애기유리나방의 성페로몬인 Z,Z-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol (Z3,Z13-18:OH)을 이용한 교미교란 효과를 검증하기 위하여 경남(진주)과 전남(순천)의 단감원에서 2016년부터 2년간 실험을 하였다. 2016년에는 순천과 진주A, 진주B의 세 단감원에 성페로몬 5 ㎎/septum을 각 나무마다 한 개씩 처리하여 교미교란 효과를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 순천과 진주A 과수원에서는 100 %의 교미교란 효과를 나타내었지만 진주B 과수원에서는 효과가 전혀 없었다. 2015년과 2016년 같은 기간에 애기유리나방의 밀도를 조사 결과 진주A 과수원에 비해 진주B 과수원의 애기유리나방 밀도가 약 6.7배 많은 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 그리하여 2017년 제1화기 때에 진주B 과수원에서 성페로몬 량을 10 ㎎/septum로 늘려서 실험한 결과 교미교란 효과가 66.7%로 낮았다. 2017 2화기 때에 다시 진주A 과수원으로 장소를 옮겨 실험한 결과 100 %의 교미교란 효과가 있는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과로 보아 교미교란 효과는 페로몬 량 뿐 아니라 지형의 영향도 받는 것으로 판단된다.

Azuki bean beetle (ABB), Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) is a field-to-storage pest of legumes and its female produces sex pheromone with two isomeric components, 2Z-homofarnesal and 2E-homofarnesal. Two day old virgin adults were exposed to 0, 200, 300, 400, 500 & 600 Gy gamma radiation and effect on longevity, fecundity, sterility and pheromone production were studied. Longevity (female; P < 0.001, male; P < 0.001) and fecundity (P < 0.001) were dose-dependently affected by the gamma irradiation. Both adults were totally sterilized by the tested doses of gamma irradiation as depicted by the null hatchability of laid eggs. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for solid phase micro extraction revealed that both of the pheromone components were significantly but not completely reduced by 300 Gy. It is a pre-requisite for a successful sterile insect technology that the sterility of ABB is induced without the total disruption of calling behavior.

Azuki bean beetle (ABB), Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) is a field-to-storage pest of legumes. It is ideal to estimate its field population before it invades the stored legume stuffs. The seasonal occurrence was monitored with rocket traps supplied with synthetic female sex pheromone and with sweep netting during 2015-2016. Harvest damage was evaluated by taking purposive samples of the pods at harvest. Over-wintering stage was identified from the pod samples of left over plants. The results ascertained that October was the peak season of ABB in the azuki bean field. Grain damage and weight loss of the harvested azuki bean were 2.7% and 2.4% respectively, which could be the inoculum for storage loss. The adult emergence only from live pupae collected from pods revealed for its most probable over-wintering stage. In all, this study provides insight into some field ecological parameters of ABB that could be helpful in adopting its management strategies.

Plant essential oils (EOs) exhibit an array of biological activities against insect pests. However, their negative influences on the pheromonal activity of azuki bean beetle (ABB), Callosobruchus chinensis L., the field-to-storage pest of legumes, have not received research attentions. We evaluated the effects of three EOs and their two major components on the attractiveness of male ABBS to synthetic homofarnesal (2E- : 2Z-homofarnesal = 6:4) using Y-tube olfactometry in laboratory and rocket traps in the semi-open vinyl house. The tested EOs of Illicium verum, Croton anisatum and Gaultheria fragrantissima as well as the major components, trans-anethole and methyl salicylate ascertained significant negative effect against homofarnesal both in Y-tube olfactometry and in semi-open vinyl house tracing out a new opportunity of integrating them in ABB management programs both in field and storage.

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae B is a powerful biological control agent against Monochamusalternatus, a crucial mediator of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this study, production of destruxins(dtxs), insecticidal cyclic hexadepsipeptides, was monitored in the submerged culture of M. anisopliae B. Three typesof dtxs, i.e., destruxin A, B, and E, were produced during the culture. Among the three dtxs, the production yield ofdestruxin A was best, followed by destruxin B and E. Destruxin A production was increased when pH was controlledat 6.0, whereas production of destruxin E was not affected by the pH control. The highest yield of dtxs A, B, and Ewere 16.4, 7.3, and 6.1 mg L-1, respectively. Considering that process for dtxs production has not been optimized, M.anisopliae B has more powerful implication as a biocontrol agent.

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is one of potent biological control agents against a variety ofinsect pests. In this study, we investigated enzyme production of M. anisopliae strains A and B. They produced extracellularenzymes for degrading the epidermis of Monochamus alternatus, a crucial mediator of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchusxylophilus. With Q-TOF MS/MS analysis, 29 kDa protein, a major band on a SDS-PAGE gel, was identified as subtilisin-likeserine protease PR1A. M. anisopliae A produced an extracellular enzyme more efficiently than M. anisopliae B: however,enzyme activities targeted for the cuticle were comparable. Our results suggest that the two strains of M. anisopliae havethe biological potential against M. alternatus with insecticidal protease production.

Morphology of antennal sensilla and their distribution were investigated in male and female adults of Plautia stali,a major pest of tree fruits, using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae of P. stali was composed of a scape, a pediceland three flagella in both sexes. Four types of sensilla (s. trichodea, s. basiconica, s. chaetica, s. coeloconica) were identifiedfrom both sexes. Among them, s. trichodea and s. basiconica were multiporous, others are not. They distributed in varyingnumbers. Sexual dimorphism was not shown in the distribution of the four sensilla types. But their distribution was characterizedalong antennal segments in both sexes. This study will be useful in electrophysiological and behavioral studies on theolfactory sensory function of each morphological type of sensilla.

This study focuses on exploring how to close attitude-behavior gap of consumers with regards to both recycled and upcycled fashion products. Specifically, this study is to explain the purchase gap between purchase intention and purchase experience of these sustainable products. Although many consumers had positive attitudes toward sustainable products, they often ended up not purchasing them. Factors including perceived values, risks, environmental concern, perceived consumer effectiveness, subjective norms, and demographic variables were examined to understand the discrepancy. The results indicate that antecedents of purchase intention were different from those of purchase experience and that influencing factors for recycled products were different from those for upcycled products. This study provides insights into understanding consumers and developing effective strategies to encourage desirable behaviors.

With the increasing popularity of social media, opinion leaders who have lots of followers have recently created strong advertising effects and generated greater sales. The emergence of online stars, Wang Hong in China, comes at a time when self-media gains popularity and e-commerce requires innovative ways to endorse brands in fashion industry. This study examines how these influencers impact consumers’ attitude toward the products they use and recommend. Specifically, this study investigates whether and how source attributes, social media content characteristics and judgment of product fit affect attitude of Chinese fashion consumers. As the perceived fit between the endorser and the product positively affect source credibility (Kamins, 1990) as well as consumer attitude toward the advertised product (Till & Busler, 2000), the present study hypothesized that the fit between the online star and the product will increase the perceived endorser credibility and product attitude of consumers. The effect of the fit between the product and the self-media content on the attitude toward the content or the product was also examined. Implications for managing marketing strategies as well as future research directions are subsequently discussed.

In this study, an α-Fe2O3 (hematite) coated porcelain plate was sintered in a temperature range from 1100 oC to 1250 oC using ferrous sulfate. The specimens were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and UV-visible spectrophotometer. It was confirmed that α-Fe2O3 (hematite) was densely fused to the surface at several tens of μm, the α-Fe2O3 (hematite) was in the form of thin platelet and polyhedra, and no other compounds appeared in the sintering process. In the specimen coated with α-Fe2O3 (hematite), the reflectance spectra show a red absorption band of 560-650 nm. The L* value decreased from 53.18 to 46.94 with the firing temperature. The values of a* and b* were at 19.03 and 15.25 at 1100 oC and gradually decreased with increasing temperature; these values decreased rapidly at 1250 oC to 11.54 and 7.98, respectively. It is considered that the new phases are formed by the phase transition of the porcelain plate (clay), and thus the a* and b* values are greatly influenced.

A few importers of marine products has practiced ice glazing of frozen fish and forced water injection into small octopus to increase their weight. These rampant practices have recently become a serious social issue. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop non-destructive detection methods for verifying forced water injected frozen small octopus using dielectric properties. The weight and dielectric properties of live small octopuses imported from China were measured using an electronic scale and dielectric probe connected with vector network analyzer, respectively. The frequency range from 0.5 to 4 GHz was used for measurement of dielectric properties of small octopus samples. The moisture contents of live small octopuses were determined by convection drying at 105°C for 24 h. To increase weight of small octopus samples, each sample was placed in a container including 2% polyphosphate solution of 800 mL and was kept for 24 h in a refrigerator. Then, the sample was removed from the solution and was frozen at -35°C for 24 h. The moisture contents of live small octopuses were 81.6 ± 1.9% (wb). Regardless of weight of live small octopuses, dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss factor (ε′′) were from 76.09 to 58.62 and from 101.95 to 28.72, respectively. The average weight gain of small octopuses immersed in the solution was approximately 40.6%. Dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss factor (ε′′) of forced water injected small were from 78.18 to 66.71 and from 51.96 to 25.05, respectively. In addition, there was a significant difference between dielectric properties and penetration depth of fresh frozen and forced water injected frozen small octopuses. The results clearly showed that dielectric properties of small octopuses affected by moisture contents could be an important factor to detect forced water injected frozen small octopuses.

Morphology of antennal sensilla and their distribution were investigated in male and female adults of Ooencyrtus nezarae, an egg parasitoid of Riptortus pedestris, using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae of O. nezarae was composed of scape, pedicel and seven flagella in both sexes. Six types of sensilla (s. trichodea, s. basiconica, s. chaetica, s. campaniformia, s. sickle-shaped and unknown s.) were identified from both sexes. Among them, s. trichodea and s. sickle-shaped were multiporous, others are not. They distributed in varying numbers. Sexual dimorphism was clearly observed in the distribution of s. trichodea (only on male antennae) and unknown sensilla (only on female antennae). These findings would be helpful for further studies on detailed sex specific-receptive functions of each antennal sensilla.

Halal literally means “permissible” in Arabic. The global Halal industry output value amounted to USD 3.2 trillion of which industry accounted for 35%. Chinese Halal food market is approximately USD 21.2 billion, and shares about 3% of the world’s Halal food market. About 24.4 million live in China of which 13.4 million reside in Xinjiang Weiwuer Autonomous Region while 2.5 million live in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Out of all countries that belong to the “One Belt One Road” (i.e. New Silk Road Economic Belt) project, 27 are Muslim countries. In addition, 65% of the 1.8. billion global Muslim population spread out along the Belt. If we can develop proper technologies accustomed to locals in China, select profitable export items, and conduct effective marketing strategies such as story-telling method, entering the Chinese Halal market may become realistic. Fundamentally, China is close to Korea in multiple ways which can be seen in our policy, economy, culture, etc. China highly favors the “Hallyu” Image that Korea is spreading all over Asia. “High-value-added organic products promoted by Hallyu” might be plausible to target the Chinese Halal market. This is a niche market for Korean organic food products from clean and fresh forests in Korea, which can be exported to China, and labelled with Hallyu brand as well as Halal certification.

Geopolymers have many advantages over Portland cement, including energy efficiency, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, high strength at early age and improved thermal resistance. Alkali activated geopolymers made from waste materials such as fly ash or blast furnace slag are particularly advantageous because of their environmental sustainability and low cost. However, their durability and functionality remain subjects for further study. Geopolymer materials can be used in various applications such as fire and heat resistant fiber composites, sealants, concretes, ceramics, etc., depending on the chemical composition of the source materials and the activators. In this study, we investigated the thermal properties and microstructure of fly ash and blast furnace slag based geopolymers in order to develop eco-friendly construction materials with excellent energy efficiency, sound insulation properties and good heat resistance. With different curing times, specimens of various compositions were investigated in terms of compressive strength, X-ray diffraction, thermal property and microstructure. In addition, we investigated changes in X-ray diffraction and microstructure for geopolymers exposed to 1,000 oC heat.

Euzophera batangensis (Lepidotera: Pyralidae) is seriously damaging trunks or branches of persimmon tree (Diospyros sp.). We tested the attractiveness of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9-14OH) and (Z9,E12)-tetradeca- 9,12-dien-1-ol (Z9,E12-14OH) with single or blended baits at southern parts of Korea in 2014 and 2015. The monoene was not attractive at all at three places during the two years. In 2014, diene was equally or more attractive than the mixture in Jinju and Suncheon, respectively. In 2015 too, the attractiveness of diene and mixture was not different in Jinju and Munsan. Monitoring of the seasonal occurrence of E. batangesis with the sex pheromone components revealed that it occurred three times a year; the first occurrence from early April to mid May, the second from early Jun to mid July, and the third from late August to late September.

Ooencyrtus nezarae lshii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a major egg parasitoid of Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae). One of the components of the aggregation pheromone of R. pedestris, (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate (E2HZ3H), is known to attract O. nezarae female. Response of O. nezarae females to E2HZ3H and its isomers was studied using electro-antennogram (EAG) and field tests. O. nezarae females showed higher antennal response to E2HZ3H and Z2HE3H isomers than E2HE3H and Z2HZ3H. In field tests, O. nezarae females were attracted to E2HZ3H traps, but not to Z2E3 traps. Interestingly, the blend of E2HZ3H and Z2HE3H showed significant antagonistic activities to the attraction of O. nezarae females in the field. We conclude from this study that Z2HE3H is a potent antagonist to the behavioral response of O. nezarae.

선박 및 해양구조물에서의 생물학적 오손을 방지하기 위하여 나노크기의 MnOx-WO₃-TiO₂ 분말을 졸겔법으로 합성하여 특성을 제어하였고, 입자의 결정과 미세구조 등 분체특성 평가를 실시하였다. 자기마모형 방오도료의 안료에 적용하기 위하여 수지에 첨가 된 TiO₂계 나노분말 안료의 함량에 따른 표면특성 및 방오성능을 확인하였다. TiO₂계 안료의 분체특성으로 비표면적은 약 90 m²/g, 입자 크기는 약 100 ~ 150 nm을 보였다. 텅스텐 산화물은 망간산화물과 티타늄산화물과 상관관계를 통해, 삼원계 분체가 분체특성 및 표면특성이 우수하였다. 망간산화물의 첨가는 독특한 산화환원 특성으로 인하여 방오성능을 증가시키고, 텅스텐 산화물은 안료의 분체특성을 향상시킴으로, 안료와 수지의 비율을 조절하여 분산성, 표면특성 및 방오성능을 제어하였다. 그 결과로, 분산성 및 표면특성에 있어서 1, 5 wt. % 안료가 첨가된 것이 일부 우수하였으나, 5개월 동안의 해상침지시험에서는 2 wt. % 함유된 시편이 높은 방오성능을 보여 해양구조물의 방오안료 적용가능성을 확인하였다.

Chitin synthase (CHS) is an important enzymatic component, which is required for chitin formation in the cuticles and cuticular linings of other tissues in insects. CHSs have been divided into two classes, class A and B, based on their amino acid sequence similarities and functions. Class A CHS (CHS-A) is specifically expressed in the epidermis and related ectodermal cells such as tracheal cells, while expression of class B CHS (CHS-B) is expressed in gut epithelial cells that produce peritrophic matrices. In this study, we cloned the CHS-A gene from the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. The SeCHS-A mRNA was expressed in all developmental stages and specifically in the epidermis and tracheae tissue by RT-PCR analysis. Expression of SeCHS-A gene was suppressed by feeding double-stranded RNA (dsRNASeCHS-A, 150 ng/larva) in the fifth instar of S. exigua. The suppression of SeCHS-A gene expression significantly induced mortality on pupal stage. Also, larvae fed with dsRNASeCHS-A significantly enhanced pathogenicity of an entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana ANU1. These results suggest that the SeCHS-A gene plays an important role in development of S. exigua and dsRNA, which is a specific to SeCHS-A gene, may be applied to effective pest control with B. bassiana.