculated from standard weather data (AHDH and BHDH) and total weather data (CHDH and DHDH) is consistent. However, there was a big difference between AHDH and DHDH. Therefore, the updated heating load data for each region is needed. Each of the four types of set temperatures (8℃, 12℃, 16℃, 20℃) was provided, and the heating temperature setpoint (℃) for each region of 168 cities and counties was presented. As a result of the analysis, the reliability of about 99% was confirmed in most of the regions suggested in this study. By using the calculated heating load for each region, it is possible to predict and utilize energy consumption and management costs.

This study was conducted to apply with an air duct for the cooling and a utilizing cultivating method that uses the fruiting node and the defoliation to the high-temperature vertical and hydroponic cultivation of the oriental melon. The lower fruiting node (LF) was to remove all third vines generated from 5 nodes of a secondary vine. The higher fruiting node (HF) was fruiting on the third vine generated from a first node of the third vine. The direction of the stem string; upward (UW), downward (DW). Four treatment conditions were applied with the LF-UW, LF-DW, HF-UW (control), and HF-DW. The leaf age of melon leaves was measured for photosynthesis at 3 days intervals, and the fruit characteristic was conducted on 79 fruits in each treatment. The photosynthesis rate steadily increased after leaf development, reaching 20.8 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 10 days, gradually increasing to 21.3 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 19 days, and reaching 23.4 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 32 days. After that, it lowered to 16.8 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 38 days and dropped significantly to 7.6 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 47 days. As a result of the fruit characteristics by fruiting nodes, the treatments of the fruit length was 12.6-13.4 cm, respectively, which was significant, and the fruit width was 7.9- 8.6 cm, respectively, was not significant. The soluble content ranged from 12.9 to 15.7°Brix, and the significance of all treatments, and higher than of LF-DW and HF-UW. The photosynthesis rate of melon leaves was good until 32 days after leaf development, but after that, the rate decreased. As for fruit quality, it was conformed that melons can be cultivated at the LF because the fruit enlargement and soluble content dose not decrease even when set at the LF. Results indicated that those can be used for LF and defoliation in the development of vertical and hydroponic cultivation method in high-temperature season.

생물환경조절학회지 31권 3호에 게재된 논문의 재료 및 방법의 양액 정보가 잘못 기재되어 있어 바로 잡습니다.

본 연구에서는 양액재배 시 발생되는 폐양액의 적절한 농업 적 이용방안을 강구하기 위해 폐양액의 비료 효과시험, 토양 컬럼 시험, 그리고 작물 재배시험을 수행하였다. 폐양액의 비 료 효과시험은 무기질소를 기준으로 질소비료와 폐양액의 토 양 처리에 따른 열무의 생육특성과 토양의 화학적 특성을 조 사하였다. 폐양액 비료 효과시험과 작물 재배시험을 위한 토양에 대한 폐양액의 처리는 무처리; A, 질소비료 100%; B, 질 소비료 70%+폐양액 30%; C, 질소비료 50%+폐양액 50%; D, 질소비료 30%+폐양액 70%; E 총 5개 처리구로 하였다. 토양컬럼 시험을 위한 토양에 대한 폐양액의 처리는 무처리, 질 소비료 100%, 폐양액 50%+질소비료 50% 3개 처리구로 하 였다. 폐양액의 화학성은 pH 6.0, EC 2.4dS·m-1, 총인(T-P) 28mg·L-1, 암모늄태 질소(NH4-N) 5.0mg·L-1, 질산태 질소 (NO3-N) 301mg·L-1로 나타났다. 토양의 화학성은 pH 5.51, EC 0.31dS·m-1, 유기물 2.08g·kg-1, 질산태 질소 9.64mg·kg-1, 암모늄태 질소 3.20mg·kg-1으로 나타났다. 질소비료 50% 이 하와 폐양액 50% 이상의 비율이 열무 생육에 효과가 높은 것 으로 나타났다. 폐양액을 질소비료와 함께 혼합하여 적용한 C-E 처리구에서 토양의 이화학성은 질소비료만을 적용한 B 처 리구와 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 토양컬럼 시험 결과 질소비료 100%와 폐양액 50%+질산비료 50% 처리구의 NO3 와 NH4의 농도는 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 폐양액을 화 학비료의 표준시비량을 기준으로 이용하여 토양에 처리하면 토양 내 질소 성분의 이동과 주변의 영향은 일반 화학비료와 유 사하게 나타나는 것으로 판단된다. 열무 토경재배에 폐양액과 질소비료를 혼합하여 사용하면 폐양액의 재이용으로 환경적 부담도 줄일 수 있고, 질소비료의 사용량도 줄일 수 있어 농가에 경제적 부담 감소와 열무 생산량 증대 효과도 기대할 수 있다.

본 연구는 딸기재배시 전용 고설베드를 사용하지 않고, 일 반 수경재배 시설을 이용하여 코이어 배지를 베드에 올려 재 배하는 방법을 구명하기 위해서 실시하였다. 토마토나 파프 리카를 재배하는 시설재배 베드에 코이어의 칩과 더스트 비율 이 5:5인 코이어 배지 1겹 처리(높이 10cm; A), 2겹으로 쌓은 처리(높이 20cm; B), 코이어의 칩과 더스트 비율이 7:3인 코 이어 배지 1겹 처리(높이 15cm; C)와 대조구로는 딸기 전용 플라스틱 화분(Control) 처리구로 하였다. 생육특성은 코이 어 배지 높이별로는 유의성이 없었고, 플라스틱 화분에서 재 배한 것이 작은 경향을 보였다. 딸기 잎의 광합성율은 처리별 로 14.68－15.76μmol CO2·m-2·s-1로 통계적인 유의성은 없 었고, 뿌리의 근활력은 배지 용량이 컸던 C와 B 처리구가 A 처리구와 대조구보다는 높은 것으로 나타났다. 과장과 과폭 은 각각 4.04－4.13cm와 3.26－3.34cm로 통계적인 유의성 이 없었고, 과장과 과폭 비율은 대조구가 1.27로 A－C 처리 구의 1.23－1.24보다 뾰쪽한 형태이었다. 딸기 1주당 수확과 수는 C 처리구가 4.4개로 가장 적었고, 대조구, A, B 처리구의 6.2－6.5개로 처리간 유의성은 없었다. 상품수량 과수는 A 처 리구가 74개로 가장 많았고, C 처리구가 53개로 가장 적었으 며, 1주당 수량은 A 처리구가 72.38g으로 가장 컸고, C 처리 구가 48.69g으로 가장 작았다. 이와 같은 결과는 딸기재배 시 전용재배 시설을 설치하지 않고, 기존의 토마토나 파프리카 수경재배 시설에서 코이어 배지를 활용하여 딸기재배를 할 수 있다는 것을 나타낸다. 다만 C 처리구에서 수량이 감소한 것 은 칩과 더스트 비율이 7:3으로, A와 B 처리구의 칩과 더스트 비율이 5:5와 다른 것이 원인으로 추정되며 칩과 더스트 비율 에 따른 추가 연구가 필요하다.

본 연구는 농업 및 정보 통신 기술의 융합을 기반으로 국내외 스마트 농장 서비스 모델을 검토하고 한국의 스마트 온실을 개선하기 위해 필요한 다양한 요인을 조사 하기 위해 수행되었다. 국내 스마트 온실의 작물 생육모델 및 환경모델에 관한 연구는 제한적이었고, 연구를 위한 인프라를 구축하는 데는 많은 시간이 필요하다. 이러한 문제의 대안으로 클라우드 기반 연구 플랫폼이 필요하다. 제안된 클라우드 기반 연구 플랫폼은 통합 데이터, 생육 환경모델, 구동기 제어 모델, 스마트 온실 관리, 지식 기반 전문가 시스템 및 농가 대시보드 모듈을 통해 통합적 데이터 저장 및 분석을 위한 연구 인프라를 제공한다. 또한 클라우드 기반 연구 플랫폼은 작물 생육환경, 생산성 및 액추에이터 제어와 같은 다양한 요인들 간의 관계를 정량화하는 기능을 제공하며, 연구자는 빅데이터, 기계 학습 및 인공지능을 활용하여 작물 생육 및 생장 환경 모델을 분석할 수 있다.

Supply electrical conductivity (EC) concentration of the nutrition solution is an important factor in the absorption of nutrients by plants and the management of the root zone, as it can control the vegetative/reproductive growth of a plant. Paprika usually undergoes its reproductive and vegetative growth simultaneously. Therefore, ensuring proper growth of the plant leads to increased yield of paprika. In this study, growth characteristics of paprika were examined according to the EC concentration of a coir and a rockwool substrate. The supply EC was 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mS·cm-1 applied at the initial stages of the growth using the rockwool (commonly used by paprika farmers) and the coir substrate with a chip and dust ratio of 50:50 and 70:30. For up to 16 weeks of paprika growth, EC concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 mS·cm-1 were found to have a greater effect on the growth than EC at 4.0 mSꞏcm-1. The normality (marketable) rate of fruit, the soluble solid content, and paprika growth showed that the coir was generally better than the rockwool regardless of the supply EC concentration. The values of the yield per plant at an EC concentration of 4.0 mS·cm-1 was mostly similar at 1.6 kg (coir 50:50), 1.5 kg (coir 70:30) and 1.5 kg (rockwool), but the yield of the rockwool was 88%, which was lower than 98% and 94% yield of the coir substrate. Therefore, this concludes that coir substrate is more effective than rockwool at improving paprika productivity. The results also suggest that the use of coir substrate for paprika has many benefits in terms of reducing production costs and preventing environmental destruction during post-processing.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different compositions of environmental substrates on hydroponic tomato cultivation. Three different substrates were used in coir chip:dust (v/v=50:50; CP1), coir chip:dust (v/v=80:20; CP2), and rock wool cube with CP2 (CPR). The amount of irrigation during the cultivation period was 190 mL/(plant·time) in all substrates. The pH and EC were 5.8-6.2 and 2.6-2.9 dS/m, respectively. The drainage rate in CP1 was 31%, in CP2 was 36%, and in CPR was 29%. The growth of tomato plants in terms of height was higher in CP1 and CPR. The leaf area was greater in CP2. The fresh and dry weights were greater in CP2 and CPR treatments. The net photosynthesis in CP2 (19.31 μmol CO2/m2s) and root activity in CP2 were higher among all three treatments. The soluble solid content of fruit was not significantly different among treatments. The yield per plant in CP2 and CPR treatments was 17% greater than the yield per plant in CP1. Therefore, the most suitable substrate for hydroponic tomato cultivation is the substrate mixed with coir chip:dust (v:v=80:20; CP2), i.e., CPR.

In this study, a solar light collector that collects and transmits solar light required for crop production in a closed plant production system was developed. The solar light collector consisted of a Fresnel lens for collecting solar light, and a tracking actuator for tracking solar light from sunrise to sunset to increase the light collection efficiency. The optical fiber that transmitted solar light was made of Glass Optical Fiber (GOF), and it had an excellent optical transmission rate. After collecting the solar light, the amount of light was measured at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm distances from the GOF through the darkroom by using a light sensor logger connected to a quantum and pyranometer sensor. Compared with solar light, the light intensity of pyranometer sensor measured at 5 cm was 114% higher than solar light, and 61% at 10 cm. In addition, it was observed that it is possible to transmit the necessary amount of light for growing crops up to about 15 cm (as over 22%) through GOF. Therefore, adding diffusers to the solar light collector should be expected to replace artificial light in plant factories or plug seedlings nurseries for leafy vegetables. More studies on the solar light collection devices and the light transmission devices that have high light collection efficiency should be conducted.

This study aimed to determine the elemental compositions of selected edible wild plant species, Hemerocallis fulva, Allium victorialis, Syneilesis palmata and Ligularia fischeri. The samples were dried, crushed, and subjected to microwave-assisted digestion. The macro and micro elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometery (ICP-OES), and ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The macro elements in the analyzed species decreased in the order K Ca P Mg S Fe Zn Na, and the micro elements ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ ˃ followed the order Mn˃Ba˃Rb˃Cu˃Ni˃Ga˃Li˃Cr˃V˃Co˃Be˃Se. The percentage ratio of calcium content for potassium in the samples was 42.9% (A. victorialis) > 42.4% (S. palmata) > 33.8% (L. fischeri) > 25.3% (H. fulva). The calcium content was 13.7, 10.9, 6.4, and 2.9 times higher than the phosphorus content in S. palmata, L. fischeri, A. victorialis, and H. fulva, respectively (p<0.05). Manganese was the most predominant among the trace minerals, and it followed the order of A. victorialis > H. fulva > L. fischeri > S. palmata. In general, these wild plants are richer in calcium as compared to other common vegetables, and hence can be considered a good source for calcium that is lacking in Korean food products.

This study was conducted to compare the volatile flavor compounds of Artemisia annua L. after extraction by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) and solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Via SDE and SPME processes, 79 (1,254.00 mg/kg) and 39 (488.74 mg/kg) compounds were identified respectively. The compounds extracted by SDE included 27 alcohols, 13 aldehydes, 22 hydrocarbons, 3 esters, 12 ketones, 1 oxide and 1 N-containing compound, on the other hand, using the SPME method, 7 alcohols, 5 aldehydes, 1 ester, 18 hydrocarbons, 7 ketones, and 1 oxide were extracted. The major volatile flavor compounds of Artemisia annua L. isolated by the two methods were caryophyllene oxide, -caryophyllene, camphor, -selinene, -muurolene, 1,8-cineol, (E)-pinocarveol and pinocarvone. β β γ The sesquiterpene named caryophyllene oxide was the most abundant volatile flavor compound with relative contents of 234.16 mg/kg and 195.44 mg/kg obtained by the SDE and SPME methods, respectively. Among the identified volatiles, sabinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, yomogi alcohol, myrtenol, (Z)-nerolidol, p-cymen-8-ol and eugenol were detected by the SDE method only while (E)-anethole and α-cubebene were detected by the SPME method only. This study confirmed that the composition and contents of the volatile flavor compounds vary between different extraction methods. More volatile flavor compounds were identified using the SDE method than the SPME method.

This study was conducted to confirm the usefulness of essential oil components in yuzu and kumquat cultivated in Korea for comparison with those in lemon and lime. The volatile flavor compounds in citrus fruits (yuzu, kumquat, lemon and lime) were extracted for 3 h with 100 mL redistilled n-pentane/diethylether (1:1, v/v) mixture, using a simultaneous steam distillation and extraction apparatus (SDE). The volatile flavor compositions of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The aroma compounds analyzed were 104 (3,713.02 mg/kg) in yuzu, 87 (621.71 mg/kg) in kumquat 103 (3,024.69 mg/kg) in lemon and 106 (2,209.16 mg/kg) in lime. Limonene was a major volatile flavor compound in four citrus fruits. The peak area of limonene was 35.03% in yuzu, 63.82% in kumquat, 40.35% in lemon, and 25.06% in lime. In addition to limonene, the major volatile flavor compounds were γ-terpinene, linalool, β-myrcene, (E)-β-farnesene, α-pinene and β-pinene in yuzu, and β-myrcene, α-pinene, (Z)-limonene oxide, (E)-limonene oxide, geranyl acetate and limonen-10-yl acetate in kumquat. Furthermore, γ-terpinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate and (Z)-β-bisabolene in lemon and γ-terpinene, β-pinene, (Z)-β-bisabolene, neral, geranial and neryl acetate in lime were also detected. As a result, it was confirmed that the composition of volatile flavor compounds in four citrus fruits was different. Also, yuzu and kumquat are judged to be worthy of use alternatives for lemon and lime widely used in the fragrance industry.

The volatile flavor components of the fruit pulp and peel of orange (Citrus sinensis) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) were extracted by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) using a solvent mixture of n-pentane and diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total volatile flavor contents in the pulp and peel of orange were 120.55 and 4,510.81 mg/kg, respectively, while those in the pulp and peel of grapefruit were 195.60 and 4,223.68 mg/kg, respectively. The monoterpene limonene was identified as the major voltile flavor compound in both orange and grapefruit, exhibiting contents of 65.32 and 3,008.10 mg/kg in the pulp and peel of orange, respectively, and 105.00 and 1,870.24 mg/kg in the pulp and peel of grapefruit, respectively. Limonene, sabinene, α-pinene, β-myrcene, linalool, (Z)-limonene oxide, and (E)-limonene oxide were the main volatile flavor components of both orange and grapefruit. The distinctive component of orange was valencene, while grapefruit contained (E)-caryophyllene and nootkatone. δ-3-Carene, α-terpinolene, borneol, citronellyl acetate, piperitone, and β-copaene were detected in orange but not in grapefruit. Conversely, grapefruit contained β-pinene, α-terpinyl acetate, bicyclogermacrene, nootkatol, β-cubebene, and sesquisabinene, while orange did not. Phenylacetaldehyde, camphor, limona ketone and (Z)-caryophyllene were identified in the pulp of both fruits, while α-thujene, citronellal, citronellol, α-sinensal, γ-muurolene and germacrene D were detected in the peel of both fresh fruit samples.

식품의 방사선 조사는 식품 저장을 위한 성공적인 현대기술의 하나이지만 매우 신중하게 이루어져야 한다. 조사된 식품의 확인은 국제무역에서 소비자의 안전한 선택과 보호를 위해 가장 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 건조된 오징어와 문어에 전자선을 조사하여 선량별로 유도 생성되는 hydrocarbon류의 함량 및 분해패턴을 확인하였다. 비조사 시료와 선량별로 전자선 조사된 시료에서 지방을 추출한 뒤 solid phase extraction(SPE)방법을 이용하여 GC/MS로 확인하였다. 1, 3, 5, 7 및 10 kGy의 선량으로 전자선 조사된 건조 오징어와 문어에서 유도된 hydrocarbon류는 동일 선량에서 시료들의 지방산 조성에 따른 다른 생성률을 나타내었으며, 조사선량에 따라 증가하였다. 시료들에 다량 함유되어 있는 palmitic acid와 stearic acid로부터 생성된 1-tetradecene(C14:1), pentadecane(C15:0), 그리고 1-hexadecene(C16:1), heptadecane(C17:0)이 전자선 조사에 의해 유도된 주요 hydrocarbon류로 확인되었으며, 건오징어에서 hydrocarbon류 생성량이 건문어의 hydrocarbon류 생성량 보다 더 많음을 확인하였다. 이는 시료의 지방산 함유량에 따라 hydrocarbon류 생성량이 비례함을 알 수 있었다. 전자선 조사된 건오징어와 건문어에서 분석된 hydrocarbon류 중 1-tetradecene(C14:1), 1-hexadecene(C16:1) 그리고 heptadecane(C17:0)은 전자선 조사여부를 판별할 수 있는 지표로 활용될 수 있을 거라 사료된다.

The changes in the volatile organic compounds in plum after its electron beam irradiation and storage were determined using the simultaneous distillation extraction method and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. There were 44, 46, 45, 47, and 38 volatile compounds in the 0-, 0.25-, 0.5-, 0.75-, and 1 kGy irradiated samples, respectively. Also, the volatile flavor components of the plum that was stored for 30 days were identified as 48, 40, 40, 39, and 40 components. The compositions of the volatile compounds of the control and irradiated samples showed a similarity after the storage. Especially, the more important volatile flavor of the plum was identified as hexanal of the C6compounds, (E)-2-hexenal and (Z)-3-hexenal. In particular, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol increased in all the doses, where as hexanol and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol decreased. Among the lactone compounds, γ -hexalactone, γ-octalactone, and γ-decalactone were identified during the storage period in the raw samples. Hexanonic acid and 2-hexenoic acid were not identified during the storage of the samples, and 2-methylprrole was detected only when the storage samples were irradiated at a dose higher than 0.5kGy. Therefore, it was shown that there was no effect on the variation of the volatile organic component suntil 1 kGy in the plum was irradiated with an electron beam.