The concentration of TVOCs in public transportation in the spring and summer of 2018 was measured. Public transportation measured the concentration of TVOCs on six subway lines in Seoul, two lines of high-speed trains, and intercity buses. The measurements were taken during the operation of each route of the surveyed public transportation from the origin to the destination. In addition, the measurement time was divided into the congestion time and the non-congestion time. In the spring of 2018, in the order of subway, train A, train B, and intercity buses, TVOC concentrations during the congestion time zone were 205.9 μg/m3, 121.3 μg/m3, 171.1 μg/m3, and 88.7 μg/m3, respectively. During the non-congestion time zone, the concentrations were 177.2 μg/m3, 108.8 μg/ m3, 118.2 μg/m3, and 126.1 μg/m3, respectively. In the summer of 2018, TVOC concentrations in the order of the aforementioned transportation modes during the congestion time zone were 169.8 μg/m3, 175.8 μg/m3, 78.0 μg/ m3, and 185.3 μg/m3, respectively. During the non-congestion time zone, the concentrations were 210.8 μg/m3, 116.1 μg/m3, and 162.7 μg/m3, respectively. An analysis of BTEX concentration among VOCs in public transportation in descending order were followed by toluene > xylene > ethylbenzene > benzene. Toluene, which has the highest concentration among the BTEX compounds, was found to be 12.86 μg/m3 to 91.41 μg/m3 during spring congestion time and 7.10 μg/m3 to 39.52 μg/m3 during non-congestion time. During the summer congestion time, the concentration was 6.68 μg/m3 to 249.48 μg/m3 and 13.23 μg/m3 to 214.5 μg/m3 during the non-congestion time. The concentration of benzene was mostly less than 5 μg/m3 in transportation. Particularly in the case of toluene, the concentration is significantly higher than that of other VOCs. Accordingly, further study of toluene exposure hazards will be needed. Five percent of the surveyed TVOC concentrations exceeded the recommended indoor air quality standard of 500 μg/m3, and all 13 cases representing this percentage were found in the subway. In addition, nine of the 13 cases that exceeded the recommended standard were measured during congestion time. Therefore, VOCs in public transportation vehicles during congestion time need to be managed.

In this study, the effect of improving indoor air quality according to the installation of plants was evaluated in classrooms where students spend much time. The purpose was to prepare sustainable and eco-friendly measures to improve the indoor air quality of school classrooms. A middle school in Bucheon was selected as an experiment subject, and IAQ monitoring equipment based on IoT was installed to monitor indoor air quality. After measuring the basic background concentration, plants and air purifiers were installed and the effects of improving indoor air quality using plants and air purifiers were evaluated based on the collected big data. As a result of evaluating the effects of indoor air quality improvement on the installation of plants and air purifiers, the reduction rates of PM10 and PM2.5 in descending order were plant- and air purifier- installed classes, air purifier-installed classes, and plant-installed classes. CO2 levels were reduced in the classrooms with only plants, and increased in two classrooms with air purifiers. The increase in CO2 concentration in the classrooms with plants and air purifiers was lower than in those with only air purifiers.

In case of stone pagoda structures, the various construction types appear, and various damages occur due to exposure to the outdoors for a long time. Such damages can be classified into non-structural damages and structural damages. However, studies for the effects of structural damages on stone pagoda structures are insufficient. Accordingly, this study intends to perform structural modeling and structural analysis according to structural damages of stone pagoda structure, and to perform risk analysis through the fragility curve. So, we expects that this study gives a great contribution to the preservation and maintenance of stone pagoda structures under the various structural damages.

Adsorption by granule activated carbon(GAC) is recognized as an efficient method for the removal of perfluorinated compounds(PFCs) in water, while the poor regeneration and exchange cycles of granule active carbon make it difficult to sustain adsorption capacity for PFCs. In this study, the behavior of PFCs in the effluent of wastewater treatment plant (S), the raw water and the effluents of drinking water treatment plants (M1 and M2) located in Nakdong river waegwan watershed was monitored. Optimal regeneration and exchange cycles was also investigated in drinking water treatment plants and lab-scale adsorption tower for stable PFCs removal. The mean effluent concentration of PFCs was 0.044 0.04 PFHxS g/L, 0.000 0.00 PFOS g/L, 0.037 0.011 PFOA g/L, for S wastewater treatment plant, 0.023 0.073 PFHxS g/L, 0.000 0.00 PFOS g/L, 0.013 0.008 PFOA g/L for M1 drinking water treatment plant and 0.023 0.073 PFHxS g/L, 0.000 0.01 PFOS g/L, 0.011 0.009 PFOA g/L for M2 drinking water treatment plant. The adsorption breakthrough behaviors of PFCs in GAC of drinking water treatment plant and lab-scale adsorption tower indicated that reactivating carbon 3 times per year suggested to achieve and maintain good removal of PFASs. Considering the results of mass balance, the adsorption amount of PFCs was improved by using GAC with high-specific surface area (2,500m2/g), so that the regeneration cycle might be increased from 4 months to 10 months even if powdered activated carbon(PAC) could be alternatives. This study provides useful insights into the removal of PFCs in drinking water treatment plant.

유아의 기질은 선천적으로 타고나며 개인차가 있어 환경에 의해 변화가 가능하고, 유아의 사회성에 중요한 영향을 미치는 한 변인이라 할 수 있다. 또한, 인간의 발달 특성상 유아에게 있어서 부모의 역할 중 부모의 긍정적인 양육태도는 유아의 사회성 발달에 매우 중요한 영향을 끼치게 되는데 이는 유아기부터 성인기까지 일생동안 상당히 안정적으로 유지되는 속성을 보인다. 본 연구의 목적은 유아의 사회성 발달에 유아의 기질과 유아가 최초로 만나게 되는 부모의 양육태도가 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고 유아의 사회성 발달에 대한 이해와 자녀 양육에 있어서 부모의 바람직한 양육태도를 갖추기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고, 유아교육현장에서 사회성 발달을 지원하기 위한 다양한 교육적 활동을 활성화할 필요성을 제언하고자 함에 있다.

본 연구에서는 양봉산물로서의 가치 평가와 제품다양화를 위한 기초자료 제공을 위해 수벌번데기(16 ~ 20일령)의 영양성분분석 및 이를 이용한 추 출물을 제조하고 생리활성 효과를 검정하였다. 수벌번데기 동결건조 분말의 일반성분 분석 결과 수분 1.69 ± 0.07%, 조단백 48.52 ± 0.20%, 조지방 23.41 ± 0.14%, 조회분 4.05 ± 0.02% 였고, vitamin C 14.92 ± 0.52 mg/100 g, vitamin E 6.06 ± 0.11 mg α-TE/100 g 이었으며, 무기성분은 K과 P 의 함량(mg/100g)이 각각 1,349.13 ± 34.57 및 1,323.55 ± 43.85로 가장 높게 함유되어 있고, Ca과 Fe의 함량은 각각 55.43 ± 1.51 및 5.49 ± 0.19가 함유된 것으로 분석되었다. 수벌번데기 동결건조분말 중에 함유된 지방산은 포화지방산(g/100g total fatty acids)이 약 59.62, 불포화지방산이 약 40.38 을 차지하였고, 고급지방산인 palmitic acid (C16:0)가 35.49 ± 0.08, 그리고 oleic acid (C18:1, n-9)가 35.91 ± 0.22로 다량 함유되어 있었다. 구성아미노산(g/100 g)은 총 38.99 ± 2.63이 함유된 것으로 분석되었고, 유리아미노산(mg/100 g)은 총 5,129.04 였으며, 이중 proline이 1,257.68, glutamic acid가 759.12로 가장 높았다. 수벌번데기 추출물의 DPPH radical-scavenging 활성(μg/ml)은 증류수추출 시 0.8, 50% EtOH 추출 시 3.2, 70% EtOH 추출 시 6.4, 그리고 EtOH 추출 시 32 농도에서 약 90% 이상이었다. 이와 같은 결과는 항산화능에 기여하는 주요 화합물이 극성계 화합물임으로 추정되었으며, 저분자단백질 또는 유리형 아미노산일 가능성이 높은 것으로 추측되었다. 이상의 결과와 같이 수벌번데기는 우수한 식품원료로의 사용과 새로운 기능성 소재로의 활용을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구의 목적은 승강기 갇힘 사고 시 승객의 불안감을 해소할 수 있는 가장 안정적인 색 온도를 제안하는 것이다. 승강기 내부 조명의 색온도를 4단계(3000 K, 6000 K, 9000 K, 12000 K)로 조절하였다. 실험은 20대 성인 남성 20명을 대상으로 진행이 되었다. 각 상황별 이용자의 자율신경계 반응을 관찰하기 위해 심전도를 측정하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 12000 K와 비교 시 3000 K, 6000 K, 9000 K에서 교감신경계 활성도가 감소하였으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 인정되었다(p < 0.01). 그 중 3000 K의 조건에서 교감신경계 활성도가 가장 낮았다. 본 연구를 통해 승강기 갇힘 사고 시 3000 K의 색 온도가 승객으로부터 안정감을 유발하는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 활용한다면 승강기 갇힘 사고 시 승객의 안정성을 확보할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

This study was conducted to investigate the seedling qualities and growth of paprika according to various irrigation points (Ips) (30, 40, 50, 60 or 70%) of the water contents of rockwool cube for raising seedlings of paprika. Growth degree of paprika seedlings was positively correlate with various irrigation points. In particular, paprika seedlings with IP 30-40% and IP 50-70% treatments were significantly higher than those with other treatments. Leaf area of seedlings was 50-100% wider in those with IP 50% and IP 40% treatments than those with other treatments, therefore dry weight was IP 30-60% heavier. The dry weight of more than IP 50% treatments had no significant differences. Leaf area (Y1) had a significant relation with the irrigation point (x) as Y1 = 48.311x + 133.7 (R2 = 0.9116**). Also dry weight (Y2) of the seedlings showed a linear regression equation as Y2 = 0.1584x + 0.8616 (R2 = 0.8853*). Considering the leaf area and the dry weight of irrigation points for rising seedlings of paprika in this study, the optimum range of the irrigation points in the water contents of rockwool cube is IP 50%.

2016년에 쌍별귀뚜라미는 식품의약품안전처 식품공전에 등록된 식품원료로 가장 큰 장점은 월동 없이 연중 대량 사육이 가능하다는 것과 60% 이상의 단백질 함량이다. 본 연구에서는 사육공간, 인건비 등의 문제로 인하여 귀뚜라미 사육이 불가능할 때를 대비하여 저장조건을 설정하 였으며, 산란율이 높은 산란처 선발과 알의 동종포식률을 조사하였다. 산란은 상토 산란처에서 가장 선호도가 높았으며(p < 0.05), 알의 동종포식 률을 보았을 때 10 L 당 종령 약충 62마리 이하, 1일 동안 산란을 받는 것이 가장 적합한 것으로 판단되었다(p < 0.05). 알의 저온 저장을 하였을 때는 28℃에서 10일간 보관 후 16℃에서 10일간 저온 저장했을 때 부화율이 가장 높았고, 저장을 하지 않았을 때와 비교하였을 때 12~14일 부 화를 연장할 수 있었다(p < 0.05). 쌍별귀뚜라미의 산란처, 산란 방법 및 알 저장조건을 설정함으로써 효율적인 생산방법을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate indoor air pollutants of children’s facilities in libraries. The indoor pollutants, which were managed under the “Indoor Air Quality Control Standards” and “Environmental Safety Standards for Children’s Activity Zones,” were measured within five months. The new environmental pollutants such as phthalates and pesticides were also measured. The pollutant-measuring device was installed in children’s spaces in libraries and children’s libraries of the metropols. The result of investigating indoor pollutants showed that the concentration of fungus and floating bacteria had low distributions due to the use of air purifiers in all libraries. The concentration of HCHO and TVOCs was also measured lower than the environmental standards in well-ventilated libraries. On the other hand, phthalates and pesticides were detected in all libraries. In the case of heavy metals, they were mainly found in the finishing materials of the library walls and floors. As a result, indoor pollutants are managed under court receivership. On the other hand, phthalates and pesticides, which are not regulated by environmental standards should be managed because they were detected in all libraries.

In this study, we investigated culturable bacterial abundance in various crops. Total culturable aerobic bacteria in tomato plants were enumerated on NA and it showed that the amounts of viable bacterial cells were changed among the different parts of the plants (roots, stems, and fruits), ranging between log 1 and 4 per g sample. To investigate the bacterial abundance dynamics in different crops, culturable aerobic bacterial cell numbers were enumerated on NA and compared between the samples (tomato fruit, sesame leaf, and green onion) harvested freshly from one field trial (Yangsan, Korea). In this trial, the number of total culturable aerobic bacteria of the samples were 8 times higher in sesame leaves and green onions compared to the tomato fruits in the field. Interestingly, culturable aerobic bacteria on MRS were only found in sesame leaves, whereas lactic acid bacteria were not detected in tomato fruit and green onion samples in this field. We also found that the field location (Yangsan, Gangneung, or Busan) influenced the number of culturable aerobic bacteria on the surface of the crops. Tomato samples freshly harvested from the different field locations were tested and showed that the amounts of culturable aerobic bacteria on NA and MRS agar were significantly different based on the field locations of the samples. Finally, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from all the tomato and sesame leaf samples used in this study, showing 20 and 28 morphological diversity. With these isolates, we will be able to conduct further biological and functional investigation to develop a new probiotic strain originated from the crops in Korea.

Phaya-Thon-Zu temple has a unique architectural style connected by the three temples, and cultural values are highly as murals remain on some of the walls. However, various damages in internal walls and vaults have occurred due to earthquake and environmental influences. In order to analyze these damages, accurate structural analysis is required, but structural modeling is difficult, because Phaya-Thon-Zu temple is the complex masonry structure which is stacked with small bricks. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the causes of damages by examining collapse mechanism for cross section and longitudinal section of vaults in the entrance hall and shrine by using thrust line analysis, which is a geometric method, and to compare it with the actual damage situation.

PURPOSES : The adhesive bonding strength of the grid between asphalt pavements is critical in pavement performance. The study is to compare and evaluate the interlayered bonding strength of asphalt mixture specimens with fiber-glass grid (FG) reinforcement and different tack coating materials based on the test results of the shear bonding test. METHODS : Asphalt mixtures were molded with FG reinforcement using various tack coating materials namely RSC4 and D/B coat. The adhesive shear-bond strength was measured by inducing a monotonic shear loadnig rate of 5 mm/min at 20℃. RESULTS : As expected, the asphalt mixture with non-reinforced FG exhibited the highest adhesive shear-bond strength, followed by that of the FG with D/B coating. The ranking order of superiority is as follows: Control (RSC4) > D/B+FG > RSC4+FG. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this experimental study indicate that FG with RSC4 and D/B tack coats can be successfully used in asphalt concrete overlay construction with superior field performance. Based on the test results and literature review, the field bonding strength should exceed 300kPa in grid reinforced asphalt pavement.

The purpose of this study is to provision the standard method for ensuring the reliability of measuring indoor air quality in public transportation. The objective is to determine the difference in the measured concentration values according to various conditions. These variables include measurement conditions, measurement equipment, measurement points, and measurement time. The value differences are determined by measuring the PM10 and CO2 concentration of subways, and express buses and trains, which are targets of indoor air quality management. The concentration of CO2 was measured by the NDIR method and that of PM10 was measured by the gravimetric method and light-scattering method. Statistically, the results of the concentration comparison according to the measurement points of the public transportation modes were not significantly different (p > 0.05), and it is deemed that the concentration is not affected by the measurement points. In terms of the concentration analysis results according to the measurement method, there was a difference of the concentration between the gravimetric and light scattering method. In the case of the light scattering method, the concentration differed depending on whether it was corrected with standard particles in the laboratory environment.

국내 하천에서 발생하는 준설 및 보 건설은 하천 연속성 차단과 교란을 유도하여 수서 생물서식환경에 변화를 가져 온다. 본 연구에서는 4대강 보 (이포보, IP; 세종보, SJ; 죽산보, JS; 강정고령보, GG; 달성보, DS)에 서식하는 깔따구 군집 분포를 조사하고 서식환경에 영향을 주는 여러 환경인자를 측정하였다. 조사 지역 중 IP, SJ은 다른 조사 지역에 비해 WT, pH, TOC, Chl-a가 낮은 수준을 보였으며, 깔따구 개체수 결과에서는 Chironominae, Orthocladinae, Tanypodinae 가 비교적 균등한 수준으로 관찰되었다. 반면, JS, GG, DS는 Chironominae가 높은 비율로 우점하며, TOC와 Chl-a의 농도가 높게 나타났다. 각 조사 정점에 대한 깔따구 군집 조성의 특징과 환경요인을 반영한 집괴분석 결과 4대강 보는 3개의 그룹으로 구분되었으며, 이는 정점별 환경 차이와 깔따구의 대악 및 하순기절의 구조에 따른 먹이원 선호도 차이와 일치하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 연구 정점 간 먹이원의 차이에 의해 깔따구의 군집 구조의 차이가 나타나는 것을 확인 하였으며, 향후 각 깔따구 과 별 주 먹이원에 대한 연구에 대한 필요성을 제시한다.