This study was carried out to identify medicinal mushrooms with protective effects against oxidative stress in PC12 neuronal cell line, followed by evaluation of their antioxidant property. Extracts of medicinal mushrooms, including Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE), antler-shaped Ganoderma lingzhi extract (AGLE), Hericium erinaceus extract (HEE), and Sanghuangporus baumii extract (SBE), were screened for cytotoxicity using MTT assay. None of the extracts up to 10 μg/ml concentration affected cell viability. These extracts were further checked for their protective effect against oxidative stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Exposure to 50 μM H₂O₂ induced ROS generation in PC12 cells, which was inhibited only by treatment with AGLE. In addition, inhibition of H₂O₂-induced ROS generation by AGLE was found to be in a dose-dependent manner (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/ml). Microscopic examination of DCF fluorescence for detection of ROS showed a similar pattern. Further, antioxidant activity of AGLE was determined by ABTS radical cation assay, and its IC50 was found to be 46.90±0.31 μg/ml. Taken together, these results suggest that AGLE may help to alleviate oxidative stress in PC12 neuronal cells.

In this study, the morphology and antioxidant content of shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) cultivated in smart farms and general farms have been compared. With regard to morphology, mushrooms produced in the smart farm system exhibited a slightly thicker and wider pileus and thicker and longer stipe than those in the general farm system. The stipe in the mushrooms from moderate-sized farms was harder, because the low relative humidity of cultivation rooms could induce mushroom tissue to harden. With regard to the antioxidant content, the free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by the DPPH assay. Among the various treatments, hot water extracts of freeze-dried shiitake produced from smart farms exhibited the highest DPPH value of 37.8%. In contrast, the lowest activity of 12.2% was observed in a 70% fermented alcohol extract of shiitake that was dried by hot air. The polyphenol content was higher in hot water extracts than in 70% fermented alcohol extracts. Additionally, the polyphenol content was higher in the freeze-dried samples than in hot-air dried ones. The smart-farm system was preferred over the general cropping system for cultivating shiitake mushrooms, because the antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of mushrooms from the smart-farm system was better; the functionality of this system was more improved than that of the general cropping system, and it enables mushrooms to be cultivated more efficiently. The antioxidant content is represented as the mean±SD of three replicates. Different letters indicate significant differences among samples, i.e., p<0.05.

In this study, shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) cultivated in smart-farm and general farm were compared in morphology and physiology. In morphology, mushrooms produced in smart farm system showd a little bit thicker and wider pileus and thicker and longer stipe compared with those produced from general farm. The hardness of stipe was higher in the mushrooms from moderate farm, since low relative humidity in cultivation rooms can induce the mushroom tissue harder. In the aspect of physiology, the free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH assay. Among the various treatments, hot water extracts of freeze-dried shiitake produced from smart farm represented the highest DPPH value as 37.8%. In contrast, 70% ferment alcohol extract of shiitake which was dried by hot air showed the lowest activity value of 12.2%. The hot water extracts showed higher polyphenol contents than 70% ferment alcohol extracts. And the freeze-dried samples showed higher polyphenol contents than hot-air dried ones. When cultivating the shiitake by the smart was sold rather than cultivating with the general cropping system, using the system, the antioxidant activity and polyphenol content makes the mushroom in which the functionality improves more highly than me and general cropping system and it will be helpful.

The antioxidant and antitumor properties of natural products, often recognized in traditional medicine systems, represent therapeutic modalities to reduce or prevent uncontrolled oxidation processes which in turn potentially ameliorate or tumor based symptoms of chronic diseases. We have studied the antioxidant and antitumor effects of Amanita muscaria (A. muscaria) in vitro and examined whether the A. muscaria has synergistic effects on antioxidant and antitumor properties. Although A. muscaria induced a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity, the latter has a consistently higher antioxidant effect. In mouse monocytes, the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced tumor necrosis- (TNF-) synthesis was significantly inhibited by A. muscaria in a dose dependent manner and synergistic effects were clearly demonstrated with the A. muscaria on TNF- inhibition. A. muscaria effect was also evident on inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B activity, cyclooxygenase-II activity, and lipid peroxidation in mouse monocytes. This presented results may be a starting point for a comprehensive characterization of biological effects of A. muscaria.

In the present study, four edible mushrooms, Lentinula edodes, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Pleurotus eryngii, were air-dried or freeze-dried for a certain period of time. After finely ground the materials, their beta-glucan contents were measured. Beta-glucan is a polysaccharide of plant and fungal cell wall and also a dietary fiber. It has an effect on stimulating immune cells and decreasing cholesterol. In the mushroom materials used in this study, beta-glucan contents were measured as 11-16%. Among them, P. ostreatus represented the highest contents, 16%. The authors also examined the contents of polyphenol, which is a phenolic compound known to have antioxidant activity. The polyphenol concentrations of the selected mushrooms were measured in 1 mg/ml of each sample prepared by hot-air drying and freeze-drying, respectively. As a result, 28-32 mg/ml of polyphenol was measured in hot air dried samples of P. ostreatus. In P. eryngii, air-dried samples had 6 mg/ml more polyphenols than freeze-dried ones, while in P. ostreatus, the former had 10 mg/ml more than the latter, indicating that the polyphenol contents in mushrooms can be changed by the different drying treatments. In other words, for P. eryngii and P. ostreatus, hot-air drying is more suitable processing method than freeze-drying in the light of physiological activity.

NRPS (non-ribosomal pepetide synthetase) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which includes economically important compounds such as antibiotics, antitumor agents, immune-suppressants, siderophores, toxins, etc. In most cases, however, their functions and biosynthesizing pathways have been still remained riddles because of their cryptic expression and recalcitrant genetics. In our previous genome analyses of Cordyceps bassiana C101, we predicted the sequences of secondary metabolite biosynthesizing gene clusters, which contain non-ribosomal pepetide synthetases whose functions are already known such as beauvericin, bassianolide, bassiatin, tenellin, beauverolides, and oosporein. The authors focused on nrps6 that has not been functionally studied. The single-gene deletion and overexpression mutants were established via Agrobacterium-mediated transformations. PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, and southern blot analyses were carried out to confirm the correct single-gene integrated homologous recombination. In further study, comparative metabolic profiling between wild-type and mutant strains will be followed by their detailed chemical structure analysis through NMR spectroscopy.

The total mushroom production in Korea in 2015 comprised about 200,000 ton with a value of about 700 billion won (one trillion won if mushroom factory products are included, 1 $=1,128 won). This is almost equal to the amounts generated by flowers and medicinal crops. Even though the cultivation area and the number of farms have been decreased since 2006, the scale of the farms is increasing. Also mushroom productivity and consumption (4.9 ㎏ / person in 2015) are steadily increasing. Major cultivated species are Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus bisporus, which cover 90% of the total production. Shelves, logs, plastic bags or plastic bottles are mostly used for cultivation depending on the kind of mushroom. Mushroom export estimated about 43 million $ in 2016. Major exported mushrooms are Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus eryngii, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Tricholoma matsutake and Agaricus bisporus that are destined for the U.S., the Netherlands, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan and several other countries. Mushroom research in the RDA started in 1967. In the beginning, development of cultivation methods using rice straw was studied together with distribution of improved strains of the button mushroom. The costs of button mushroom production strongly increased due the improving national economy, shortage of workers, increase of wages and the oil crisis in the nation. This caused a weak competitive position for button mushroom export and resulted in reduction of the button mushroom cultivation area. After development of a cotton waste cultivation method for the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreastus), this mushroom was popularized and mainly studied. Development of automated plastic bottle cultivation systems in the 1990s changed shelf cultivation to mass production. The bottle system was applied to the oyster mushroom but also to F. velutipes and P. eryngii. Mushroom research in the RDA nowadays focuses on analysis of mushroom genetics in combination with development of new mushroom varieties, mushroom physiology and cultivation. Further studied are environmental factors for cultivation, disease control, development and utilization of mushroom substrate resources, post-harvest management and improvement of marketable traits. Finally, the RDA manages the collection, classification, identification and preservation of mushroom resources.

Sanghuangporus sanghuang (Hymenochaetaceae, Agaricomycetes) is a medicinal mushroom which has gained particular attention in Korea as a natural immune booster and a cancer suppressor. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies clarified the species concept of S. sanghuang extensively used in Asia including Korea, China, and Japan. In this study, we assembled its mitochondrial genome and identified the locations and functions of genes and coding regions using next-generation sequencing. Raw sequencing data was produced using PacBio approach, and assembled through hierarchical genome assembly process (HGAP). Determining the mitocondrial regions GeSeq and Artemis annotation tools were used. And the resulting gene map was visualized using OGDraw software. A total of 108 reads was aligned with a coverage of 11.87X. The entire mitochondrial genome was 111,734 bp in length, in which 24 proteins and 46 transfer RNAs were recognized. The overall base composition is 38.37% A, 38.42% T, 11.05% C and 12.14% G with an GC content of 23.2%. This mitochondrial genome data can be used to understand its phylogenetic relationship and taxonomic resolution and as a source of markers for population and species delimitation.

Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS) has operated mushroom resource management facilities which consist of eight separate rooms with automatic temperature and humidity controllers for the safe preservation of mycelial cultures and dried voucher specimens. Recently the liquid-nitrogen (LN) cryogenic system for the permanent/semi-permanent preservation of the strains commercially or scientifically important are successfully installed. Currently, 3,072 strains of 493 species in 139 genera of edible and medicinal mushrooms are preserved. During the last two years, an intranet site was designed and constructed for efficiently managing genetic resources. Based on accumulated data, morphological and physiological characteristics of mycelia and fruiting bodies, genetic sequences such as DNA barcodes and other molecular markers, preservation information, and the related pictures and documents of each strain are provided via graphical user interface.

The total polyphenol and physiological activities of Pleurotus ostreatus 30% fermented ethanol using different drying methods and extraction periods were investigated. Based on the observed polyphenol content and physiological activity, freezedrying showed better results than hot air-drying method for P. ostreatus extracted with 30% fermented ethanol for more than 15 days. The total phenolic compound content of ‘Gosol’ following thefreeze-drying method for 15 days showed the highest value of 0.49±0.02 mg/mL. Freeze-drying with extraction for 30 days for ASI 2344 showed the highest antioxidant activity based on the DPPH radical scavenging rate of 35.50±3.29%. Freeze-drying ‘Gosol’ for 30 days resulted inthe highest anti-inflammatory and nitrite scavenging activity of 48.40±3.38%. Our results showed that P. ostreatus is a functional food.

Isaria farinosa (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) is a cosmopolitan entomopathogenic fungus affecting a wide range of arthropod hosts. It has mainly been studied as a insecticidal agent to control the agricultural pests. To investigate the useful secondary metabolite(SM) genes in Isaria farinosa C1012 strain, de novo assembly and genome mining were carried out. A whole genome sequencing with PacBio RSII system generated NGS reads greater than 4Gb, which were assembled into 16 contigs using FALCON program. The total size of genome was 33.36Mb. The N50 and N90 were 6,686,213 and 1,912,865bp, respectively. The assembled genome data was analyzed with antiSMASH3 program with a default setting to localize the gene region responsible for synthesizing SMs, such as non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS). In this study, we predicted 16 NRPS, 13 PKS, and 9 PKS-NRPS hybrid gene clusters in I. farinosa genome.

Pleurotus cornucopiae (PC) mushrooms is found in the field and commonly known in Japan as Tamogidake mushrooms. Recently it has been reported that PC also alleviating the toxicity of heavy metals. However little is known about mechanism of the action of PC on osteoblast differentiation, especially in transcription factor. Inhibitor of DNA binding-1 (Id-1) function has been linked to the proliferation, migration, and senescence of cells, and studies about relationship between Id-1 and biological function. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of PC on osteoblast differentiation and expression of Id-1 and Id-2. PC treatment increased ALP, Col 1 and OCN. PC treatment up-regulated the mRNA levels of Id-1 and Id-2 genes. This PC–induced osteoblast differentiation is more effective in lower doses rather than high doses. This study shows that expression of Id-1 and Id-2 was increased in a dose-dependent manner during PC-induced osteoblast differentiation.

Recent enactments of the Nagoya Protocol and UPOV convention precipitated international competition to secure biological resources. To address these challenges in the case of mushroom industry, collecting and preserving the genetic resources are urgently needed. Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticltural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, has operated mushroom resource management facilities which consist of eight separate rooms with automatic temperature and humidity controllers for the safe preservation of mycelial cultures or voucher herbarium specimens. During the past three years the liquid-nitrogen (LN) cryogenic system for the permanent/semi-permanent preservation of the strains commercially or scientifically important are successfully installed, and the computerized resource management system using QR code are adopted. Up to now, 1,586 strains of 261 species in 79 genus of edible and medicinal mushrooms were preserved.

영지버섯과 상황버섯의 항당뇨 효능을 알아보기 위하여 실험을 수행하였으며, 당뇨병에 negative regulator로 작용 하는 PTP1B의 억제 활성을 살펴본 결과 영지버섯과 상황 버섯이 억제 활성을 보였으며, 타액의 α-amylase는 타액 과 췌장내에서 탄수화물의 소화에 있어서 중요한 효소로 작용하며 이 효소를 저해시킴으로서 탄수화물의 소화 속 도를 지연시켜 식후 혈당 상승을 억제할 수 있다. α- amylase 억제활성정도를 실험으로 확인한 결과 양성대조 구와 비슷한 억제활성을 보였으며, 상황버섯은 89%로 Acarbose와 같은 억제 활성을 보였다. α-glucosidase는 다 당류의 탄수화물을 단당류로 분해하는 탄수화물의 소화와 흡수에 필수적인 효소로 억제활성을 실험으로 확인한 결 과 양성대조구와는 다르게 낮은 억제 활성을 보였다. 두 가지 소화효소에 모두 억제활성을 보이는 기존제품의 단 점을 보완할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

영지버섯의 유효성분 중, 특이적으로 영지버섯에서 검출되는 저분자 성분이며, 다양한 효능을 보이는 ganoderic acid의 함량을 분석하였다. 보유중인 영지균주를 열수, 주 정, 메탄올의 용매로 추출하였고, 추출용매별 ganoderic acid A, F, H의 성분이 많은 것을 선정하였다. 추출용매별 로 ganoderic acid A의 함량이 많은 5균주는 다음과 같다. 우선 열수 추출물에서는 ASI 7013이 0.988 mg/g으로 가 장 높았고 다음으로, ASI 7023, 7059, 7026, 7060순 이었 다. 주정 추출물에서는 ASI 7037이 0.940 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, ASI 7021, 7034, 7026, 7038순 이었다. 메탄올 추출물에서는 ASI 7162가 0.833 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, ASI 7091, 7032, 7056, 7125순 이었다. 다음으로 ganoderic acid F의 함량이 많은 5균주는 다음과 같다. 열수 추출물 에서는 ASI 7101이 0.722 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, ASI 7113, 7011, 7104순 이었다. 주정 추출물에서는 ASI 7037 이 0.811 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, ASI 7007, 7027, 7012, 7014순 이었다. 메탄올 추출물에서는 ASI 7154가 0.657 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, ASI 7151, 7155, 7137, 7139순 이었다. 마지막으로 ganoderic acid H의 함량이 많은 5균 주는 다음과 같다. 열수 추출물에서는 ASI 7013이 0.985 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, ASI 7059, 7135, 7001, 7141순 이었다. 주정 추출물에서는 ASI 7106이 2.842 mg/g으로 가장 높았고, ASI 7089, 7159, 7007, 7002순 이었다. 메 탄올 추출물에서는 ASI 7003이 6.969 mg/g으로 가장 높 았고, ASI 7034, 7169, 7159, 7103순 이었다. 이렇게 추 출용매별로 ganoderic acid 함량의 차이는 추출용매의 극 성에 따른 용해도의 차이로 생각되어지며, 향후 더 깊은 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

큰느타리버섯의 아미노산을 함량을 분석하고, 70% 메 탄올, 95% 발효주정, 물 추출물의 항산화 활성을 측정하 였다. 아미노산 17종류 분석결과 필수아미노산에서는 체 내 단백질을 구성하는 Phe의 함량이 가장 높았고, 비필수 아미노산에서는 감칠맛을 내는 Glu가 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능에서는 ASI 2887이 70% 메 탄올, 95% 발효주정, 열수 추출용매별로 34.37±1.19, 34.66±5.46, 40.97±1.65 mg/g으로 소거능을 보였고, 아질 산염 소거능 역시 열수추출물이 다른 추출물보다 소거능 이 높았으며 ASI 2820이 70% 메탄올, 95% 발효주정, 열수 추출물에서 각각 21.45±2.73, 33.32±1.06, 33.31±2.65 mg/g으로 추출용매에 상관없이 높은 아질산염 소거능을 보였다. 폴리페놀 함량도 열수 추출물에서 가장 높은 함 량을 보였고 가장 높은 함량을 보인 것은 ASI 2887로 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 유사한 관계를 보이는 것을 확인 하였다. 큰느타리버섯은 아미노산과 생리활성 물질의 다 량 함유하고 있어 기능성 식품 및 건강식품으로서의 활용 이 기대된다.

양송이의 품종 및 재배온도에 따른 주기별 자실체 내의 당성분의 함량변화를 확인하기 위하여 HPLC로 분석한 결과. 재배온도 중에서 가장 높은 총 아미노산 함량을 보 이는 것은 19 o C 처리로 공시품종 모두 동일한 결과를 보 였다. 103호 품종은 다른 품종에 비하여 총아미노산과 아 미노산 종류별 함량도 품종 중에서 가장 낮은 것이 확인 되었다. 아미노산 종류에서는 cysteine 함량이 가장 높으 며, 그 다음으로는 phenylalanine, glutamic acid, lysine, proline, histidine 등이 높았다. 기존성적에서 연구자별로 차이가 큰 것은 재배온도와 품종의 차이에 의해 발생 가 능한 것이라고 추정된다.

표고 재배방법이 원목재배에서 톱밥재배로 전환되어가 고 있는 추세이다. 하지만 재배적기인 봄가을의 버섯생산 은 톱밥재배는 경쟁력이 매우 취약한 상태이다. 이를 개 선하기 위하여 연중재배 방안의 개발이 절실하며, 균상재 배에 대한 필요성이 높아진 상태이다. 농가 재배사의 위 치별 온도변화와 시설 및 장비에 대한 조사와 재배온도별 버섯발생 및 자실체의 형태적 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 재배사 내의 온도는 외부 온도가 34 o C일 때에 내부온도는 30~31 o C이었으며, 상하단의 온도 편차는 1 o C 이내였고, 밤의 온도는 외부온도가 22~21 o C 일 때에 내부 는 22~23 o C 수준으로 1 o C 높았다. 전체적으로 보면 24 o C 미만은 버섯 발생 및 생육이 가능한 온도대의 시간은 22:30부터 아침 7:30분까지이며, 습도는 온도와는 반대로 낮에는 55~65% 내외이나 밤에는 85~95%내외를 유지하 였다. 재배사 시설들은 냉동기, 물콘, 3중막 표고재배사, 미스 트 및 포그노즐 등이었으며, 재배자들은 낮은 온도를 유 지하기 위하여 많은 노력을 하고 있었다. 봉지배배에서 혹서기에 재배가능한 온도를 확인하기 위 하여 14 o C부터 29 o C 까지 3 o C 간격으로 항온상태에서 버 섯재배사에서 재배한 결과 23 o C까지는 버섯이 발이 또는 생산되었으나 26 o C부터는 버섯생산이 불가능하였다. 버섯 품질을 결정하는 버섯 색깔과 형태적 특성변화에서 명도 값은 온도가 증가하면서 증가하였고, 대의 채도(a, b)값은 서서히 감소하였으며, 갓에서는 채도(b)값은 온도에 따른 큰 변화가 없었으나, 채도 (a)값은 감소하였다. 형태적 특 징 중에서 갓크기는 1차 수확에서는 온도 증가에 따라 서 서히 감소하였으나 2차 수확에서는 증가하였다. 대길이는 재배온도가 높아지면 대길이가 길어지며, 갓두께는 1차 수확에서는 서서히 감소하지만 2차 수확은 1차보다 빠르 게 증가하였다. 위의 내용을 종합해보면 표고톱밥 재배사내에 상하단의 온도편차가 1 o C 이내로 균상재배가 가능하며, 버섯 발생 유도기간에 온도는 23 o C 이하에서만 가능할 것이다.