Aspects of the liu shu 六書 theory continue to be used today to analyse Chinese characters, yet most scholars are unaware of the historical context out of which the theory emerged and the controversies surrounding its both initial and subsequent interpretations. I trace the origins of the theory to the Eastern Han and compare its three earliest rival formulations. Subsequent centuries saw a proliferation of interpretations which rendered any attempt at a unified vision of Chinese writing impossible. The trend of adding new explanations was only reversed by the Qing scholars Dai Zhen and Duan Yucai who, drawing on some of the earliest explanations, argued that the theory encapsulated not only the way characters were composed but also their exegesis. Even if they laid the ground for a shared interpretation, Dai and Duan’s take on the Eastern Han scholar Xu Shen did not go unchallenged. I discuss Zhang Taiyan’s and Lu Zongda’s criticism and their attempts to reconcile aspects of the traditional framework with modern linguistics. I finally contrast this updating of an ancient theory with the approach of Qiu Xigui who selectively discards one of the principles and thereby the very feasibility of the framework as a whole.

In this article, Pb2Ba1.7Sr0.3Ca2Cu3O10+δ superconductor material was synthesized using conventional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated one dominant phase 2223 and some impurities in the product powder. The strongest peaks in the XRD pattern were successfully indexed assuming a pseudo-tetragonal cell with lattice constants of a = 3.732, b = 3.733 and c = 14.75 Å for a Pb-Based compound. The crystallite size and lattice strain between the layers of the studied compound were estimated using several methods, namely the Scherrer, Williamson-Hall (W.H), sizestrain plot (SSP) and Halder Wagner (H.W) approach. The values of crystallite size, calculated by Scherrer, W.H, SSP and H.W methods, were 89.4540774, 86.658638, 87.7555823 and 85.470086 Å, respectively. Moreover, the lattice strain values obtained by W.H, SSP and H.W methods were 0.0063240, 0.006325 and 0.006, respectively. It was noted that all crystallite size results are consistent; however, the best method is the size-strain plot because it gave a value of R2 approaching one. Furthermore, degree of crystallites was calculated and found to be 59.003321%. Resistivity analysis suggests zero-resistance, which is typical of superconducting materials at critical temperature. Four-probe technique was utilized to measure the critical temperature at onset Tc(onset), zero resistivity Tc(off set), and transition (width ΔT), corresponding to temperatures of 128 K, 116 K, and 12 K, respectively.

본 연구는 다음 두 가지 목표를 가진다. 첫째, 미시오 데이(missio Dei)를 신자들의 삶에서 경험하는 영성으로 측정하는 개념적 틀을 구상하는 것이다. 둘째, 이 틀을 바탕으로 영성을 양적으로 또한 질적으로 조사할 수 있는 설문지를 만드는 것이다. 이 연구는 미시오 데이(missio Dei)와 사람들의 영적 경험 간의 관계를 살펴보는 문헌 조사를 시작으로 수행된다. 그 다음에는 미시오 데이(missio Dei)를 주관적 영성 경험으로 측정할 수 있는 틀을 구상하고, 윤리적 고려사항에 대한 권고와 2020-2021년 봉쇄, 고립, 격리 기간에 사람들의 영성을 측정한 설문 조사 결과의 데이터 분석으로 마무리된다. 본 연구는 미시오 데이(missio Dei)를 영적 양과 질로 측정할 수 있는 개념적 틀을 고안하여 미래 연구 설계의 기반으로 사용된다는데 큰 의의를 가진다.

As an example of research activities in decontamination for decommissioning, new data are presented on the options for corrosion layer dissolution during the decommissioning decontamination, or persulfate regeneration for decontamination solutions re-use. For the management of spent decontamination solutions, new method based on solvent extraction of radionuclides into ionic liquid followed by electrodeposition of the radionuclides has been developed. Fields of applications of composite inorganic-organic absorbers or solid extractants with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) binding matrix for the treatment of liquid radioactive waste are reviewed; a method for americium separation from the boric acid containing NPP evaporator concentrates based on the TODGA-PAN material is discussed in more detail. Performance of a model of radionuclide transport, developed and implemented within the GoldSim programming environment, for the safety studies of the LLW/ILW repository is demonstrated on the specific case of the Richard repository (Czech Republic). Continuation and even broadening of these activities are expected in connection with the approaching end of the lifespan of the first blocks of the Czech NPPs.

Recently there has been debate in popular media on brands that used other cultures’ elements in their advertising (Green & Kaiser, 2017). For example, the Dutch brand “Rituals Cosmetics” attempted to promote their Asian-inspired product lines called “Samurai” and “Namasté” by hiring a Caucasian model dressed in a supposedly traditional Asian costume, while posing in a Chinese temple-like setting (Peters, 2018). Because the company’s European origin and the ethnicity of the model did not align with the Asian setting, props and apparel, this marketing activity can be considered an act of cultural appropriation. The advert has since sparked controversy on social media as cultural exploitation or unethical cultural appropriation (Bryanboy, 2018). To avoid such controversy, marketers need to achieve cultural sensitivity while effectively managing culturally overlapping situations (Usunier & Lee, 2005; De Mooij, 1998). A mismanagement of cultural appropriation is potentially eliciting a negative customer response. Hence, it is integral to understand how do customers respond to culturally appropriated elements in advertisement?

본 연구는 현대 교회의 모습이 성경의 에클레시아와 다르다는 전제를 갖고 시작한다. 교회 내의 여러 위기는 기독교 신앙에 대한 신뢰의 선교적 위기로 분석되고 표현된다. 이러한 위기를 극복하기 위해서 “교회”를 신약 성경 에클레시아의 번역으로 사용할 수 있는지를 질문할 필요가 있다. 모순과 시대착오의 이유로 성경에서 “교회”를 타당한 번역으로 볼 수 있는지 의문이 제기된다. 에클레시아와 까할(qahal)의 더 올바른 번역인 “집회”를 사용하는 것이 성경의 에클레시아와 현대 교회를 구분하기 위한 방법으로 제안되기도 한다. 이러한 차별화의 의미는 현재의 선교학에 대해, 그리고 신뢰성의 선교적 위기에 대한 해결책으로 논의된다.

에클레시아[ecclesia (ἐκκλησία)]의 성경적 개념과 오늘날 현대교회 의 차이를 다루는 교회 문헌의 세 가지 경향을 밝힌 연구에 기초하여, 본 연구는 교회가 성경적 에클레시아와 약간 다른 조직이라는 것을 인정하는 네번째 접근을 취하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 성경적 에클레시아의 형태, 기능, 목적을 탐구하기 위해 신약의 에클레시아를 분석하고 구약의 카할 [qahal ( קה ל )]과 연결한다. 천국과 그 계시에 연결되어 성령의 인도 하에 이 땅에서 사는 것뿐 아니라 예루살렘과 유다의 한계를 넘는 에클레시아의 팽창을 조사한다. 에클레시아에 적용되는 성전, 몸, 신부의 비유뿐만 아니라, 성경적 에클레시아의 단일성과 다양성을 관찰하고 논의한다. 본 연구의 결론은 남한과 북한의 선교적 관계와 아시아의 다른 현대적 접근을 참고하여 논의된다.

As social media platforms (e.g., Facebook) and related online communication channels (e.g., review websites and community forums) grow in quantity and commercial orientation, marketing practitioners and scholars alike have recognised the importance of understanding and influencing online consumer communication processes. Specifically, it is suggested that online opinion leaders (‘Epinion leaders’) can be utilised as a target group to manage negative e-word-of-mouth (‘e-WOM’) and e-complaints. This study identifies and targets Epinion leaders and explores three central personality characteristics – altruism, self-confidence and the need for uniqueness – as a means of understanding Epinion leaders’ motivations to communication and tailoring corporate communication campaigns. The study focusses herby on the rapidly growing and increasingly influential 50-years+ e-commerce segment (i.e., ‘silver surfers’). Based on an online survey of 1,700 e-consumers aged 50 years and older, the proposed structural equation model verifies the positive influence of Epinion leadership on the propensity to spread negative e-WOM and e-complaints while demonstrating the applicability of personality characteristics as means of influencing consumers’ online communication strategies. The findings demonstrate that addressing consumers’ self-confidence can be an essential way of reducing negative e-WOM and encouraging e-complaints, which show opposing effects on customer satisfaction. For practitioners, this study emphasises the usefulness of negative Epinion leaders as a target group and recommends fostering consumers’ self-confidence in order to prevent negative online opinion-cascades and increase overall satisfaction.

Traditional luxury shops seem to have a natural talent in creating an atmosphere of old luxury. From a semiotic perspective, those shops use a complex texture of different signs for both creating a traditional luxury myth and addressing specific customers who are looking for this brand identity. In our study, we compile a semiotic concept for analysing a shop design which seeks to reflect old luxury and traditional heritage. While the desire for semiotic analysis in the marketing and management domain is increasing, theoretical approaches and case study analyses too often remain superficial regarding the possibilities of semiotic approaches. Our study aims to present a complex analysing concept to fill this gap and apply it to the field of luxury brand management consequently. While semiotic research discusses many different approaches up to today, Peirce’s philosophy may be still regarded as one of the most complex concepts which allows the most precise analysis and classification of meaningful signs. On the basis of his three trichotomies and their major corresponding subcategories we analysed a traditional luxury shop design, discussing the different signs that produce simple to very complex structures of meaning with respect to approaches of creating a mythical frame. The results of our study reflect the need of a shop design using different signs with a complex texture of meaning to support the idea of traditional luxury. From the perspective of communication theories, the semiotic patterns which are presented in our findings create a narrative frame which eventually leads to a specific myth of old luxury branding. While Peirce’s philosophy offers a complex approach, contemporary studies in marketing and management only use the surface of semiotics. Our study may contribute a rather distinguished methodology, though further research will be necessary to apply semiotics more reasonably not only for fashion and luxury but for several fields of interests in marketing and management research. For brand managers in companies with a traditional heritage, creating myths and classical frames must be of core interest. Our study offers several implications of using semiotic signs to create an aesthetic and old fashioned shop atmosphere. As original values, our study compiles a complex semiotic concept to analyse mythical framing in traditional luxury stores. Our results present specific possibilities of creating specific meaning with respect to the need of representing brand identity within a shop. However, the concept may be also valid for other analyses in marketing and management such as advertising and brand semiotics in general.

Despite the growing need for marketers in luxury retail to provide memorable customer experiences via their retail outlets, research investigating the effectiveness of experiential stores on brand and behavioral outcomes is scarce. To address this gap, we investigate the effectiveness of pop up brand stores, which we define as temporary stores that are open for a limited period of time, representing an increasingly popular experiential store format in the luxury fashion and automotive industry. However, pop up brand stores not only reflect one of the latest developments in experiential retailing, but they are also seen as an effective marketing tool to reach new target groups which might perceive traditional luxury as antiquated or obsolete. Collecting data from 345 visitors of two pop up brand stores of a luxury car brand in the US and the UK, we find that three store characteristics – hedonic shopping value, store uniqueness, and store atmosphere – either directly or through brand experience exert a positive effect on word of mouth (WOM) intentions towards the brand. Whereas hedonic shopping value and store atmosphere strengthen the customer’s experience with the luxury brand, store uniqueness, surprisingly, does not. Using brand familiarity as a moderating variable, we further unveil that pop up brand stores create positive WOM in both existing and new target groups. Our empirical results offer novel insights for researchers and marketers, as we quantify the effects of experiential store characteristics on brand experience and WOM, shed light on the role of brand experience in inducing behavioral intentions, as well as illustrate that pop up brand stores are an exceptional opportunity for luxury brands to reach existing and new target groups alike. We argue that pop up brand stores should thoughtfully be considered as a complement to traditional luxury retail and as an alternative to flagship stores.

While IMO’s e-Navigation project’s scope is to enhance safety of navigation by improved shipto- shore-cooperation, the EU’s FP7 project MUNIN’s aim is to develop a concept for an autonomous dry bulk carrier, that is at least as safe as a manned vessel. As e-Navigation has a strong focus on improving the human element in shipping and MUNIN tends towards an unmanned bridge, a common baseline might look quite contradictory at first, but they share the need to ensure and enhance the safety of navigation. After an introduction into e-Navigation and the MUNIN project, this paper will demonstrate with two examples, how MUNIN’s results address identified e-Navigation’s gaps and addresses e-Navigation’s user needs. Thus, MUNIN contributes to the development and implementation of the prioritized e-Navigation solutions.

Since its first discovery in Jinchoen in 1998, three types of Bemisia tabaci have been recorded in the Repulic of Korea. Because B. tabaci damages the high-return produce such as eggplant and bell pepper, non-chemical methods are sought to control the B. tabaci populations. We studied the mating behaviors of Q-type B. tabaci by video-recording 20 virgin pairs using digital microscopes, of which 10 had a successful mating. The mating behaviors of Q-type males can be divided into searching, paralleling to female, mounting and wing-flicking stages, whereas those of females were almost motionless throughout the mating sequence. During the paralleling stage, males also exhibited antennal drumming and undulation behavior. B. tabaci is know to use vibratory signals during mating. To understand the frequency and function of vibratory signals, we are simultaneously video-recording mating behaviors and measuring vibratory signals by means of a laser vibrometer.

The appearance of many Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) constructions look like ordinary steel construction, because GFRP has been imitated by the same way with the traditional steel's cross section as well as connection system. In terms of detachable connection, there was not enough appropriate option of GFRP connection, such as a traditional bolt connection for steel and wood structures. Most of all, from material characteristic of GFRP related to the deficient ductility, the shearstress principle of GFRP s not proper for the material property, which causes ineffective and not economic application of material. With this research problem, the innovative and detachable onnection system, which is more considered with appropriate material characteristic for FRP, is developed. Not only short time but also long time research with various connection variations is carried out.

The recent completions of free-form spatial structures provide us a very attractive form. To realize such an extraordinary shape, it is absolutely necessary that the connector systems have to be investigated the characteristics of the systems and analyzed with a practicable method. In this context, this research consists of not only literature research but also numerical analysis with selected connector systems, which was adopted in real free-form spatial structures. For numerical analysis, especially, finite element analysis (FEA) is performed with a various test parameter using a commercial program ANSYS. Consequently, the general characteristics of node connectors the moment-rotation-curves are presented by considering a large deformation effect as well as a multi-linear material properties.

Attempts have been made to describe the influence of production process parameters on the microstructure and properties of W-Ag and Mo-Ag composites. The compositions of powder mixtures are W+30% Ag and Mo+30%Ag. Silver additions assists densification during sintering by a liquid phase sintering process. The main goal of this work is to compare properties and microstructure of as-sintered and as-infiltrated composites.

New applications for PM have resulted in a substantial market growth during the last decades. The clue to these components lies in the utilization of new powders and component production processes. In order to reduce development time and increase the probability for success it is essential to work in close cooperation within the whole chain from powder supplier to component supplier and component user.

The sinter-bonding behavior of iron based powder mixtures was investigated. To produce the green compacts to be joined the following powders based on AB grade NC 100.24 plain iron powder were used: NC 100.24 as delivered, PNC 30, PNC 60 and NC 100.24 + 4%Cu powder mixtures. Dimensional behaviour of all those materials during the sintering cycle was monitored by dilatometry. Simple ring shaped specimens as the outer parts and cylindrical as the inner parts were pressed. The influence of parts' composition on joining strength was established. Diffusion of alloying elements: copper and phosphorous, across the bonding surface was controlled by metallography, SEM and microanalysis.