The effects of seed soaking treatment with the solutions of plant growth regulators IAA, GA3 and BAP on seed germination and shoot and bulb growth of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum (Korean wild garlic) were determined. A significant variation in the seed germination rate was recorded at all treatments for various soaking periods. Maximum seed germination was obtained when seeds were soaked in IAA or GA3 solution at 200 mg L-1. The MAP treated seeds started to germinate after 3 months. Among treatments, IAA was found to be most effective in improving seed germination, but further seedling growth was not correlated to the soaking time. Seed soaking in IAA or GA3 solution enhanced further growth of seedlings compared with water control treatment. Shoot and bulb growth was highest in GA3 treatments.

약용식물을 플러그 트레이를 이용하여 공정육묘를 한 연구결과는 거의 없는 실정이다. 세 종류 약용식 물 묘의 생산을 위한 기준을 마련하기 위해 플러그셀 크기가 플러그묘의 생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 상업용 상토가 들어있는 128, 200, 288구 플러그셀 트레이에 종자를 파종하였다. 세 종류 약용식물은 플러그 셀 크기가 커질수록 생육이 우수하였다. 하나의 플러그 트레이에서 얻어진 총 바이오 매스는 차조기와 산두근은 288구에서 가장 높았고, 참당귀는 200구에서 가장 높았다. 총 엽록소와 안토시아닌 함량을 제외한 차조기의 지상부와 지하부 생장은 128구에서 가장 우수하였다. 하지만 최대근장, 엽장, 엽폭, 엽 면적, 절간장, 뿌리 생체중, 근군형성은 200구와 288구에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 산두근은 최대근장, 경경, 엽폭, 엽면적, 지상부 생체중, 근군형성을 제외한 모든 생장에서 처리간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 최대 근장, 경경, 엽폭, 엽면적, 지상부 생체중, 근군형성은 128구에서 가장 우수하였다. 엽록소 함량을 제외한 참당 귀의 지상부와 지하부의 모든 생장이 128구에서 우수하였다. 경제적인 부분과 총 바이오매스를 고려했을 때 차조기와 산두근은 288구에서 육묘하는 것이 좋고, 참당귀는 200구에서 육묘하는 것을 권장한다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of swiss ball program training on lower extremity function of old elderly with mild cognitive impairment. The subjects were 30 mild cognitive impairment eldrly people aged between 65 and 80, who were divided into the swiss ball program training group(n=15) and the control group(n=15). The swiss ball program training group engaged in a 50-minute exercise session using. Lower extremity function scale of the two groups were measured before and after the intervention. The results are as follows. According to the swiss ball program training conducted to examine the effects of the training on lower extremity function, Moreover, the two groups showed significant differences in lower extremity function. These results indicate that virtual reality training is effective in improving lower extremity function. To conclusion, swiss ball program was found to have a positive effect on elderly lower extremity function. Swiss ball program training can be proposed as a form of fall prevention exercise for the mild cognitive impairment. Swiss ball program may be helpful to reduce the incidence of dementia and behavioral complications.

We have used bulked segregant analysis to screen the strain-specific DNA marker associated thermophilic strain of Pleurotus eryngii. Bulked genomic DNAs of Pleurotus eryngii were amplified by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using OP-A, OP-B, OP-L, OP-P, OP-R and OP-S primers to screen the strain-specific DNA marker. A unique DNA fragment of 500 bp was amplified with OP-A11 primer from the psychrophilic strain and sequenced. A sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was designed on the basis of the determined sequence and named as OP-A11-1. The PCR analysis with the OP-A11-1 primer showed that this SCAR marker clearly distinguish the psychrophilic strains from the control strains.

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is a by-product remaining after a crop of mushrooms. The fresh SMS was sample within 24 hours of removal from the production facility in DOJUN farm located in Jinju. About 11 bacterial species were isolated from fresh SMS on TSA medium. Among of them, one isolate, designated YJ02, showed the antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous producing mycotoxin on PDA medium, potentially. The strain YJ02 was produced cellulase, xylanase, mannanase as hydrolase. The strain YJ02 was identified as members of the genus Bacillus by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain YJ02 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity of 98.7%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain YJ02 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YJ02 is proposed.

After pine wilt disease (PWD) at Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis has been first reported in the middle area of South Korea in 2006, it spread rapidly to the nearest area. However, it is difficult to predict the spread of damage and set up the proper control strategy specific to P. koreaiensis because the pathology and the biology of PWD in P. koraiensis are not the same with PWD in P. densiflora and P. thunbergii distributed in middle southern area. So, we selected 25 of dead P. koraiensis in PWD damaged area and analyzed the inner-tree distribution of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the entrance holes of Monochamus saltuarius. There was no statistical significance between height or direction of wood extracted and the distribution of B. xylophilus among 25 dead pines. The entrance holes of M. saltuarius were concentrated on 7 dead pines without leaves and the maximum number of entrance holes in individual tree was 543. It indicates that the event of spawning of M. saltuarius adult and entrance of hatched M. saltuarius larvae to wood may be dependent on the time of death of host. The entrance holes were frequently found in a southward direction. These result shows that M. salutuarius larvae prefer relatively weak woody parts to enter easily. However, the relation between the thickness of bark of P. koraiensis and the frequencies of entrance holes of M. saltuarius was not observed.

Spent mushroom substrate(SMS) is a by-product remaining after a crop of mushrooms. About 9 thermophilic strains were isolated from SMS(Flammulina velvtipes). Among of them, one isolate, designated UJ09, showed the antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous producing mycotoxin on PDA medium, potentially. The strain UJ09 was produced cellulase and xylanase as hydrolase. The strain UJ21 was identified as members of the genus Bacillus by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain UJ09 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity of 99.2%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain UJ09 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UJ09 is proposed.

This study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of the spent mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) substrates (SMS) in laying hens (Hy-Line Brown). The fresh spent mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) substrates collected from the DOJUN farm were fermented with Bacillus subtilis EJ3 for 2 weeks. A total of twenty-four laying hens were fed corn-soy based experimental diets containing 0% (control), 5% (T1), 10% (T2) and 15%(T3) fermented SMS for 7 weeks. There were no significant differences among the treatments in egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion and viability during the experimental period. Feed intake was significantly lowered in control (118.3 g) than T1 (121.9 g), T2 (120.3 g) and T3 (122.4 g). There were no significant differences among the treatments eggshell breaking strength, thickness and haugh unit, whereas the yolk color of T1, T2 and T3 were significantly heavy than T0. The palatability of boiled meat was significantly better in the T3 laying hens than in the T0 laying hens. In conclusion, fermented SMS can be used as resource of feed in laying hen feed at 5.0-15% level without effect on performance and egg qualify.

The mannanase, cellulase and xylanase-producing thermophilic bacteria, designated EJ3, was isolated from fresh spent mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) substrates taken from the DOJUN farm located in Keyongnam, Korea. The isolate EJ3 was facultatively anaerobic and grew at temperature ranging from 20℃ to 60℃ with an optimal temperature of 37℃. The DNA G+C content of the isolate EJ3 was 45 mlo%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-15:0 (38.9%), 17:0 (7.4%), and iso-15:0 (38.2%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the isolate EJ3 and other Bacillus strains varied from 97% to 99%. In the phylogenetic analysis based on these sequences, the isolate EJ3 and Bacillus subtilis clustered within a group and separated from other species of Bacillus. Based on the physiological and molecular properties, the isolate EJ3 was classified within the genus Bacillus as Bacillus subtilis EJ3. The optimal growth condition of B. subtilis EJ3 were pH 6.0 and 55℃, respectively.

This study was conducted to investigate the insecticidal capacity of several recombinant baculoviruses to P. xylostella and S. exigua larvae. NeuroBactrus was constructed as follows: the cry1-5 of Bacillus thuringiensis 2385-1 was inserted into Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) genome by fusion of polyhedrin-cry1-5-polyhedrin under the control of polyhedrin gene promoter, and insect-specific neurotoxin from the scorpion Androctonus australis (AaIT) under the control of early promoter from Cotesia plutellae bracovirus was introduced by fusion of orf603 partial fragment in the opposite direction of polyhedrin gene, respectively. Other recombinant baculoviruses derived from the NeuroBactrus - NBt-DelA (deleted AaIT), NBt-Del5 (deleted cry1-5), and NBt-DelA5 (deleted AaIT and cry 1-5) - were manufactured in serial passages in vitro. The data were analyzed by SPSS. The value of LC50 was lower when P. xylostella larvae fed on cabbage coated with NeuroBactrus (4068.4) than when it fed on cabbage coated with AcMNPV (4.5x106). Survival time (ST50) of P. xylostella larvae (2.54days) was shorter when it fed on cabbage coated with NeuroBactrus than when it fed on cabbage coated with other recombinant baculoviruses (7.54days, 7.68days, and 8.26days) and AcMNPV (9.67days). S. exigua larvae presented the same results.

Germinated rough rice (GRR) has many healthy effects such as antioxidant activity, inhibition of chronic inflammatory disease and prevention of vascular disease. In this study, germinated Korean rice sample which was planted in 2008 from Korean Rural Development Administration was used. The purpose of this study was to recognize the effect of the ethanol extract of GRR on the ischemic damage of skeletal muscle. Right femoral artery ligation was performed to induce ischemic condition in mice and the mixed basal diet with the ethanol extract of GRR at various levels (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg diet) was given for 2 weeks. After the mice were sacrificed, the hind limb muscle samples of the mice were fixed, sectioned, stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Masson’s trichrome, and performed for Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for caspase-3. In histopathological findings of H&E and Masson’s trichrome stain, the treatment of GRR at the level of 400 mg/kg diminished fibrosis and necrosis in the muscle compared to the control. The expression of caspase-3 protein was also decreased by the treatment of GRR at the level of 400 mg/kg compared to the control. These results suggest that the ethanol extract of GRR may have a protective effect against muscle damage during the ischemia in skeletal muscle of hindlimb.

Anti-proliferation of methanol extract of Curcuma rhizome on oral squamous cell carcinoma (KB) and osteosarcoma (HOS) cells were investigated. In order to elucidate the involvement of telomerase inhibitory activity as a part of anti-proliferative effect of Curcuma rhizome on cancer cells, we measured telomerase activity in Curcuma rhizome extract-treated cancer cells. The concentration inhibited cell proliferation to 50% (IC50)of the methanol extract of Curcuma rhizome against oral squamous cell carcinoma (KB) cells and osteosarcoma (HOS) cells were 21.30 μg/mℓ and 39.3μg/mℓ respectively. The methanol extract of Curcuma rhizome showed inhibitory telomerase inhibitory effect which is required for cancer cell immortality. Therefore, it seems that the anticancer effect of methanol extract of Curcuma rhizome is at least partially due to telomerase inhibitory effect. Five fraction samples were prepared according to its polarity differences and analyzed anti-proliferative effects of each fraction samples on oral squamous cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma cells. Anticancer effect was observed in dichloromethane, and ethylacetate fractions. The highest anticancer effect was found in dichloromethane fraction which had IC50value of 23.3 μg/mℓ and 10.5μg/mℓ against oral squamous cell carcinoma (KB) cells and osteosarcoma (HOS) cells, respectively.

한국의 고준위폐기물 기준 처분 시스템의 공학적 방벽에서의 T-H-M(Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical) 거동 실증을 위한 KENTEX(KAERI Engineering-scale T-H-M Experiment for Engineered Barrier System)실험 장치를 대상으로 열-수리-역학 연동현상 해석을 하여 온도, 포화도 및 응력의 변화를 예측하였다. 그리고 이들 변수와 열-수리-역학의 연동현상에 사용된 세물성법칙인 탄성물성법칙, 공극탄성 물성법칙 및 공극탄성-소성 물성법칙과의 관계를 분석하였다. 열-수리-역학 연동현상을 계산하는 데는 상용 유한요소 코드인 ABAQUS를 사용하였다. 열 계산에서 벤토나이트 내 온도는 히터 가열 후 초기에는 급격히 증가하다가 얼마의 시간이 경과한 후에는 거의 일정한 값에 도달하였다. 이 도달시간은 약 37.5일로 반경방향의 모든 지점(H=0.68m 일때)에서 정상상태에 도달한 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 히터와 벤토나이트 경계면에서는 , 벤토나이트와 외부 셀 경계면에서는 약 를 유지하였다. 열-수리-역학 연동현상 계산에서 시간에 따른 벤토나이트 포화도는 탄성 물성법칙, 공극탄성 물성법칙 및 공극탄성-소성 물성법칙의 세 경우 모두 거의 차이가 없었다. 열-수리-역학 계산 결과와 수리-역학 계산 결과의 비교에서 온도의 증가는 탄성 물성법칙 및 공극탄성 물성법칙 각각에 대해 시간이 경과함에 따라 포화도가 증가함을 초래해 포화가 빨리 진행됨을 알 수 있었다. 특히 히터에 가까운 쪽에서는물이 침투하고 있는 쪽 보다 포화도 증가가 큰 것으로 나타나 벤토나이트가 물로 포화되기 전의초기상태가 온도의 영향을 많이 받는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 응력은 세 물성 법칙 모두 시간의 경과에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보이나 탄성 물성법칙의 경우가 다른 두 경우보다 현저한 변화를 보이는데 이는 변형율이 탄성한계를 넘어서도 계속 작용하여 공극비 변화를 고려한 다른 두 물성법칙과 차이가 있음을 나타내고 있다. 그러나 공극탄성 물성법칙 및 공극탄성-소성 물성법칙의 경우에 열-수리-역학 계산 결과와 수리-역학 계산 결과를 비교하면 시간이 경과함에 따라 응력은 증가하지만 온도의 변화에 따른 서로의 응력의 차이는 작은 것을 알 수 있다. 즉 온도변화의 영향보다는 시간에 따른 포화도 변화의 영향이 더 큰 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 벤토나이트의 열-수리-역학 연동현상 해석에서 벤토나이트는 온도의 증가로 포화가 빨라지고, 포화도 증가는 응력을 증가시키는 결과를 보이므로 공극비, 열팽창 및 팽윤압 등의 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 이해된다. 그래서 벤토나이트의 열-수리-역학 연동현상 해석에서 벤토나이트는 공극비, 열팽창 및 팽윤압 등의 영향을 받으므로 탄성과 소성을 동시에 고려할 수 있는 물성법칙을 선택하는 것이 바람직하다.