A diversification of external morphology and genital characteristics among conspecific animal populations that are geographically divided is particularly important to study the context of evolution and it is regarded as the early stage of allopatric speciation. The aim of the present study is to understand the morphological variations of Callipogon relictus Semenov from the three different populations (South Korea, China, Russia) in the Eastern Palaearctic region. A morphometric analysis was performed based on 87 selected external and internal characteristics from 95 specimens. As results of the present study, South Korean specimens shows remarkable morphological differences in genital characteristics compare to Russian ones. In Principal Component Analysis (PCA), South Korean and Russian populations are divided into two groups and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis indicate that these two populations have significant differences in 14 morphometric characteristics.

6-Gingerol exerts anti-tumor effects in various cancer cell models. We evaluated the effect of 6-gingerol on the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-10A breast epithelial cells to determine whether any growth-inhibitory effects found were attributable to apoptosis, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of action. 6-Gingerol inhibited the viability of both cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner; however, the degree of inhibition was greater in MCF-7 than MCF-10A cells. By flow cytometry, induction of dose- and time-dependent apoptosis was found, and the magnitude of apoptosis was also markedly greater in MCF-7 than MCF-10A cells. Expression of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was observed in MCF-7 cells treated with 6-gingerol, and further cleavage of PARP occurred in these cells. We suggest that 6-gingerol induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells mainly by promoting caspase-3 expression and subsequent degradation of PARP.

A predatory genus Cryptalaus Ôhira, 1967 (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Korea is taxonomically reviewed in this study. Up to date, two species of the genus Cryptalaus, C. berus Candèze, 1865 and C. larvatus pini Lewis, 1894, have been reported from Korea. From the present study, C. yamato Nakane, 1957 which has been regarded as an endemic to Japan, is reported from the Korean peninsula for the first time. A key to the Korean species of the genus Cryptalaus, diagnosis, illustrations of diagnostic characteristics are provided.

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), has been considered as a major thrips species after its invasion in 1993 in Korea although recently F. intonsa (Trybom) was found as a dominant species locally. To explain their asymmetrical abundance in the field, we hypothesized differential insecticide susceptibility of both thrips species as an underlying mechanism. Laboratory assays were conducted to know their susceptibility to different pesticides including chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, thiamethoxam, spinosad, s-metolachlor, and metalaxyl by direct spray, residue, and oral ingestion. Results showed that both thrips species were highly susceptible to chlorfenapyr and mortality reached 100% within 12 hours in F. occidentalis in all the assays while 9 hours in F. intonsa in direct spray and residual assays. The LT50[h] values of tested insecticides were significantly lower than that of herbicide or fungicide regardless of exposure methods except metalaxyl from direct spray. The insecticides tested here differed considerably in species specific toxicity, and F. intonsa is generally more susceptible to the insecticides irrespective of exposure methods.

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is an anthophilus pest of many greenhouse and field crops worldwide. We compared the influence of constant (27.3ºC) and fluctuating temperatures (23.8 to 31.5ºC, with an average of 27.3ºC) on the life table characteristics of F. occidentalis held at a 16:8 h L:D photoperiod and 45 ± 5% RH. The development times from egg to adult of F. occidentalis were significantly affected by temperature fluctuation and sex. Survival of immature life stages was higher under fluctuating than constant temperature. Total first instar larvae/female was not significantly different (58.7 at constant and 60.5 at fluctuating temperatures) but daily production of first instars was higher in constant temperature than fluctuating temperatures (3.3 at constant temperature and 3.1 at fluctuating temperatures). The off-spring sex ratio was not significantly different between constant and fluctuating temperatures. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), finite rate of increase (λ), mean generation time (tG), and doubling time (tD) were affected significantly by fluctuation of temperature. The intrinsic rate of natural increase of F. occidentalis was higher in constant temperature (0.1808) than did in fluctuation of temperatures (0.1733). Thus, this study show that variable temperatures influence population growth rates of F. occidentalis.

The greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a phloem-feeding pest that causes serious damages in vegetables and ornamental crops by direct feeding and causing diseases such as sooty mold. For the better management of T. vaporariorum, within-greenhouse and -plant distribution of this pest was investigated in strawberry greenhouses in Andong. Ten strawberry plants for each category were randomly selected and examined. Adults per plant was recorded by visual observation, and eggs and nymphs per trifoliate leaf were counted under microscope. Adult, egg, and nymph populations were all more abundant in border rows than in middle rows. The number of nymphs were found more in lower canopy in both border and middle rows, but egg density was higher in upper canopy of border plants. No correlation was found between sticky trap count and population density on plants. These informations would be important for the development of efficient monitoring and control measures of greenhouse whitefly.

Riptortus pedestris is an important soybean pest in Korea and Japan. Aggregation pheromone traps were evaluated in 12 soybean fields in Andong using three treatments of trap installation, i.e., installation for whole cultivation period, installation up to September, and no installation. The number of R. pedestris (in all life stages) were not significantly different among the treatments until October, but its abundance significantly increased at mid October in the fields where traps were installed. Trap catch of R. pedestris was relatively higher in August while bug population was low in the fields. However, in fall, R. pedestris populations become abundant in the fields while trap catch was low. There was no significant difference in parasitism as well as seed and pod damage among the treatments. In conclusion, aggregation pheromone trap should’nt be used as control measure, but can be used as a monitoring tool of R. pedestris population up to August in soybean field.

Tetranychus piercei McGregor, T. truncatus Ehara, and T. bambusae Wang and Ma are considered as major pests of many agricultural crops in Bangladesh. T. piercei and T. truncatus has a diverse host plants although T. bambusae infest only bamboo leaves. We compared the development, survivorship, and life table parameters of T. piercei and T. truncatus on bean leaves and T. bambusae on bamboo leaves at 25ºC, 60-70% RH, and a photoperiod of 16: 8 h (light: dark). The development time from egg to adult female of T. piercei and T. truncatus was 10.2 and 8.8 days when feeding on bean leaves, respectively, whereas it takes 9.5 days for female T. bambusae when feeding on Bambusa sp. leaves. Mated females of T. piercei, T. truncatus, and T. bambusae laid on average 186.9, 132.5, and 46.3 eggs for the oviposition period of 22.3, 13.5, and 20.2 days, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was 0.268 for T. piercei, 0.295 for T. truncatus, and 0.178 for T. bambusae. The finite rate of increase (λ) was 1.31, 1.34, and 1.20 individuals/female/day for T. piercei, T. truncatus, and T. bambusae, respectively. The doubling time (Dt) was lowest in T. truncatus (2.4 days) compare to T. piercei (2.6 days) and T. bambusae (3.9 days). The two polyphagous Tetranychus mites collected in Bangladesh are found to have similar life table parameters fall within the parametric range of other Tetranychus mites found in various regions irrespective of food sources. This is the first report of life table parameters of monophagous T. bambusae.

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and F. intonsa (Trybom) have been shown asymmetrical occurrence pattern in pepper and strawberry fields. To explain this phenomenon, interactive influence of temperatures (20, 25, and 30ºC) and relative humidities [Low (50-55%), Medium (70-75%), and High (90-95%)] were assessed on pupal and adult stage of the two thrips species. In pupal stage, mortality of both species decreased as the humidity increased without significant difference between the species. Also, pupal duration of the two thrips decreased as RH increased from low to high in all the temperatures tested, but significantly shorter duration was found in F. intonsa. In adult stage, F. intonsa survived better than F. occidentalis only in high humidity at both 20 and 25ºC. Frankliniella intonsa survived 2.5 and 2.4 times longer as RH increased from low to high at 20 and 25ºC, respectively, whereas F. occidentalis survived 1.8 and 1.6 times longer, respectively. In conclusion, both pupae and adults of F. intonsa performed better at higher RH condition compared to F. occidentalis. Thus, difference in relative susceptibility to changing environmental condition can be one of the underlying mechanisms for the differential occurrence pattern in the fields.

The Lactobacillus brevis 340G strain isolated from traditional Korean fermented food (kimchi) produced 15.50mMof γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) after 48 h of cultivation in MRS media containing 1% L-monosodium glutamate(MSG). The culture conditions of Lb. brevis 340G were optimized for GABA production. Lb. brevis 340G was cul-tivated at 30oC in optimized MRS media containing 3% sucrose and 2% yeast extract with 3% MSG, resulting inmaximum GABA production (68.77mM) after 54 h of cultivation. Skim milk fermented with Lb. brevis 340G pro-duced 4.64mM of GABA in the presence of 1% MSG. These results suggest that Lb. brevis 340G could be usedas a starter for functional fermented foods and skim milk fermented with Lb. brevis 340G could be further devel-oped to become functional dairy food fortified with GABA.

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are sympatric thrips species infesting crops including strawberry and pepper. Recently, F. intonsa was found as a dominant species locally even though F. occidentalis has been considered as a major species in Korea. We suggested interspecific competition as a underlying mechanism for the asymmetrical abundance. Effect of the competition on adult reproduction and longevity of the two thrips species was assessed in leaf cage and microtube arena, respectively. The number of reproduced progeny was reduced by 79% for F. occidentalis and only 43% for F. intonsa in competition condition. The mean longevity was also reduced greater in F. occidentalis (by 41%) than in F. intonsa (23%). Based on these results, it is probable that interference competition exists between the two species, and F. intonsa is better competitor than F. occidentalis. Therefore, interspecific competition might affect field occurrence pattern of the two thrips species.

Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande and F. intonsa Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are polyphagous insect pests on numerous crops. These two species reduce the crop production in two ways: by sucking sap from the plant parts and by serving as vectors for tospoviruses. In this study, we tried to confirm the previous observation of F. intonsa dominance on certain crops during recent years. Thrips populations were examined on greenhouse strawberry by installing circular yellow sticky cards with black background and on field pepper by destructive sampling of pepper flowers during season of 2012 in Songcheon, Andong. Eighty two to 92% and 3-5% of thrips collected from the both crops were F. intonsa and F. occidentalis respectively. Frankliniella. intonsa was 4-8 times more abundant than F. occidentalis in sticky cards and on pepper flowers. In conclusion, asymmetrical dominance of F. intonsa was found both in strawberry and pepper plant as we found in past on those crops. Underlying reasons such as interspecific competition and climate change were discussed.

To control pest of Brassicaceae leafy vegetable(leaf broccoli, Red Mustard Leaf, Tatsoi) which grows at vinyl house in IKSAN, Jeollabuk-do, the non-treatment was set as negative control, and treatment was divided into Parasitic natural treatment group and general treatment group. And incidence density of pest was surveyed and control effect was analyzed. As a result, in case of spring plants, the leaf damage ratio was decreased by 31% in Leaf broccoli, 30% in Red mustard leaf and 27% in Tatsoi compared to untreatment. In case of autumn plants, it was decreased by 32%, 41% and 17% respectively. The key pests were Plutella xylostella, Pieris rapae, Myus persicae Sulzer, Thrips palmi and Striped cabbage flea-beetle. Compared with the untreatment, the incidence density of each was significantly controlled. Other pests include Spodoptera exigua, Macdunnoughia purissima, Macdunnoughia purissima which showed high incidental density sometimes. In case of spring plants, the number by treatment was increased by 117% in Leaf broccoli, 85% in Red mustard leaf and 1,000% in Tatsoi. In autumn plants, it was increased by 132%, 257% and 1,077% respectively. The used Parasitic natural and eco-friendly materials were Cotesia glomerata, lacewing, ladyburg, Orius laevigatus, Encarsia formosa, Entomopathogenic nematode, Chungjigi and Togkaki. During early development of each pest, the Parasitic naturals were grazed 2~3 times at the interval of 7~10days. During the peak time, eco-friendly materials were sprayed 1~2 times. Based on this, comprehensive management model was drafted by period for each Brassicaceae vegetables pest.

To control Thrips tabaci in Korean leek and green onion which grow at vinyl house in IKSAN, Jeollabuk-do, the non-treatment was set as negative control. In general treatment group, 120 mesh gauze was installed on the side window after planting(May, 2nd) and, in spring, Orius strigicollis (1.0/m2) was grazed 3 times every 7 days from mid of May which is early development stage and In the mid of June, which is the peak stage, plant extracts were sprayed one time. In autumn, O. strigicollis was grazed 3 times every 7 days from mid of September which is early development stage, and in the mid of October, which is the peak stage, plant extracts were sprayed one time. The result shows that the leaf damage ratio was decreased by 22% in Korean leek and by 27% in green onion compared to the untreatment. And the control value of Thrips tabaci shows 78.7% in korean leak and 90.6% in green onion. The density control effect of Thrips tabaci was significantly controlled under max 6.2/plant in general treatment group compared max 25/plant in the untreatment and this result was similar in green onion. The yields by general treatment was increased by 85% in Korean leek and 56% in green onion, compared with non-treatment yields, which was 900kg/10a in Korean leek and 1,287kg/10a in green onion.

ReαlITent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) appears to be one of the most common oral diseases. However, the defmitive etiology of RAS is not well established, though many etiologic faαors have been suggested and examined. The present study was petformed to investigate the association between HIA and Korean recurrent aphthous stomatitis pa디ents. πle proportions of class 1 and class II HIA types expressed in 49 Korean subjects affected by recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) and in 50 healthy controls were deteffi1Í11ed by microlymphocytotoxicity test. 까le sig띠ficance of the data was analyzed by chi-square test and Fisher' s exact test. πle proportions of HIA-Cw1 and -DR9 antigens were significantly higher in RAS pa디ents (p(0.05), whereas those of HIA-DR4 and -DQ2 antigens were significantly lower (p(0.05). 까le odds ratio (OR) were 2.8 for HIA-Cw1 and 2.7 for -DR9. πle etiologic fractions (EF) were 0.262 and 0.193, respectively. The results s맹gest that, in Koreans, there Í$ a sig띠ficant relation between HIA antigens and RAS. Genetic faαors ， reflected in the HIA type, may play an in1portant role in the development of RAS.