자연수계 수산생물의 전염병 모니터링은 자연수계 및 양식 수산생물의 질병 관련성 및 상관관계 구명은 질병 발생 예방 및 확산 방지에 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 2018년 해구 64개소에서 어류 39종 977마리 및 갑각류 14종 287마리를 선정하여 총 1,264마리에 대하여 병원체 감염 여부를 조사하였다. 어류는 법정전염병 2종 (VHS, RSIVD) 및 비 법정전염병 3종 (MABVD, HRVD, LCD)을 분석하고 갑각류는 법정전염병 6종 (WSD, IHHN, TS, IMN, YHD, WTD) 을 분석하였다. 조사한 모든 시료에서 전염병이 검출되지 않았지만, 우리나라에서 조사한 자연수계 수산생물이 무병하여 청정국 또는 청정지위 선언에 중요한 정보를 제공 할 것이다.

본 연구는 산림치유 프로그램이 대학 교직원의 회복탄력성과 행복감에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험에 동의한 실험자 14명을 연구대상으로 선정하였으며, 실험집단 7명, 통제집단 7명으로 구분하였다. 실험집단을 대상으로 2015년 10월 27일부터 11월 17일까지 주 1회기 60분씩 총 4회기의 산림치유 프로그램을 충청북도 청주시 소재의 C대학 학교 숲에서 실시하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 사용하여 대응표본 t-검정을 통해 프로그램 참가 전과 후의 회복탄력성와 행복감 차이를 살펴보았다. 학교 숲을 이용한 산림치유 프로그램이 대학 교직원의 회복탄 력성 증진과 행복감 증진에 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 연구결과 통제집단은 유의미한 변화가 없었으나, 산림치유 프로그램을 실시한 실험집단의 회복탄력성와 행복감는 유의미하게 증가하였다. 향후 대학 교직원을 대상으로 한 산림치유 프로그램의 효과를 밝히는 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

본 연구는 요가와 명상 중심의 산림치유 프로그램이 성인의 기분상태와 스트레스 반응에 미치는 효과에 대하여 검증하고자 하였다. 실험에 동의한 성인 17명을 대상으로 강원도 홍천군 소재의 치유의 숲에서 2017년 9월 8일부터 10일까지 2박 3일 동안 실시하였다. 측정도구는 단축형 기분상태 척도(K-POMS-B: Korean version of Profile of Mood States-Brief)와 스트레스 반응 척도(Stress Response Inventory)를 사용하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 24.0 프로그램을 사용하여 대응표본 t-검정을 통해 프로그램 참가 전과 후의 기분상태와 스트레스 반응 차이를 살펴보았다. 요가와 명상 중심의 산림치유 프로그램이 성인의 기분상태에 영향을 미치는가를 알아본 결과, 기분상태 총점은 통계적으로 유의미하게 감소하였다. 하위척도 중 활기는 증가하였으나 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았고 긴장, 우울, 분노, 피로, 혼돈은 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 요가와 명상 중심의 산림치유 프로그램에 참여한 성인의 스트레스 반응에 영향을 미치는가를 알아본 결과, 스트레스 반응은 통계적으로 유의미하게 감소하였다. 하위척도 중 공격성을 제외한 긴장, 신체화, 분노, 우울, 피로, 좌절은 통계적으로 유의미하게 감소하였다. 본 연구 결과가 향후 요가와 명상 중심의 산림치유 프로그램의 효과를 밝히는 기초자료로 활용될 수 있기를 기대한다.

The population of managed honeybees has been dramatically declining the recent past in worldwide. N. ceranae causessignificant detriment to honey production and results in economic losses critically. In our knowledge, Fumagillin is theonly antibiotic approved for control of nosemosis in honeybees. In this study, to select isolate with anti-Nosema activityagainst N. ceranae. Entomopathogenic fungi cultural filtrates were screened using in vitro polar tube germination assay.These fungi cultural filtrates were used to evaluate the safety of honeybees and their inhibition of nosemosis. As a result,P. marquandii 364 and Pochonia sp. 60 showed inhibitory activity on the growth of N. ceranae in honeybees and didnot significantly affect the survival rate of honeybees. These may be employed as antibiotic agents and a good featureto be used in the development of new biocontrol agents of nosemosis.

The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is an effective and widely used system for the production of recombinantproteins in insect cells or larvae. However, the expression efficiency of recombinant proteins using the polyhedrin promotercould not acquire the protein yields observed for native polyhedrin. In this study, we tried to develop hyper expressionvector by the optimal combination of previously reported various enhancer factors. The selected enhancer factors for optimalexpression consists homologous region5 (hr5), VP39 promoter and burst sequences. Seven recombinant viruses were madeto compare EGFP expression level. Each recombinant viruses showed different expression levels respectively, and themost of expression level was observed with higher than those of the previous vectors. This study suggests a new optionfor hyper expression of useful recombinant protein using the BEVS.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea, are importantpest and plant disease. To control these, many people have been relied on chemical methods for a long time. However,their continuous use has resulted in resistance of pest and disease. To surmount or avoid these problems, we evaluatedantifungal activity of the selected fungi with high virulence to mite to explore the potential for the dual control of notonly T. urticae but also B. cinerea. To maximize the use of spores and cultural filtrates, the virulence to mite was evaluatedusing culture products, and effective culture condition was investigated against blastospore production and antifungal activity.Consequently, the 2 fungal isolate selected in this study were confirmed to have diverse potential and would be usedeffectively for dual control agents against the two-spotted spider mite and plant diseases

Viral particles of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) consist of a four structural proteins. Among them Spikeprotein mediated responsible for receptor binding and membrane fusion during viral infection and therefore the main targetof neutralizing antibodies. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are consisted of one or more viral structural proteins, and theirmorphologies closely resemble those of the native virus. VLPs have no virulence and can elicit robust immune responsesas compared with inactivated or live-attenuated virus vaccines. Thus, in this study, we tried two methods for VLP constructionin Bombyx mori, one is traditional method and the other is chimeric VLP method using the influenza matrix protein.Both methods could produce successfully PEDV VLPs.

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of home or hetero fermentative lactic acid bacteria(LAB) on chemical composition, fermentation quality, and aerobic stability of rye silage. Rye forage was harvested at dough stage(28.9% of dry matter), chopped to 3-5 cm length, and divided into 4 piles for different inoculations as treatment, following 1) No additives(CON); 2) Lactobacillus plantarum at rate of 1.5 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage(LP); 3) L. buchneri at rate of 1.2 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage(LB); and 4) Mixture of LP and LB at 1:1 ratio(MIX). Rye silage was ensiled into 20 L bucket silo in quadruplicate for 0, 1, 4, 7, and 100 day periods. After 100 days of ensiling, the silage treated with LB had lower acid detergent fiber content(p<0.05), but higher in vitro dry matter digestibility(p<0.05). The LB and MIX reduced (p<0.05) pH more rapidly than CON and LP across the ensiling days, but had no difference on 100 days. Silage treated LP had lowest(p<0.05) acetic acid, but highest(p<0.05) propionic acid. In contrast, LB treated silage had highest(p<0.05) acetic acid, but lowest(p<0.05) propionic acid with the absence of butyric acid. On microbial count, LP treated silage had lowest(p<0.05) LAB, yeast, and aerobic stability, whereas LB and MIX treated silages had highest(p<0.05). Mold was not detected across all silages. Therefore, it could be concluded that heterofermentative LAB solely or combo with homofermentative LAB might improve in vitro dry matter digestibility, fermentation characteristics, and aerobic stability of rye silage harvested at dough stage.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is one of the most important pests of vegetable crops worldwide. This species cause direct damage by feeding on plant nutrients and indirect damage as transmits many virus vectors. The control of aphid has relied on the use of chemical insecticides and their intensive use over many years has led to the development of resistance. To surmount or avoid these problems, we screened the entomopathogenic fungi against green peach aphid and evaluated their virulences. Several entomopathogenic fungal isolates were selected with high virulence to green peach aphid. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of the selected fungal isolates was tested and analyzed to phytopathogens. Consequently, these entomopathogenic fungi would be used effectively for dual control agents for the green peach aphid and phytopathogen.

Honeybees have faced many diseases which treaten bee colony including a serious population decline phenomenon called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Nosema ceranae is a pathogen cause nosemosis, which is now wide spread around the world. According to the genome sequencing for N. ceranae, it has been identified that the presence of machinery for RNA silencing. Microsporidia N. ceranae that are obligated intracellular parasites depend on their host for energetic and metabolic needs. Here we selected the several genes from mitosome of N. ceranae to develop RNAi for the control of Nosema. Especially, TOM40, FNR1, FNR2 and Nar1 were chosen. After infection of N. ceranae, the Honeybee were treated with RNAi either by using only one or combining two or more. The infection rate and specific gene silecing in Nosema were analyzed.

용액-확산 메커니즘에 의해 결정되는 기존의 고분자에서와는 달리, 촉진수송은 투과도와 선택도를 동시에 향상시킬 수 있는 기술이다. 본 연구에서는 은 나노입자, 폴리비닐피롤리돈, 7,7,8,8-테트라시야노퀴노디메탄으로 구성된 촉진수송 올레핀 분리막에 있어서, 메조기공 티타늄산화물(m-TiO2)에 대한 영향을 연구하였다. 특히 메조기공 티타늄산화물은 폴리비닐클로라이 드-g-폴리옥시에틸렌 메타크릴레이트 가지형 공중합체를 템플레이트로 하여 쉽고 대량 생산이 가능한 방법으로 제조하였다. 엑 스레이 회절분석에 따르면, 제조된 메조기공 티타늄산화물은 아나타제와 루타일 상의 혼합으로 구성되어 있으며, 결정의 크기가 약 16 nm 정도 되었다. 메조기공 티타늄산화물을 첨가하였을 때, 분리막의 확산도가 증가하여 혼합기체 투과도가 1.6에서 16 GPU로 증가하였고 선택도는 45에서 37로 약간 감소하였다. 메조기공 티타늄산화물이 첨가되지 않은 분리막은 장시간 성능이 유지되었으나, 메조기공 티타늄산화물이 첨가된 분리막의 경우 시간이 지남에 따라 투과도와 선택도가 감소하였다. 이는 티타늄 산화물과 은 사이의 화학적 상호작용으로 은 나노입자의 올레핀 운반체로써의 활성을 감소시키기 때문으로 사료된다.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute diarrhea and dehydration in pigs with high mortality. PEDV is belong to Coronavirus, enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. PEDV particles were composed of four structure proteins such as a glycosylated peplomer (spike, S) protein, envelope (E), glycosylated membrane (M) protein, and unglycosylated RNA-binding nucleocapsid (N) protein. Many of previous studies talk about this four structure proteins have a great potential to diagnosis and prevent PEDV. In this study we investigated expression of these structure proteins using the bacterial and baculovirus expression system. In bacterial expression system, our results showed that structure proteins fused polyhedrin and intein gene were expressed higher than non-fusion structure proteins. The expressed fusion proteins were used to immune mice for generating a polyclonal antibodies. In baculovirus expression system, co-infection of insect cells with these four recombinant baculoviruses led to self-assembly of virus-like particles as demonstrated by Transmission electron microscopy. They were confirmed by western blot analysis using pre-made polyclonal antibodies. Finding in this study may provide important information for vaccine and diagnostic development.

Insects are among the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, representing more than half of all known living organisms. These insects are found in nearly every environment. Although humans regard certain insects as pests and attempt to control them using insecticides, most insects perform complex ecological functions, and provide either direct or indirect economic benefits to humans. Recently, the importance of insects used as food sources or as pets has increased in many countries, including Korea. In addition, several insects have a strong influence on people's emotion. Insect-mediated mental healthcare program is designed to help people who have disorders with physical, behavior and development. Children who have mental disorder, the experimental group that was provided with an insect-mediated mental healthcare program over a total of 8 sections, one section per week, 60 minutes per section, followed by pre-test and post-test. They responded to therapeutic effect after the completion of the program. Further research on the basis of this study is expected to help children with emotional therapy in other areas.

The population of managed honey bees has been dramatically declining the recent past in worldwide. The one of most common disease of bees is nosemosis, the nosemosis is caused by microsporidia in the genus Nosema. Nosema apis and N. ceranae have been described as honeybee pathogens. These microsporidia are highly evoloved fungi with an obligately intracellular parasitic lifstyle. The disease causes significant detriment to honey production and results in economic losses. In our knowledge, Fumagillin is the only antibiotic approved for control of nosemosis in honey bees, however this antibiotic may have unintended effects on the honey bee host, ultimately contributing to increased prevalence and pathogenicity of Nosema. Therefore, we screened anti-Nosema substances from entomopathogenic fungal culture filtrates using in vitro polar tube germination assay. These fungal metabolites are employed as antibiotic agents. As results, Total 3 samples (23% of 13 total samples) showing the germinating inhibition against N. ceranae. This screening method may be useful for the detection of anti-Nosema substances from various samples and selected samples in this study may be a good feature to be used in the development of a new biocontrol method of nosemosis.

Porcine parvovirus (PPV), a member of the genus Parvovirus, family Parvoviridae, is a significant causative agent in porcine reproductive failure, causing serious economic losses in the swine industry. PPV is a non-enveloped virus and its capsid is assembled from three viral proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3). The major capsid protein, VP2 is the main target for neutralizing antibodies in PPV. When VP2 was expressed in large amounts, it assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) similar in size and morphology to the original virions. In this study, we generated the recombinant Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) to express the VP2 protein. Expression of the VP2 protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The recombinant VP2 protein of approximately 64 kDa was detected by both analyses. The formation of VLP by recombinant VP2 was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy examination. The purified VP2 protein assembled into spherical particles with diameters ranging from 20 to 22 nm.

Insect constitute the largest and most diverse group of animals on world and also serve as the hosts or nutrient sources. In addition, several insects have a strong influence on people's emotion. To utilize the preference and interest of insects in the field of mental healthcare, a survey study was conducted with individual living in Korea. As results, the most people had a high preference and interest of insect, but some were disagreeable to the insect itself. The preference and interest of insect were high on male, adult and practician experienced insect-related events than female, student and non-practician, respectively. The most favored insects were familiar or pet insects such as Papilio xuthus, Lucanus maculifemoratus, Allomyrina dichotoma and Lampyridae. These results may be useful to develop a healing program for mental healthcare using insects. Further research is needed to determine the effects of these insect in the mental therapy for this purpose.

Background : For increasing saponin content of ginseng cultivated in shaded plastic house, this study was performed to investigate growth characteristics and saponin content of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) according to foliar spray of germanium and water-soluble silicates processing. Methods and Results : Used a native species in this study is violet-stem variant that most commonly cultivated in ginseng’s farms. 1-year-old violet-stem variant was transplanted on March 24, 2015 and planting distance was 11 × 20 cm. Shading material of plastic house was used blue-white shading vinyl. The processing method of inorganic dissolved matter is as follows, we were diluted with germanium and water-soluble silicates to 500-fold, 1000-fold and investigated after foliar spray twice a month from May to September. The growth characteristics in above-ground part of 2-year-old ginseng was a good in the inorganic matters treatment compared to the control treatment, the difference of above-ground growth characteristics between the inorganic dissolved matters treatments was not significant. The growth characteristics in under-ground part of 2-year-old ginseng was a good in the inorganic matter treatments and root weight per plant in the 500-fold dilution of germanium was 12.4 g that increased by 29 % compared to the control (9.6 g). Crude saponin content of under-ground part was higher generally in inorganic matter treatments compared to the control (11.53 ㎎/g). In the 1000-fold dilution of water-soluble silicate and germanium (50:50), crude saponin content was the highest in 12.91 ㎎/g. Crude saponin content of above-ground part was higher generally in inorganic matter treatments compared to the control (61.76 ㎎/g). In the 1000-fold dilution of water-soluble silicate and germanium (50:50), crude saponin content was the highest in 65.69 ㎎/g. Conclusion : From the above results, we concluded that germanium and water-soluble silicates could be useful matters in promoting growth characteristics and saponin content of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer).

Background : This study was performed to set proper soil moisture tension for promoting seed emergence and yield of ginseng when direct seeding cultivation of ginseng was carried out in shaded plastic house. Methods and Results : The test cultivars were used Cheonpung, Yeonpung, Geumpung and seeds were sown on November 20, 2013. Irrigation starting point was set to 30, 40, 50 kPa and irrigation breakpoint was set to 20 kPa. Ginseng was cultivated in clay loam soil and shading material of plastic house were used blue-white shading vinyl. The emergence rate of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars in accordance with soil moisture tension indicated Cheonpung 97.0%, Yeonpung 95.0%, Geumpung 95.3% in each 50 kPa, 50 kPa, 30 kPa. In general, emergence rate of ginseng was higher tendency in 50 kPa (93.3∼97.0%). The average absolute soil moisture content during the growing season indicated a moisture content of 19.3% (30 kPa), 17.9% (40 kPa), 16.2% (50 kPa). Looking at the growth characteristics in above-ground part of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars according to soil moisture tension, Yeonpung, Cheonpung and Geumpung were good growth tendency in each 30kPa, 40kPa, 50kPa. On the other hand, looking at the growth characteristics in underground part of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars according to soil moisture tension, Cheonpung, Geumpung and Yeonpung were good growth tendency in each 30kPa, 40kPa, 50kPa. Yield per 10a was indicated that Yeonpung was the highest in the 50kPa to 456kg. Yield per 10a of Cheonpung and Geumpung indicated 347kg, 263kg in each 30kPa, 50kPa. Conclusion : From the above results, we concluded that ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) seems to be a difference of growth characteristics according to soil moisture tension. Therefore, it is need to manage soil moisture for each ginseng cultivars