This study explores university students’ revising behaviors in the peer assessment process. The data for this study were collected from 18 college students taking English critical writing courses. The results of this study show that the students’ feedback on critical writing significantly affect their revising behaviors. That is, the students’ feedback had substantial variability in the process of revising and improving their critical essays. Specifically, it was found that the students revised their essays more in surface levels by self-reflection and peer feedback and more in meaning levels by teacher feedback. In addition, the students’ perceptions of peer assessment appeared to be related to the extent of their experience of peer assessment and their revision work by peer feedback. The students considered peer assessment useful and helpful for improving their writing skills. This peer assessment induces learning and promotes further learning beyond what the students currently know or are able to do. The results inform L2 writing test developers and researchers about the extent to which peer assessment affects students’ learning and improves their writing abilities. Based on the findings in this study, the implications related to the assessment policy are also discussed.

백색, 적색(680±20nm), 황색(600 ± 20 nm), 녹색(525 ± 25 nm),청색(400 ± 10 nm), 흑색(365 ± 10 nm) 및 변환(다양한 파장)램프를 가지는 솔라트랩을 잡곡 및 두류포장에서 설치하여 나비목, 노린재목 및 딱정벌레목의 주요 해충에 대한 유인효과를 잡곡 및 두류포장에 설치하여 10일 간격으로 조사하여 평가하였다. 채집된 충수는 조사시기와 램프의 색깔에 따라 크게 영향을 받았으며, 조사시기와 램프의 색깔의 상호작용 효과도 있었다. 암청색램프에서 매미충류를 제외하고 가장 많은해충이 유인되었다. 따라서 암청색램프는 해충의 대량포획뿐만아니라 예찰을 위해 효과적으로 사용될 수 있다. 솔라트랩의 암청색램프와 페로몬의 조합은 잡곡 및 두류 해충의 포획효과를 증진시킬 수 있어 종합관리를 위한 유망한 수단으로사용될 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다.

Providing dogs with a natural diet consisting of raw, natural food is recommended for optimum health and longevity. We are aimed to provide the available knowledges about the recommended natural food and home made recipes of natural diets through literature review. As the results, we reviewed the efficacy, nutrients composition, daily feeding dose, recommended natural foods, home made recipes of natural diets etc. All-natural diets are also called raw diets or barf diets (BF). The common theme of these diets is that they feed raw human grade ingredients. While the actual contents will vary in some cases, depending on the health needs of a particular dog, the quality of the food products does not change. Everything is raw and human grade ingredient. Conclusionally, natural provides nutritionally sound and species appropriate diets to be fed to dogs at any stages of life varied through the correct corresponding portions from puppies to seniors, during pregnancy and lactation. It is also suitable for any breed from toy to giant. There is strong research based evidence highlighting the benefits of natural diets diet free of contaminants seen in many foods today for companion dogs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of animal-assisted activity on social aspects among inpatients with schizophrenia. Four participants including 2 males and 2 females were assigned to the animal-assisted activity program treatment group with therapy dog. A weekly animal-assisted activity program was arranged for patients in the treatment group for 10 weeks. The analysis assessing social skills was completed the week before and the week after the animal-assisted activity. The treatment group showed improvement on the social skills. The results of this study showed that animal-assisted activity can promote improvements in many clinical aspects among inpatients with schizophrenia. Therefore, animal-assisted activity should be integrated into the treatment of institutionalized patients with schizophrenia.

Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) attacks several leguminous crops and its reproductive success is found to be affected by the leguminous host types. Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an egg parasitoid of R. pedestris and its quality attributes depend on the host egg quality. We, thus, investigated the performance of O. nezarae on eggs of R. pedestris fed on different leguminous seeds. Eggs collected from R. pedestris female adults obtained from rearing on one of the four hosts such as soybean, adzuki bean, mung bean, and cowpea seeds were exposed as a batch (n=15) to a single 4 to 5 day-old mated female O. nezarae. The eggs exposed were collected after 24 h. Number of parasitized eggs, sex ratio, development times, and adult emergence were recorded. The maximum number of eggs parasitized by O. nezarae were the eggs of mung bean fed R. pedestris. Eggs produced from the adzuki bean fed bugs had the lowest parasitization. There was no difference recorded in the developmental time of parasitoids emerged from the eggs of R. pedestris fed on different legumes. Proportion of male O. nezarae was highest on the eggs of cowpea seed fed adult bugs (26%); the lowest of that was found on the eggs of mung bean fed bugs (22.4%). Ooencyrtus nezarae can successfully parasitize eggs of R. pedestris regardless of hosts food sources. However, eggs of mung bean fed R. pedestris, among the tested legumes, were found to be of the best quality for reproductive success of O. nezarae.

Some researchers have been the effect of people petting a dog while measuring their brain waves using an EEG recorder. However, until now, there was little information on the effects of petting a dog. This study investigated the effects of petting a companion dog on electrical activity in the brain as evaluated by an electroencephalogram(EEG). The subject was 23 healthy male young adult. EEG electrodes were attached at the frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes according to the international 10-20 system. The subject conducted petting a retriever dog for a period of 3 minutes each before, and after petting a dog. The activity of petting a dog decreased the alpha power/beta power ratio on the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain. These decreases induced by the increased beta power. The increased beta power induced the enhancement of brain activity. It is concluded that petting a dog increases the state of activity in the brain; alpha powers/beta powers ratio was increased in the brain of subject. This is expected to be utilized to activate the brain areas for creativity of the subjects.

썩덩나무노린재는 두과작물에서 과실에 이르기까지 다양한 작물을 가해하는 대표적인 다식성 노린재의 일종이다. 과실이 썩덩나무노린재의 발육에 필요한 영양원인지 불필요한 영양원인지 아직도 분명하지 않다. 그리하여 사과와 오렌지의 단독먹이 및 콩-땅콩과의 먹이조합에 따른 썩덩 나무노린재의 발육, 사망률 및 증식률을 평가하였다. 썩덩나무노린재 약충은 사과단독먹이에서만 높은 사망률로 성충으로 발육하지 못하였다. 물 만 제공한 것은 3령으로 발육하지 못하였고, 사과단독먹이에서 4령으로 발육하지 못하였다. 하지만 오렌지단독먹이에서 14%가 성충으로 우화하 였으나, 약충의 발육기간이 약 74일로 가장 길었다. 콩-땅콩과 조합한 먹이에서 노린재의 사망률은 38~44%를 나타내었다. 총 산란수는 169~190 개 였으며, 부화률은 81~83%이었다. 따라서 사과는 썩덩나무노린재의 발육에 불완전한 먹이 이었으나, 오렌지는 발육이 지연되기는 하였으나 이루지는 것으로 평가되었다.

The influence of three temperatures, 20℃, 25℃ and 35℃ and four relative humidities (RH), 30-35%, 50-55%, 70-75%, and 90-95% on oviposition and development of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on azuki bean seeds was investigated. One day old five males and five females of C. chinensis were introduced to 30 gm azuki bean seeds for each combination of temperature and RH, and replicated ten times. The introduced adults were allowed to lay eggs for 72 hours. Temperature significantly influenced on oviposition with increased number of eggs at 30℃, relative humidity, however, had no effect on egg laying. Development time was affected by both temperature and relative humidity. Development time was shortest at 30℃ and 70-75% RH. Adult emergence success rate was affected by both temperature and RH; increased level of temperature and RH increased emergence rate of adults. The results suggest that C. chinensis is much likely to cause greater damage to azuki bean seeds stored at 30℃ and 70-75% RH.

This study was conducted to determine the oviposition preference and development of adzuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on five different leguminous seeds a) cowpea, b) white kidney bean c) soybean cultivar Daepung d) mung bean and e) azuki bean. A multiple choice test and a nochoice test were conducted to record the number of eggs laid, total developmental time, number of adults emerged, and adult longevity of C. chinensis on the five different leguminous seeds. Both choice and no-choice tests revealed cowpea seed as the most preferred oviposition substrate. Total developmental time from egg to adult stage ranged from 28 to 31 days; shortest of that on the cowpea followed by adzuki and mung bean seeds. Successful development of C. chinensis was not witnessed on soybean or on kidney bean. Rate of adult emergence was higher on adzuki and mung bean seeds with longer adult longevity of those emerged from adzuki bean and cowpea. Higher egg laying preference and shorter developmental time with longer adult longevity of the beetle on cowpea probably signifies importance of physical as well as chemical attributes of the seed as an oviposition substrate other than evolutionary history of the insect. Cowpea seeds can possibly be used as a pull stimulus either as a trap crop or as a stimulant in the mechanical traps against C. chinensis where other leguminous host crops are grown as main crops.

Studies have reported differential attractiveness of yellow, white or blue sticky cards to greenhouse pests, especially to Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Alyerodidae). The main aim of this study was to determine whether yellow or blue sticky card offers a better option in monitoring or mass trapping these sympatric greenhouse pests. Laboratory study that included a multiple choice and no-choice tests to observe the attractiveness of blue, yellow, white or green sticky card to F. occidentalis and T. vaporariorum was conducted. Also, a glasshouse study was conducted to determine better composite attractiveness of yellow or blue sticky card. F. occidentalis showed higher preference to blue and yellow sticky cards in laboratory study and blue captured the highest number of F. occidentalis in glasshouse followed by the yellow. However, while the blue sticky card captured few T. vaporariorum, the yellow sticky card captured the highest number of T. vaporariorum in both laboratory and glasshouse tests. Since yellow sticky card received composite affinity of both F. occidentalis and T. vaporariorum, placement of yellow sticky card for the greenhouse pests, rather than blue or yellow targeted to individual species, is recommended for economical and optimal monitoring and/or mass trapping success of the tested greenhouse pests.

The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is native to Korea, Japan, and China. H. halys is one of the major polyphagous pentatomids with a wide host range encompassing ornamental shrubs, trees, and cultivated crops such as millet, sesame, soybean, apple, yuzu, pear, cherry, and peach and inflicting losses of several crops in Korea. However, study on dietary importance of these hosts on the development rate of H. halys is sparse. We evaluated fruits of apple and orange with or without soybean plus peanuts as food sources to investigate development rate, mortality and fecundity of the stink bug. Not apple but orange only diet could support development up to adult stage but with higher mortality. First instars were found to molt into second instars without feeding. The longest time H. halys took to develop was in its fifth instar. Overall shortest developmental period (39.82) days was recorded on those fed on orange+soybean and peanut whereas those fed on orange only diet had longest development period (78.92 days). Generational mortality of those fed on diets consisting of soybean and peanuts ranged from 43 to 53%. Those only fed on water could not develop into third instars. H. halys could not develop into fourth instar in apple only diet. However, on orange only diet 20% H. halys could emerge as adults. Fecundity was measured for the first day of oviposition per female. Fecundity was recorded highest (28 eggs) on orange+soybean and peanut diets. The results suggest that H. halys require leguminous seeds in order to develop fully and lay fertile eggs.

This study investigated changes in cognitive ability of intellectual and disability people by supplying two different condition of oxygen (21%, and 92%), during visual matching task. 10 males (average 28.7±4.7 years), and 13 females (average 34.1±7.2 years) in intellectual and disability people were selected as the subjects for this study. The each run consisted of four phases, i.e., Rest (2 min.), Adaptation (1 min.), Control (2 min.) and Task (2 min.). The analysis of cognitive performance with 92% oxygen administration when compared to 21% oxygen revealed that the response time decreased. This result supports the hypothesis that hyperoxic air increase oxygen saturation level in the blood, lead to more available oxygen to the brain, thus increase the ability of cognitive processing of intellectual and disability people.

This study aims to identify differences of teachers" attitudes toward World Englishes (WE) for language teaching and language testing, and to investigate their perceptions of various rating criteria for the L2 oral proficiency test. Data were collected through questionnaires from 72 English teachers in the UK, Malaysia, and Japan. The analysis revealed that there are significant differences in their attitudes toward WE among the groups of English teachers depending on their teaching contexts. With regard to the perceptions on rating criteria, it was found that different groups of English teachers considered various rating criteria for the L2 oral proficiency test differently. The English teachers showing negative attitudes toward WE perceive grammar, pronunciation, native-likeness as more important rating criteria than the others such as vocabulary, organization, task fulfillment, and appropriateness for the assessment of non-native speakers" English language oral proficiency compared to the other group of English teachers showing positive attitudes toward WE.