온도와 곤충 발육과의 관계는 생물학에서 오래된 핵심 주제이며, 하한임계온도와 온량상수를 기반으로 한 선형 적산온도 모형은 해충 발생 예측에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 그러나 이러한 모형은 중위 온도범위에서만 유효하며, 저온과 고온의 극단 온도에서는 발육률을 과소 또는 과대평가하 는 한계를 가진다. 이를 보완하기 위해 사인곡선 기반 적산온도 계산법과 수평제거법이 제안되었지만, 일중 최고온도가 최적온도나 상한임계온도 를 초과할 경우 유효온도가 여전히 과대평가된다. 본 리뷰는 하한, 최적, 상한의 세 임계온도를 도입하고, 최적온도에서 수평제거, 상한임계온도에 서 수직제거를 동시에 적용한 새로운 방법인 3임계온도 기반 사인곡선 이중제거법(시간별온도 이중제거법)을 제안하였다. 시간별온도 이중제거법 은 사인함수를 이용한 시간별 온도 추정을 통해 보다 정확한 유효온도 계산이 가능하며, 특히 고온조건에서 과대평가를 효과적으로 줄일 수 있었다. 최적온도와 상한임계온도 사이에서는 일부 오차가 남을 수 있으나, 기존 방식에 비해 실질적인 개선 효과가 있었다. 또한, 상한임계온도의 정의에 대한 혼란을 정리하고, 향후에는 비선형 발육모형을 통한 정밀 예측의 필요성도 제기하였다.

본 논문에서는 동아시아 전통의 입지이론인 풍수 이론과 서구의 정원 도시 이론의 유사점을 비교 분석하고, 풍수가 지속 가능한 도시 계획에 있어 기여할 수 있을지를 살 펴보고자 한다. 풍수는 현대 도시 개발에 있어서 크게 활용되지 못하였는데, 풍수의 모 호한 주관성과 1900년대 이전까지 역사적으로 풍수가 묘지 선정에 집중적으로 활용되 어 미신으로까지 취급된 바 있다. 그러나 최근 학계에서는 풍수를 주거 공간과 도시 계 획에 활용하는 방안에 대해서 많은 관심을 보이고 있다. 한편, 산업 혁명으로 인한 도 시와 환경 문제에 대응하기 위하여 에벤에저 하워드가 고안한 정원 도시 모델은 그 핵 심 원칙에 있어서 풍수와 유사점을 보인다. 이러한 공통 원칙에는 도시와 농촌 공간 간 의 균형, 도시 중심지에 중요한 시설 배치, 자연 경계를 활용한 도시 팽창 억제, 환경친 화적인 교통 네트워크 등이 포함된다. 두 이론 모두 사람과 환경 간의 조화로운 관계를 추구한다는 점에서도 공통점이 있다. 현대 도시 개발 이론과의 이러한 공통점으로부터 풍수가 지속 가능한 도시 개발에 있어 활용될 수 있는 여지가 충분함을 알 수 있다.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of gypsum application on dry matter yield (DMY), mineral content of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and soil properties in reclaimed tidal land in South Korea. The experiment was conducted in Seokmun, located on the west coast of South Korea, which is reclaimed with approximately 70 cm depth of degraded island soil. Treatments consisted of a control with no gypsum application (G0), 2 ton ha-1 (G2), and 4 ton ha-1 (G4) of gypsum application. The first harvest was carried out when the alfalfa reached 10% flowering, and subsequent harvests were conducted at 35-day intervals. Over the three-year experimental periods (2019-2021), the total DMY of G2 treatment was significantly higher than those of G0 and G4 (p<0.05). Although both G2 and G4 gypsum application treatments lowered soil pH, the G4 treatment increased the electrical conductivity (EC) content of the soil. Additionally, gypsum application affected the mineral contents of alfalfa, resulting in reduced concentration of sodium (Na) and Magnesium (Mg). Therefore, this present study suggests that a gypsum application rate of 2 ton ha-1 is optimal for improving alfalfa dry matter yield and mineral balance, as well as enhancing soil chemical properties in reclaimed tidal land in South Korea.

Amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT), a tricyclic antidepressant, is known to exhibit antimicrobial effects against a wide range of bacterial species. This study aims to evaluate the effect of AMT on Brucella (B.) abortus infection in RAW 264.7 cells and ICR mice, which has not yet been clearly characterized. The results showed that all tested concentrations of AMT had no direct bactericidal effect on B. abortus survival at any incubation time point. Interestingly, RAW 264.7 cells pre-treated with a non-toxic high concentration of AMT before B. abortus infection showed a significant reduction in the phagocytosis of B. abortus at 20 min post-infection, compared to untreated cells. However, AMT treatment did not affect the intracellular replication of B. abortus compared to the control cells. Based on the reduced bacterial uptake observed in-vitro, an in-vivo experiment was conducted to assess whether daily oral administration of AMT at a dose of 20 mg/kg could inhibit B. abortus growth in ICR mice. The results showed that AMT treatment slightly increased both organ weights and bacterial loads, suggesting possible systemic effects of prolonged AMT exposure. In summary, these preliminary results provide initial insight into the potential effects of AMT on B. abortus infection both in-vitro and in-vivo. Therefore, further study should focus on dose optimization in-vivo and exploration of the underlying cellular mechanisms involved in AMT-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis during Brucella infection.

Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) play a critical role in maintaining skin integrity and promoting tissue repair, but are highly susceptible to apoptosis under stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic option due to their regenerative potential and ability to secrete bioactive factors. In this study, we investigated the effect of ADSC-derived paracrine signaling on apoptosis in HDFs and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Using a Transwell co-culture system, we found that ADSCs significantly reduced apoptosis in HDFs subjected to low-serum stress, as confirmed by APOPercentage™ staining and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Among several soluble factors secreted by ADSCs, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) exhibited the most pronounced time-dependent increase in culture supernatants. The anti- apoptotic effect of ADSCs was abolished by neutralizing antibodies against HGF, indicating a key role of this factor in mediating fibroblast survival. Further, HDFs were found to express the HGF receptor c-Met at both the mRNA and protein levels. Inhibition of c-Met signaling reversed the cytoprotective effect of ADSCs, suggesting that HGF functions through this receptor. Mechanistically, only the PI3K/AKT pathway—among the major survival pathways tested—was selectively activated in HDFs by ADSC co-culture. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling using LY294002 abolished the protective effect, while inhibition of ERK or p38 MAPK had no significant impact. These findings demonstrate that ADSC-derived HGF protects HDFs from stress-induced apoptosis primarily through activation of the c-Met–PI3K/ AKT pathway. This mechanistic insight may provide a basis for the development of stem cell– based therapies aimed at enhancing skin regeneration and fibroblast viability in degenerative or wound-healing contexts.

Virtual Reality Head Mounted Display (VR HMD)-based flight simulators have recently emerged as promising tools for enhancing pilot training effectiveness. This study aims to establish a set of evaluation criteria for the development of VR HMD-based flight simulators and to determine their relative importance and priority using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Through an extensive review of the literature, a hierarchical evaluation model was constructed, consisting of three primary criteria and ten sub-criteria. A structured questionnaire was administered to experienced pilots, and the collected data were analyzed using the AHP methodology to assess the relative weights of each criterion. The analysis revealed that the fidelity of system performance is the most influential factor in evaluating VR HMD-based flight simulators. These findings present a structured evaluation framework and offer practical insights for guiding the strategic development and optimization of VR HMD-based flight training systems.