A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) was carried out in medicinal crop cultivated fields from July to August in 2023. Three-leaf ladybell, Adenophora triphylla var. japonica is a highly valued medicinal plant that is used to treat or prevent bronchitis, cough, cancer, and obesity in Korea. A. triphylla plants with small root-galls were observed in a field of Yeongju Agricultural Technology Center, which were identified as a root-knot nematode. Additional morphological and molecular analyses studies were performed and identified as Meloidogyne hapla, Northern root-knot nematode. Population densities of M. hapla ranged from 20~30 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil. M. hapla was detected at lower densities in soil compared to other infected host crops, but there are concerns about damage to M. hapla since A. triphylla is cultivated for more than two years once planted. Our results indicate that A. triphylla roots damage by M. hapla were identifed, it is necessary to prepare control methods such as registration of applicable nematicides and crop rotation.

고려엉겅퀴(Cirsium setidens Nakai)는 여러해살이 초본식물로서 식용이 가능하며 곤드레라고 부르기도 한다. 최근 고려엉겅퀴에 여뀌못 털진딧물(Capitophorus elaeagni, Del Guercio)의 발생이 확인되어 재배농가의 피해가 예상되고 있다. 이에 대한 친환경적인 방제방법 구명을 위 해 시판 유기농업자재를 이용하여 고려엉겅퀴 식물체에 발생한 여뀌못털진딧물에 대한 방제효과를 검정한 결과 pyrethrins+paraffinic oils 이 98% 수준의 방제가를 보여주었으며 pyrethrins+matrine+pyroligneous 가 약 95%의 방제가를, azadirachtin+rotenone 성분이 75% 이상의 방제효과를 보여주었다. 이중 pyrethrins 성분이 가장 좋은 효과를 주는 것으로 여겨지며 유기농업자재 살포로 인한 약해는 발생하지 않았다.

본 연구는 담배거세미나방 국내 개체군의 예찰에 필요한 성유인제의 최적 조성을 찾기 위해 수행하였다. 담배거세미나방 암컷 성충에서 알 려진 두 성페로몬 성분인 (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate, (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate를 5.5 ~ 10.0 및 9:1 ~ 99.1, 9:1 ~ 39:1 비 율 사이에 여러 조성으로 만들어 고무격막 방출제에 담아 펀넬트랩을 이용하여 콩과 땅콩포장에서 수컷 성충에 대한 유인력을 비교한 결과, 두 성 분의 19:1 비율이 가장 적절한 유인 조성으로 결정하였다. 그러나 Z9E11-14:Ac 단독 성분 미끼에는 수컷 성충이 거의 유인되지 않았다. 이 결과 는 담배거세미나방 성충 예찰용의 성유인제 구성에는 두 성페로몬 화합물이 반드시 필요한 성분임을 나타낸다. 미끼에 담긴 성페로몬은 0.1 ~10 mg 사이에서 함량이 증가할수록 유인된 수가 많았다. 적절한 트랩 설치 높이는 1.5 m로 결정하였다.

고려엉겅퀴는 강원도에서 곤드레라는 음식 재료로 재배하는 작물이다. 고려엉겅퀴에 대한 정기적인 병해충 모니터링 중 우리대벌레의 국부적인 발생으로 인한 큰 피해를 발견하였고, 우리대벌레의 동정과 생태학적 특성을 보고한다. 본 조사는 2019년 5월 28일부터 동년 10월 1일까지 강원도 정선군에 있는 3곳의 고려엉겅퀴 재배지에서 실시하였다. 해당 포장에서 채집한 우리대벌레의 형태적, 분자 생물적 분석으로 대벌레과 (Phasmida) 계열의 Ramulus koreanus Kwon Ha et Lee로 동정하였다. 우리대벌레는 6월 11일부터 8월 22일까지 고려엉겅퀴 포장에서 발생하였으며, 7월 23일에 최대 발생 밀도를 보였다. Taylor‘s power law와 Greens index를 이용하여 공간분포를 분석한 결과 무작위로 분포하는 것 을 확인하였다. 우리대벌레의 고려엉겅퀴 일일 섭식량은 성충 기준 60.98 ± 4.35 cm2 였으며, 주요 기주식물은 가래나무와 아로니아였다. 우리 대벌레 발생 메커니즘과 우리대벌레가 농업과 산림 생태계에 미칠 수 있는 영향 및 농작물 피해를 줄이기 위해 그 방법을 추구할 것이다.

약용작물인 천궁류를 가해하는 총채벌레류의 발생종을 확인하고자 2018년 7월과 8월 2회에 걸쳐 영주와 봉화의 일천궁과 토천궁 재배지에서 채집하였다. 두 재배지에서 총 5종의 총채벌레류가 발생함을 확인하였고 꽃노랑총채벌레 > 대만꽃노랑총채벌레 > 미나리총채벌레 > 볼록총채벌레 > 대관령총채벌레 > 파총채벌레 순으로 동일하였지만 포획비율에서는 약간의 차이를 보여 주었다. 이러한 결과는 약용작물로 재배하고 있는 2종의 천궁에서 우점종이 꽃노랑총채벌레와 대만총채벌레임을 확인시켜 주었다. 또한 미나리총채벌레와 대관령총채벌레가 천궁류에서 서식하고 있음을 처음 확인하였다.

오미자를 가해하는 여러 해충 중 과피를 가해하는 볼록총채벌레를 대상으로 황색등에 대한 기피반응과 유인제에 대한 유인반응을 2017년 5월부터 8월까지 경북 문경시 동로면 소재 유기전환, 무농약, GAP 및 유기농 재배지에서 조사하였다. 황색등을 처리한 평지 및 경사지 모두에서 볼록총채벌레의 기피반응을 확인할 수 없었고 꽃노랑총채벌레 의 유인제로 사용하고 있는 p-anisic acid methyl ester에 대한 유인반응 또한 대조구와 비교했을 때 효과가 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 결과는 Derksen et al. (2016)이 언급한 것처럼 볼록총채벌레가 주행성(diurnal) 해충임을 의미하며 p-anisic acid methyl ester가 아닌 오미자가 발산하는 다른 향기물질(plant violates)을 이용한 유인제나 수컷이 방출하는 집합페로몬을 활용한 트랩 개발이 필요함을 제시하고 있다. 이러한 트랩 개발은 볼록총채벌레의 효과적인 예찰 및 대량포획에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta)은 두 가지 주요 성페로몬 성분(Z-8-dodecenyl acetate and E-8-dodecenyl acetate)을 갖고 있다. 이 성 페로몬 성분의 생합성 과정 분석은 포화지방산의 10번 탄소에 이중결합을 합성하는 불포화효소(Δ10 DES)가 종 특이적 광학이성체 형성에 필수 적이라고 제시하였다. 그러나 이 효소의 분자적 특징에 대해서 분석되지 않았다. 본 연구는 복숭아순나방 성페로몬 샘의 전사체에서 Δ10 DES로 추정된 불포화효소(Gm-comp1575)의 단백질 기능 영역을 분석하였다. Gm-comp1575 유전자는 370개의 아미노산 서열 정보를 암호하고 있으며 분자량은 약 43.2 kDa 그리고 등전위점(pI)은 8.77로 추정되었다. 이 불포화효소는 4개의 막투과영역을 지니고 있으며, 6개의 탄수화물 결합 위 치가 아미노 말단과 세포내 영역에서 갖는 것으로 추정되었다. 분자계통분석은 Gm-comp1575가 다른 종에서 알려진 Δ10 DES와 유사성이 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다. Gm-comp1575 전사체는 암컷 성페로몬 샘 및 다른 복부 조직에서 발현되었다. 이 유전자 발현에 대한 RNA 간섭 처리는 처녀 암컷으로 하여금 사과원에서 수컷을 유인하는 능력을 크게 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과는 Gm-comp1575가 복숭아순나방의 성페로몬 생합성과 관련 이 있는 유전자라고 제시하고 있다.

Two Grapholita congener, G. molesta and G. dimorpha have difference in several biological characters such as flight time, emerging number/year, damage site, pupation site, and mating time although their host plants were similar. As a problem, cross-trapping was identified in each trap for monitoring. Effects on species-specific lure using minor sex pheromone components were observed in host plant orchards (apple, pear, peach, and plum) for continuative two years. Treatments of various ratios (0 to 10%) of Z8-12OH to G. molesta lure (Z8-12Ac/E8-12Ac = 95:5) allowed to increase the attraction of G. molesta, but not of G. dimorpha male. Other two minor components (14Ac and 12Ac) to G. dimorpha lure (Z8-12Ac/E8-12Ac = 85:15) were not showed species-specific responses. However, 10% treatment of Z8-14Ac to G. dimorpha lure was showed that G. molesta was decreased significantly although G. dimoprha was not affected. E8-14Ac treatment to new G. dimorpha lure (Z8-12Ac/E8-12Ac/Z8-14Ac = 85:15:10) not affected to attraction of two species. From these results, we suggest that optimum ratios for species-specific monitoring of G. molesta and G. dimorpha are Z8-12Ac/E8-12Ac/Z8-12OH = 95:55:5 and Z8-12Ac/E8-12Ac/Z8-14Ac = 85:15:10, respectively.

After firstly identified sex pheromone components of Bombxy mori, those of many insect pests were synthesized by organic chemistry methodology. These synthesized components were used for monitoring, mass trapping, and mating disruption during five decades. For identification of pheromone biosynthesis mechanisms and control to many pests bring to serious damages also were proceeded. The transcriptome analysis from pheromone glands by Next Generation Sequence (NGS) showed many genes and pathway involved on sex pheromone biosynthesis.. The two main genes involved on production of acetate and alcohol, and aldehyde from fatty acid, fatty acid desaturase and fatty acid reductase (FAR) were identified and functional characterized via gene introduction to Brewer’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This S. cerevisiae now used as a mediator as well as cell factory for sex pheromone producing. Recently, One group was published that the plant factory for producing via genetically modified plant (tobacco, Nicotiana benthamiana) as a step of semisynthetic preparation. These trials will be suggest that firstly, the possibility of yeast as a molecular toolbox to produce pheromone components and secondly, a novel and cost-effective way of producing moderate to large quantities of pheromones with high purity and a minimum of hazardous waste.

Cotesia plutellae as an endoparasitoid wasp is the natural enemy against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. For successful parasitism of the offspring, the female parasitoid always injects venom with other parasitic factors such as polydnavirus, teratocytes and ovary proteins. These venom products prevent their eggs from host immune system as well as modulate their host. To identify of constituents of venom in relation of host-parasitoid interaction, total RNA of the venom gland were extracted and analyzed with RNA-seq. RNA-seq reveals that 5.5 Gbp were read and approximately 3322 transcripts were identified. The transcripts related to the biological process, cellular components and molecular functions occupied about 20%, 15% and 18%, respectively. Among these transcripts, 301 genes were related to the immune activities such as calreticulin, defensing, phosphatases and serpin etc. These results suggest that some proteins exhibiting biological function related to the immune response can be contribute to the development of wasp in the host.

Species-specific sex pheromones play an important role in mediating sexual behavior and pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) stimulates the pheromone production. Previously, we identified PBAN and PBAN receptor gene and reported the functionality of these genes via heterologous expression and RNAi (BBA-general subjects, 2005 and IBMB, 2011). To find the differences in the transcriptional level between scotophase and photophase in the pheromone gland of P. xylostella, total RNA was extracted from the adults and transcriptomes of the pheromone glands were analyzed by RNA-seq. The genes related to the pheromone biosynthesis were identified and the putative pathway of pheromone biosynthesis was predicted. Compared to the expression level of pheromonebiosynthesis-related genes between scotophase and photophase, the expression of fatty acid reductase (FAR) exhibited the significant difference in the putative pheromone biosynthesis pathway, suggesting that FAR is the key enzyme regulating the pheromone biosynthesis.

Postharvest insect pest control is highly demanding in agricultural industry including domestic consumer markets and exporting products for a quarantine purpose. Especially, the organic or environmentally friendly agricultural products do not fit to the traditional chemical postharvest treatments using methyl bromide (MeBr) or phosphine (PH3). As an alternative, a physical treatment called CATTS (controlled atmosphere and temperature treatment) has been developed to control various insect and mite pests on ornamental products. The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, infects the apple or pear fruits and is limited in importing and exporting the infected products. To apply CATTS on this insect pests, the most heat-tolerant stage was determined. Among the immature stages locating on the fruits, the fifth instar larvae were the most tolerant to 44℃ for 20 min. A ramping step of CATTS is to increase chamber temperature from 25℃ to 46℃ under 15% CO2 and less than 1% O2. The ramping rate was positively correlated with the CATTS efficiency. After the ramping step, the duration of CATTS was positively correlated with CATTS efficiency. However, fruit damage by CATTS was negatively correlated with the ramping rate was positively correlated with the CATTS duration. in addition, the CATTS efficiency was highly dependent on the fruit internal temperature at 44℃. From all these parameters, we developed a standard protocol yielding 100% control efficiency of CATTS.

The oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) and the plum fruit moth (G. dimorpha) share the same major sex pheromone components, Z8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8-12Ac) and E8-dodecenyl acetate (E8-12Ac) with different ratio. However, these two congener male species were cross-attracted to the counter sex pheromone traps. For development of the specific monitoring lures, the minor sex pheromone components were added to the major components. G. molesta females emit two minor components of Z8-12OH and 12OH and G. dimorpha females emit four minor of 12Ac, 14Ac, Z8-14Ac, and E8-14Ac. For a specific monitoring lure of G. molesta, only Z8-12Ac major component attracted only G. molesta males, but did not any G. dimorpha. For a specific monitoring lure of G. dimorpha, the addition of Z8-14Ac to the major component (Z8-12Ac:E8-12Ac = 85:15) attracted G. dimorpha males with less than 5% G. molesta males. Other with components (12Ac, 14Ac, and E8-14Ac) was not effective in both trapping efficiency and selectivity.

Two Grapholita congeners, G. dimorpha and G. molesta, are internal fruit feeders and their young larvae cause serious damages to pome and stone fruits in Korea. They share similar morphological and biological characters not to be easily discriminated. We needed to develop molecular markers using diagnostic primers and PCR-RFLP with specific sequences in ND4 region. Two species have similar sex pheromone components (Z8-12:Ac and E8-12:Ac) although their composition ratios are different. In fields, G. molesta males were more captured in lures with higher Z8 component ratio than G. dimorpha males. Addition of Z8-12OH, minor sex pheromone component prevented G. dimorpha from capturing G. molesta males. In electroantennogram (EAG) bioassay, these two species males showed significant electric responses in their own sex pheromone ratios. An addition of Z8-12:OH to the major sex pheromone components significantly suppressed the EAG response of G. dimorpha, while it did not change that of G. molesta. A deep sequencing analysis of transcripts of both species pheromone glands identified sex pheromone biosynthesis genes including fatty acid synthase, desaturases, fatty acyl reductase (FAR), and aldehyde reductase. The presence of delta 10 desaturase in both species suggests that a double bond at C8 position in dodecenyl acetate is produced by desaturation at C10 position of tetradecenyl fatty acid and subsequent β-oxidation, which is then reduced at carboxylic acid by FAR to be acetylated by acetyl transferase. High sequence variation of FAR genes of G. molesta and G. dimorpha suggests their stereoisomer substrate preference, which may exert a driving force for this speciation with delta 10 desaturase.

최근 사과원에서 복숭아순나방붙이(Grapholita dimorpha)의 발생이 보고되었다. 복숭아순나방붙이는 이와 유사한 복숭아순나방(G.molesta)이 발생하는 또 다른 기주에서도 동시에 발생이 가능하다고 제기되었다. 본 연구는 국내 여러 지역의 배과원에서 복숭아순나방붙이의 발생이 있음을 보고한다. 복숭아순나방붙이의 종 동정은 형태적 특징과 분자마커를 이용하여 실시되었다. 이들 두 종의 공통된 성페로몬 주성분으로 상호 교차 포획이 이뤄질 수 있다. 복숭아순나방붙이 페로몬트랩에 복숭아순나방붙이와 복숭아순나방이 포획되고, 복숭아순나방 페로몬트랩에 복숭아순나방과 복숭아순나방붙이가 포획되었다. 복숭아순나방붙이 트랩에 이뤄진 교차 포획비율은 지역적으로 다른 배과원에서 상호 뚜렷한 차이가 나타났다. 더욱이 이 두 종의 발생 피크도 조사한 모든 야외 지역에서 시기적으로 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 배 과수원에서 두 종의 성페로몬 트랩으로 얻은 모니터링 자료는 각각 서로 다른 종의 포획이 혼재하며, 이는 해당종의 발생빈도와 발생밀도가 확대 해석될 수 있음을 본 연구 자료는 제시하고 있다.

The oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) and the plum fruit moth (G. dimorpha) are internal feeders of stone and pome fruits and highly similar in morphological characters and feeding behaviors. These two species share their two main sex pheromone components, Z8-dodecenyl acetate(Z8-12Ac) and E8-dodecenyl acetate(E8-12Ac) although pheromone compositions are different. But, two males of these species were cross-attracted to G. molesta and G. dimorpha pheromone trap, respectively. Their host plants are also very similar in Rosaceae including apples, plums, paches, etc. These sympatric and similar pheromone ratios and biological characters suggest their recent speciation divergence. To determine genetic origin of this speciation, were analysed transcriptomes associated in sex pheromone biosynthesis in these sibling species. Total RNAs were collected from pheromone glands and read by a short read deep sequencing technology using an lllumina HiSeq2000. Almost 3-4 Gb reads were de novo assembled and resulted in 76,361 contigs of G. dimorpha and 104,463 contigs of G. molesta. More than 70% of these contigs were annotated and classified by a typical GO analysis. Transcriptomes related with sex pheromone biosynthesis were selected and grouped into fatty acid synthase, fatty acid oxidation, desaturase, reductase, and isomerase. These analyses identified sex pheromone biosynthesis machineries, which showed significant differential expressions between two sibling species. Field monitoring assays indicated the minor components (Z8-12OH) resulted from fatty acid reductase were crucial in isolating two sibling species.

The oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) and the plum fruit moth (G. dimorpha) are internal feeders of apples. Their sympatric and similar sex pheromone compositions suggest their recent divergence in speciation. This study aims to determine genetic factors in this speciation by comparing transcriptomes associated in sex pheromone biosynthesis in these sibling species. Total RNAs were collected two female abodominal tips and read by a short read deep sequencing technology using an lllumina HiSeq. Almost 3-4 Gb reads were de novo assembled and resulted in 76,361 contigs of G. dimorpha and 104,463 contigs of G. molesta. More than 70% of these contigs were annotated and classified by a typical GO analysis. Transcriptomes related with sex pheromone biosynthesis were selected and grouped into fatty acid synthase, fatty acid oxidation. These analyses identified sex pheromone biosynthesis machineries