영농형 태양광 발전은 농경지에서 작물을 생산함과 동시에 식물이 요구하는 광포화점 이상의 광을 이용하여 전기를 생산 하는 시스템이다. 새로운 농가 소득원의 개발을 위하여 포도 원에 태양광 패널을 설치하고 수체의 생육과 과실 발육 특성 을 평가하여 영농형 태양광의 활용성을 탐색하고 향후 재배기 술을 개발하는 데 필요한 정보를 제공하고자 연구를 진행하였 다. 152 × 68 × 3.5cm 크기의 구조물에 영농형 150Wp (36cell) 모듈을 포도나무 재식열에 따라 배치하고, 과원의 환경과 식물 생육을 분석하였다. 무처리에는 겨울철 풍속이 0.4－0.6m·s-1 에 도달하였으나, 시설 설치구에서는 0.01－0.02m·s-1에 머 물렀다. 삽수 수피의 탄수화물함량은 시설 설치구에서 183－ 184m·g-1으로 무처리구(181－198mg·g-1)에 비해 큰 차이가 없으며 삽수의 발아율도 큰 차이가 없었다. 잎의 엽록소의 함 량은 처리구에서 높게 나타났다. 수확후 과실의 특성으로는 과립중, 과방중, 당도, 과피색의 차이는 없었다. 다만 시설구 에서 숙기가 5－7일정도 늦어졌으며, 변색기의 착색에는 약 간 차이가 있었다. 영농형 태양광 패널을 설치한 과원에서 포 도나무와 과실의 발육은 유의차가 없었고, 설치구에서 착색 이 지연되었다. 이러한 결과는 향후 포도원에서 영농형 태양 광 시설을 설치하여 포도를 생산하는 기술 개발에 필요한 정 보로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Grapevine leaf rust (GLR) caused by Phakopsora euvitis results in the reduction of fruit quality and yield loss in grape production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of genes related with defense responses in the grapevines infected with rust pathogens. In two genotypes of Ampelopsis species inoculated with P. euvitis, the real-time PCR with RNAs was performed to investigate transcripts levels of nine defense-related genes, including pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1), β-1,3glutannase (Glu), chitinase (Chi), superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), stilbene synthase 1 (STS1), and resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT). All tested genes were upregulated in YG11030 as well as YG10075, while mostly the expression of genes was higher in YG10075 than that in YG11030. Glu and STS showed significantly high expression in YG10075 than in YG11030. Expression of ROMT was upregulated in YG11030 and downregulated in YG10075 at 24 hours after inoculation. The differential expression pattern of the tested genes seems to be related with the defense responses, considered to be involved in plant-resistant responses against the infection by P. euvitis, and further studies on resistant responses based on the expression of genes would provide valuable information in breeding grapes resistant to diseases.

While the use of metadiscourse in L2 writing has received considerable attention in the past, little effort has been made to examine how L2 writers’ use of metadiscourse in academic writing has evolved over time. In addressing this, the present study explored a diachronic evolution of interactional metadiscourse in research articles (RAs) published across a span of 40 years (1980-2021) in English Teaching. Based on 931 articles consisting of 6.4 million words, we examined whether the use of interactional metadiscourse has changed over the past 40 years. Our findings revealed that there was a global decrease in interactional metadiscourse over the past 40 years. While the frequency and diversity of interactional metadiscourse have slightly decreased over time, the proportion of each metadiscourse category remained consistent. The study further suggests that Korean L2 scholars who publish in English Teaching tend to hedge more than they boost or use attitude markers compared to those who publish in global journals.

Recent studies indicate that mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the spinal dorsal horn. In our previous study, application of malate, a mitochondrial electron transport complex I substrate, induced a membrane depolarization, which was inhibited by pretreatment with ROS scavengers. In the present study, we used patch clamp recording in the substantia geletinosa (SG) neurons of spinal slices, to investigate the cellular mechanism of mitochondrial ROS on neuronal excitability. DNQX (an AMPA receptor antagonist) and AP5 (an NMDA receptor antagonist) decreased the malate-induced depolarization. In an external calcium free solution and addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) for blockade of synaptic transmission, the malateinduced depolarization remained unchanged. In the presence of DNQX, AP5 and AP3 (a groupⅠ metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist), glutamate depolarized the membrane potential, which was suppressed by PBN. However, oligomycin (a mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor) or PPADS (a P2 receptor inhibitor) did not affect the substrates-induced depolarization. These results suggest that mitochondrial substrate-induced ROS in SG neuron directly acts on the postsynaptic neuron, therefore increasing the ion influx via glutamate receptors.

Growing evidence suggests that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in various pain states. This study was performed to investigate whether ROS-induced changes in neuronal excitability in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis are related to ROS generation in mitochondria. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to measure ROS-induced fluorescence intensity in live rat trigeminal caudalis slices. The ROS level increased during the perfusion of malate, a mitochondrial substrate, after loading of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCF-DA), an indicator of the intracellular ROS; the ROS level recovered to the control condition after washout. When pre-treated with phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidene-1-oxyl (TEMPOL), malate-induced increase of ROS level was suppressed. To identify the direct relation between elevated ROS levels and mitochondria, we applied the malate after double-loading of H2DCF-DA and chloromethyl-X-rosamine (CMXRos; MitoTracker Red), which is a mitochondria- specific fluorescent probe. As a result, increase of both intracellular ROS and mitochondrial ROS were observed simultaneously. This study demonstrated that elevated ROS in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neuron can be induced through mitochondrial-ROS pathway, primarily by the leakage of ROS from the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can act as modulators of neuronal activity, and are critically involved in persistent pain primarily through spinal mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the effects of NaOCl, a ROS donor, on neuronal excitability and the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) in spinal substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons. In current clamp conditions, the application of NaOCl caused a membrane depolarization, which was inhibited by pretreatment with phenyl-N-tert-buthylnitrone (PBN), a ROS scavenger. The NaOCl-induced depolarization was not blocked however by pretreatment with dithiothreitol, a sulfhydrylreducing agent. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to confirm whether NaOCl increases the intracellular ROS level. ROS-induced fluorescence intensity was found to be increased during perfusion of NaOCl after the loading of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H₂DCF-DA). NaOCl-induced depolarization was not blocked by pretreatment with external Ca²⁺ free solution or by the addition of nifedifine. However, when slices were pretreated with the Ca²⁺ ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, NaOCl failed to induce membrane depolarization. In a calcium imaging technique using the Ca²⁺-sensitive fluorescence dye fura-2, the [Ca²⁺]_i was found to be increased by NaOCl. These results indicate that NaOCl activates the excitability of SG neurons via the modulation of the intracellular calcium concentration, and suggest that ROS induces nociception through a central sensitization.

Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critically involved in persistent pain primarily through spinal mechanisms, and that mitochondria are the main source of ROS in the spinal dorsal horn. To investigate whether mitochondrial ROS can induce changes in mem¬brane excitability on spinal substantia gelatonosa (SG) neurons, we examined the effects of mitochondrial electron transport complex (ETC) substrates and inhibitors on the membrane potential of SG neurons in spinal slices. Application of ETC inhibitors, rotenone or antimycin A, resulted in a slowly developing and slight membrane depolarization in SG neurons. Also, application of both malate, a complex I substrate, and succinate, a complex II substrate, caused reversible membrane depolarization and enhanced firing activity. Changes in membrane potential after malate exposure were more prominent than succinate exposure. When slices were pretreated with ROS scavengers such as phenyl-N-tert-buthylnitrone (PBN), catalase and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL), malate-induced depolarization was significantly decreased. Intracellular calcium above 100 µM increased malate-induced depolarization, witch was suppressed by cyclosporin A, a mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) inhibitor. These results suggest that enhanced production of spinal mitochondrial ROS can induce nociception through central sensitization.

Using whole cell current- and voltage-clamp recording we investigated the characteristics and pharmacology of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated responses in rat medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons. In current clamp conditions, activation of mGluR I by application of the group I mGluR agonist (R,S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) induced a direct excitation of MVN neurons that is characterized by depolarization and increased spontaneous firing frequency. To identify which of mGluR subtypes are responsible for the various actions of DHPG in MVN, we used two subtype-selective antagonists. (S)-(+)- alpha-amino-a-methylbenzeneacetic acid (LY367385) is a potent competitive antagonist that is selective for mGluR1, whereas 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) is a potent noncompetitive antagonist that is selective for mGluR5. In voltage clamp conditions, DHPG application increased the frequency of spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) but had no effect on amplitude distributions. Antagonism of the DHPG-induced increase of miniature IPSCs required the blockade of both mGluR1 and mGluR5. DHPG application induced an inward current, which can be enhanced under depolarized conditions. DHPG-induced current was blocked by LY367385, but not by MPEP. Both LY367385 and MPEP antagonized the DHPG-induced suppression of the calcium activated potassium current (IAHP). These data suggest that mGluR1 and mGluR5 have similar roles in the regulation of the excitability of MVN neurons, and show a little distinct. Furthermore, mGluR I, via pre- and postsynaptic actions, have the potential to modulate the functions of the MVN.

Lentinus edodes is a popular edible mushroom in South-East Asia. This study was initiated to evaluate the antioxidant activities, tyrosinase inhibitory effects on the fruiting bodies of L. edodes extracted with acetone, methanol and hot water. The antioxidant activities were performed on β-carotene-linoleic acid, reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, and ferrous chelating abilities. In addition to this, phenolic acid and flavonoids contents were also analyzed. Methanolic extract of L. edodes showed the strongest β-carotene-linoleic acid inhibition as compare to others extracts. At 8 mg/ml, hot water extract showed a high reducing power of 0.96. The scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, acetonic extract was effective than other extracts. The strongest chelating effect (86.45%) was obtained from the acetonic extract at 1.0 mg/ml concentration. Antioxidant activities of the extracts from the fruiting bodies of L. edodes were increased with the increasing concentration. After application of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, coupled to a diode array detector and electrospray ionisation mass spectra, four phenolic compounds namely, naringenin, hesperetin, formononetin and biochanin were identified from acetonic extract. Tyrosinase inhibition of acetonic, methanolic, and hot water extracts of L. edodes were increased with the increasing of concentration. Results revealed that acetonic and methanolic extracts showed good, while hot water showed moderate activities of the tyrosinase inhibition at the concentration tested. This study suggests that fruiting bodies of L. edodes can potentially be used as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants.

Recent studies have implicated reactive oxygen species (ROS) as determinants of the pathological pain caused by the activation of peripheral neurons. It has not been elucidated, however, how ROS activate the primary sensory neurons in the pain pathway. In this study, calcium imaging was performed to investigate the effects of NaOCl, a ROS donor, on the intracellular calcium concentration ([Cα2+]i) in acutely dissociated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. DRG was sequentially treated with 0.2 mg/ml of both protease and thermolysin, and single neurons were then obtained by mechanical dissociation. The administration of NaOCl then caused a reversible increase in the [Cα2+]i], which was inhibited by pretreatment with phenyl-N-tertbuthylnitrone (PBN) and isoascorbate, both ROS scavengers. The NaOCl-induced [Cα2+]i] increase was suppressed both in a calcium free solution and after depletion of the intracellular Cα2+ pool by thapsigargin. Additionally, this increase was predominantly blocked by pretreatment with the transient receptor potential (TRP) antagonists, ruthenium red (50 μM) and capsazepine (10 μM). Collectively, these results suggest that an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration is produced from both extracellular fluid and the intracellular calcium store, and that TRP might be involved in the sensation of pain induced by ROS.

Medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons are involved in the reflex control of the head and eyes, and in the recovery of vestibular function after the formation of peripheral vestibular lesions. In our present study, whole cell patch clamp recordings were carried out on MVN neurons in brainstem slices from neonatal rats to investigate the actions of a group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist upon synaptic transmission and ionic currents. Application of the mGluR I agonist (S)-3,5- dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) increased the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) but had no effect upon amplitude distributions. To then identify which of mGluR subtypes is responsible for the actions of DHPG in the MVN, we employed two novel subtype selective antagonists. (S)-(+)--amino-a-methylbenzeneacetic acid (LY367385) is a potent competitive antagonist that is selective for mGluR1, whereas 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) is a potent noncompetitive antagonist of mGluR5. Both LY367385 and MPEP antagonized the DHPG-induced increase of mIPSCs, with the former being more potent. DHPG was also found to induce an inward current, which can be enhanced under depolarized conditions. This DHPG-induced current was reduced by both LY367385 and MPEP. The DHPG-induced inward current was also suppressed by the PLC blocker U-73122, the IP₃ receptor antagonist 2-APB, and following the depletion of the intracellular Cα2+ pool by thapsigargin. These data suggest that the DHPG-induced inward current may be mainly regulated by the intracellular Cα2+ store via the PLC-IP3 pathway. In conclusion, mGluR I, via pre- and postsynaptic actions, may modulate the excitability of the MVN neurons.

Heat shock transcription factors(HSFs) are the major heat shock factors regulating the heat stress response. They participate in regulating the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), which are critical in the protection against stress damage and many other important biological processes. In this study, a genome-wide analysis was carried out to identify all HSFs soybean genes. Twenty six nonredundant HSF genes(GmHsf) were identified in the latest soybean genome sequence. Chromosomal location, protein domain and motif organization of GmHsfs were analyzed in soybean genome. The phylogenetic relationships, gene duplications and expression profiles of GmHsf genes were also presented in this study. According to their structural features, the predicted members were divided into the previously defined classes A–C, as described in Arabidopsis. Using RT-PCR, the expression patterns of 26 GmHsf genes were investigated under heat stress. The data revealed that these genes presented different expression levels in response to heat stress conditions. Real-time (q)RT-PCR was performed to investigate transcript levels of five GmHsfs in response to multiple abiotic stresses. Differential expression of five GmHsfs implies their role during abiotic stresses. Subcellular localization using GFP-fusion protein demonstrated that GmHsf12 and GmHsf34 were restricted to the nucleus and GmHsf28 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm in plant. The results provide a fundamental clue for understanding of the complexity of the soybean HSF gene family and cloning specific function genes in further studies and applications.

The plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC)-domain proteins play important roles in plant development and stress responses. Comparative time-course expression analyses were carried out to analyze the expression levels of 62 soybean NAC genes during drought stress in order to search for the stress-inducible NAC genes. Ten GmSNAC (Glycine max stress-inducible NAC) genes having the significant differential expression in response to the drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) hormone application were further investigated for their expression profiles with various stresses such as drought, high salinity, cold and with ABA treatments by the quantitative real-time PCR analyses. In this research, the full-length cDNAs of eight GmSNAC were isolated for the further studies. Eight GmSNAC proteins were tested for their transcription activation in the yeast assay system. Two GmSNAC proteins showed the very high transcriptional activities and the other two GmSNAC proteins displayed moderate levels of transactivation while the remaining four GmSNAC proteins lacked transactivation in yeast. Subcellular localization of eight GmSNAC proteins was analyzed via the green fluorescent protein-GmSNAC fusion protein in tobacco plant cell. Three GmSNAC proteins with the C-terminal transmembrane domain were localized to the nucleus and cytoplasmic fractions. The other five GmSNAC proteins were targeted to the nucleus. The function of GmSNAC49 gene was further investigated using the overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis. Germination rate in transgenic plants over-expressing GmSNAC49 was delayed in the media supplemented with mannitol or ABA compared with that of wild-type (WT) plants. The 35S:GmSNAC49 transgenic Arabidopsis displayed improved tolerance to drought stress compared to the WT. The results of this systematic analysis of the GmSNAC family responsive to abiotic stress will provide novel tools and resources for the development of improved drought tolerant transgenic soybean cultivars

Comparative time-course expression analyses were carried out to analyze the expression levels of 60 soybean WRKY genes during abiotic stress in order to search for the stress-inducible WRKY genes. Five GmWRKY(Glycine max WKRY) genes having the significant differential expression in response to the drought stress and abscisic acid(ABA) hormone application were further investigated for their expression profiles with various stresses such as drought, high salinity, cold and with ABA treatments by the quantitative real-time PCR analyses. In this research, the full-length cDNAs of five GmWRKY were isolated for the further studies. Five GmWRKY proteins were tested for their transcription activation in the yeast assay system. GmWRKY3 proteins showed the very high transcriptional activities and the other two GmWRKY proteins displayed moderate levels of transactivation while the remaining two GmWRKY proteins lacked transactivation in yeast. Subcellular localization of five GmWRKY proteins was analyzed via the green fluorescent protein-GmWRKY fusion protein in tobacco plant cell and all of GmWRKY proteins were targeted to the nucleus. In order to analyze the function of GmWRKY genes in plant, 35S:GmWRKY overexpression(OE) transgenic Arabidopsis were generated. Root growth and germination rates in transgenic OE plants were investigated in the media supplemented with mannitol, NaCl or ABA compared with that of wild-type(WT) plants. The 35S:GmWRKY42 transgenic Arabidopsis displayed reduced tolerance to drought stress compared to the WT. The results of this systematic analysis of the GmWRKY family responsive to abiotic stress will provide novel tools and resources for the development of improved drought tolerant transgenic soybean cultivars